ADVERTISMENTS. 



224 S. NINTH ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA . 

Manufacturers of the Celebrated "ACME TRUSS," Patented. 

AND EVERY DESCRIPTION AND STYLE OF TRUSS, INCLUDING HARD RUBBER. SHOULDER BRACES. 

UTERO-ABDOMINAL SUPPORTERS, ELASTIC BELTS, KNEE CAPS, STOCKINGS 

ANKLETS, SUSPENSORIES, ETC., ETC. 




Sup]>ortcr w \\\\ 
Cup attached. 



REPAIRING 
promptly and ace 
ecuted. 




Kcti'overbion. 






Ante\ei"biun. 



Supporter wlien applied 
lor Retroversion. 




Lady Atten 

OFFICE H( 
From 7 A. M. ur 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



TRUSSES FITTED, 

adjusted scientifically, 
sed on an experience 
of over 40 years. 







Shelf ...i^.i:q 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



;CIAL TRUSSES 

made to order. 



R'S 



HeHDElVlf '%)t DH56I8C( 



1127 CHESTNUT STREET, Near Twelfth, 
Philadelplua. J'a. 

Season of l.s8.") now opeu daily autl nightly for the reception of pupils. Alemher of the New York and 
Paris Society of ]'rofes--ors of Danciny. AH the late fashionable fiances emanating from the societies are 
taught at this academy. CorusE of Instiiui'tion — Persons joining for one Quarter or Season, will 
receive private iustructiou individually, eo as to aid and advance tlieir class lessons. Classes— In all 
my classes I observe the strictest order and disciiiline, so that pupils may le.'irn rapidly and well. >Iy 
instructions in every case will be found to be of the hightest and most iinet]ualled standard. 1 superintend 
each pupil individually; gently correcting the mistakes ol one, and assisting another hy words of en- 
couragement. Lawn 'ienr.is, Schoftische, Highland (^luadrille. New Lanciers and New German Figures, 
Glide, Side Glide, Hoston and h'acquet. Society V\'altzes a specialty. Taught |)rivately or in class. 
Skjiinauies : — Ogoutz Dancing Class, York Station : Kurtz School Dancing Class, West Walnut street; 
Chestnut Hill Dancing Class ; Chelton Hills and many others. Days of Tiition— Class for Ladies and 
Gentlemen, Monday and AVednesday evenings; Friday evening for scholars" practicing. Class for 
Gentlemen, Tuesdays and Saturday evenings, e.xclusively for gentlemen; every pujjil receives private 
lessons. Class for Children, Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Class for Ladies, afternoons; and 
special afternoons for Ladies" Matinee. Private classes for Children, afternoons to suit convenience of 
tliose forming Clubs and Family Classes. Private Lessons Exclusive, every morning for Ladies, Gentle- 
men or Children. Time to suit the pupil. For terms, etc., call at any time, or address 

CONSTANTINE CAKl'ENTER, 1127 Chestnut St., near Twelfth, Philadelphia. 



IG 



i^S5 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 




BOHEMI AN CL EANSER, 

lE^^A very useful article for every household, and a saving 
of money to every purchaser. 

For Cleaning ali Kinds of Fabrics, 

IT HAS NO EQUAL. 

J^^Those who use it can testify to its merits as a cleanser. 

^I will guarantee that stains once removed will not return again. 

V \| The gloss frequently seen on worn garments is removed by 

,^y^^ the application of the cleanser (Ladies' wearing apparel 

included.) 

LRDIES' DESIRING R CLERNSER 

FOR REMOVING 

Grease, paint, Oil, Etc., 

FROM ALL 

SILK OR WOOLEN GOODS AND KID CLOVES, 

Should Ask for Loyd's Bohemian Magic Cleanser. 

DIRKCTIONS— For removing srease, liar<l paint, et«-., from <'loth or other fabrics, 
• apply siillifiently io saturate the texture thoroughly and ru)) well with a clean cloth. 

Tailors and clothiers will find this preparation a handy and useful article. 
For wholesale rates, address the manufacturer. 

NICHOLAS LOYD, norristown, pa. 

JOHN H. MILLER, 

WEST BRIDGE STREET, 
PHCENIXVILLE, PA. 

ENTERPRISE IRON WORKS, 

NORRISTO\A^N, PA. 

Blowing, Pumping, Hoisting and Steam Engines, 

High. Speed Engines for Electric Light. 

STEAM BOILERS AND TANKS, MACHINE CASTINGS, ROLLING MILL 

CASTINGS, SAND ROLLS AND CHILLED ROLLS. 
JOBBING AND REPAIRING ATTENDED TO. 



Cor. Main and Ford Streets, 

Mauufacturers of 



WILLIAM PEKRV 



WlttlA 



ESTABLISHED 1850. 



;¥ ^ 



JOHN PEKRY. 
'09 



Cor. Mill and Lafayette Sts., 0pp. R. R, Depot, Norristown, Pa. 

Good and Safe Horses and Carriasies always on hand at reasonable prices. Persons taken to any part of 

the snrrouudiui; Country when desired on liberal terms. Carriajjes to Hire for Balls. Parties, 

Fnnerals, &c., Give us a call and we will try to accommodate you. Telephone No. 26. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



GUARANTEE TRUST 

AND 

SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY. 

r^i^X-i, _ _ _ _ - S>2.,OC>(D^OOO. 

316, 318 and 320 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 




Is jn'cpart'il to ri-nt Safes in its Fire and Suiujlar Proof Vaults, (which are protected by Six 
Hall Double Chronometer Time Locks, with non-lockout attachment) with Combination and Permutation 
Locks, that can only be ojcned by the renter, at from f9 to $125 per year. 

Alloir Iiitrrrsf on Itejiosits of ^lo>ieif ; Art as E.rrrntor. Administrator, Oaardi<in, 
Assi</ni-r. Coinniittrf, Hrrrii-rr, Aijent, .Itiornri/, rtr., etc., and E.reciite Trusts of every kind, 
under appointment of States, Courts, Corporations or Individuals, Holdintj Trust J-'ands Sejtarate and 
Afiart from all other Assets of the Comjian;/, 

Collect Interest on Income, and transact all other business authorized by its charter. 

Iteceive for Safe Ki-ejtinf/, ander (inarantee, ra/*f/?W«'.« of every description, such as Coupon 
and Registered Bonds, Certificates of Stocks, Deeds, Mortgages, Coin. Silverware, Jewelry, etc., etc. 

Aft as Reiristrar di- Transfer A'-^eiit of Mining. Kailroad and Other Corpnration Stocks. 

Receipt for and safely keej) Wills « itlmnt cliarire. 

Especial attention is called to our Vaults for the Storage and Safe-keeping of large packages of Silverware- 
and other Valuables in bulk, for the Summer or longer, our facilities for handling such being unsurpassed. 
For further information, call at the office or send for a circular. 

THOMAS COCHRAN, Presidtnt. EDWARD C. KNIGHT, Vice-Pr*sident 

JNO.S, BROWN, Treasurtr. JOHN JAV GILROy,5^<:r<r<<i»-j. RICHARD C. WINSHIP, Trust OJjictr 

Chakles S. Pancoast, Clayton Fkench, Charles S. Hfnchman, 
Thomas Mackellak, W. Rotch Winter, William J. Howard, 

JOH.N J. SlADIGEK, .\lfKEU Fll XER, J. DlCKINSON SERGEANT, 

Aaron Fries. 



Thomas Cochran, 
Edward C. Kni<;ht, 
J. Barlow Moorhead, 



HISTORICAL 



Biography o^^^^^United States, 



CLASSIFIED. / 

^1 >r~' . M, , V > ^1 \ 



Containing all the Historical, Noted Events, and Interesting 

Incidents Connected with the Settlement of the 

United States since its First Discovery. 

UP TO the Present Time. 

CLASSIFIED AND ARRANGED UJ\DER ^APPROPRIATE HEADINGS, 




published I!V 

J. RIPPEY & CO., 177 W. B.^ltimore St. 
BALTIMORE, MD. 



Copyrighted January 7th, 1885, by Ioseph Rippey. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



THE « UNION «i> TRUST t& CQ,. 

611 and 613 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 



AVTll01iIZi:i> CLriTAL. 

rAID-Ur CAPITAL. ------- 



fil.OOO.OOO 



Acts as Executor, Administrator, Assignee, Receiver, Guardian, Attorney, Agent, 
Trustee and Committee, alone or in connection with an individual appointee. 

Takes cbarge of Property, collects and remits interest and imcome promptly, 
and discharges faithfully the duties of every trust known to the law. 

All Trust Assets kept separate from those of the Company. 

Burglar-proof safes and boxes (having chrome steel doors), to rent at !?5 to $50 
per annum in their new and elegant chrome steel 







VAl'1,1 



FIREgBURSLAR-PROOF VAULTS, PROTESTED BY IMPROYED TIME LOSKS 

Wills kept in vaults without charge. 

Bonds and Stocks, Plate and alf valuables securely kept under guarantee at 
moderate charges. 

Paintings, Statuary, Bronzes, etc., kept in fire-proof vaults. 
3Ioney received on deposit at interest. 

JAMES LONG, President. 
JOHN G. READING. Vice-President. 
MAHLON S. STOKES, Treas. and Sec'y. 
D. R. PATTERSON, Trust Officer. 



James Lono;, 

Dr. Chas. P. Turner, 

W. J. Nead, 

D. Hayes Agnew, M. D 

Theodore CrEngel, 

Edward L. Perkins, 
Glen Riddle, Pa 



Alfred S. Gillett, 
NYilliam S. Price, 
Thomas R. Patton, 
Joseph I. Kcefe, 
Jacob Navlor. 



Joseph Wright, 
John T. Monroe, 
James S. Martin, 
liobert Patterson, 
Thomas G. Hood, 
John G. Reading, 
AV. Rcily M. D., Harrisburg: J. Simpson, 



Samuel Riddle, Glen Riddle, Pa. ; Geo. , 

Africa, Huntingdon: Henry S. Eckert, Reading: Edmund S. Doty, Mitiliutown; 

Hon. W. W. H. Davis, Doylestown: R. E. Monaghan, West Chester: Charles W. 
Cooper, Allentown. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Accidents — Miscellaneous 261 

Adventures and Exploits 192 

Acts of the Colonies Resisting Op- 
pression 44 

Agricultural Events 125 

America Discovered, Incidents, etc. 17 

Arctic Expeditions 218 

Army and Navy 165 

Atmospherical and Physical Phe- 

nomenons 197 

Battles of the War 1S12 70 

Rattles during the Rebellion 130 

Biography of Distinguished Persons 309 
British Oppression of the Colonies.. 39 

Census Returns 215 

Centennial Celebrations, &c 266 

Colonial Grants and Charters 84 

Commanders-in-Chief of the U. S. 

Army 367 

Commanders-in-Chief of the U. S. 

Xa\ y 368 

Continental Congress 32 

Conventions 290 

Crimes, Trials and Punishment. . . . 232 

Cyclones, Storms, &c 197 

Declaration of Independence 347 

Destructive Disasters 197 

Duels 177 

Early Conquests, Invasions and Set- 
tlements 22 

Epidemics and Pestilenc-es 230 

Expeditions and Discoveries. . 19 

Fenians 289 

Fictitious names of States, Cities 

Noted Persons 295 

Fillibusters 217 

Foreign Troubles 293 

F"oreign X'isitors of Note 264 

Frauds, Defalcations, &c 242 

Frencli and Indian Wars 68 

Gold, Silver, Petroleum, &c 85 

Great Fires 204 

Holidays 266 

Incidents of the Revolution 56 

Important Inventions 270 

Insurance Companies 289 

Indian Wars 62 

Insurrections, Riots and Mobs 221 

Internal Improvements 182 

International Arbitration & Awards. 292 
Invasions, Raids, Expeditions, &c., 

during the Rebellion 151 

Labor Strikes 2S6 

Manufacturers and Arts 1S4 

Marine Disasters, &c 250 

Mexican War Battles 106 

Minerals and INIines 85 

Miscellaneous Items of the Rebel- 
lion 161 

Monetary and Financial Events 92 

National Capitol 46 



Page. 
Naval Engagements and Incidents of 

the Revolution 52 

Naval Engagements during 1812. ... 73 
Naval Engagements, &c., during the 

Rebellion 157 

Naval Engagements — Miscellaneous 73 
Newspapers and Printing Presses. . . 87 
Noted Events Commencing with the 

Christian Era 351 

Notable Events in general 278 

Party Organizations and Political 

Strife 100 

Peace Measures of the Revolution. . 61 

Philanthropic Enterprises, &c 189 

Pirates and Piracies 180 

Political Action of the Colonies 29 

Popular Delusions 220 

Post Office Department 210 

Presidential Elections and Conven- 
tions 167 

Publications 87 

Public Institutions 291 

Printing Presses, Publications, &c... 87 
Raids, Expeditions, Invasions and 
Massacres, during the Revolution. 50 

Reconstruction 164 

Religious Sects, Intolerance, &c. . . 76 

Revolutionary "War 47 

Schools and Colleges 97 

Scientific and other Discoveries. . . . 292 

Secret Societies 291 

Sectional and Political Strife 100 

Social and Matrimonial Events 213 

Slavery and Anti-Slavery no 

Sporting Events 255 

States Seceding 129 

Steam and Locomotive Navigation. 121 
Surrenders, Captures. Places Occu- 
pied, Evacuated and Besieged du- 
ring the Rebellion 151 

during the War of 1812 72 

during" the Revolution 54 

Tariff and Taxes 118 

Telegraph 268 

Temperance Movements 246 

Territorial Acquisitions S3 

Texas Revolution 61 

Theatre and Drama 184 

Trade and Commerce 194 

Treaties with Foreign Powers, &c... 89 
Lhiion and Confederate Officers .... 163 

United States Government ^5 

Witclicraft, Delusion, Superstition. . 220 
War of 181 2 70 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Business and Legal forms 372 

Exemption Laws 38S 

Commercial Travelers License Laws 399 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



l^)£ne£ MOUSE, 

107 Mrin Street. Bradford, Fr. 

CAL ROBINSON, .... Proprietor. 

The new process 

STERM LnUNDRY. 

Fine Shirts, Collars and Cuffs, 

FAMILY LAUNDRY WORK, 

ifotpl anti g_Estaurant ^ork. 

A SPECL\L ff ASHIXG MACHINE FOR EACH CLASS. 

Office 55 Main Street- 
y^ ^X^^ BHADFonn. ri. 




i^ 



SEeOJMD STREET, Wy\RF^EJV, P/\. G. B WILLI^AMS, Pf^OP. 

DINNERS, PARTIES AND WEDDINGS, 

SEKA"EI> IX THK MOST SKILLFUL MANNKR. 



DIAMOND BLOCK, WATER STREET, 

ATsr ^^ 1=1 lER. E isr , '^.^^. 
YOU CAK GET FIXE WORIv OX SHORT XOTICK. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Umm ROLLER SKATES AND rillLHREXS' WAGONS AND SLEOS. 

Roiagh and Planed. Ltiniber, Flooring, Etc.. 
WATERFORD, ERIE CO., PA. 



Wood Toys of all Descriptions, Bit Brace Handles an i Knobs, White Wash Brush Handles, Feather 
Duster Handles, Button Hook Handles, Scythe Snath Handles. Curr\ Comb Handles. Pipe Bowls and 
Stems, Druggists Bo.ves, Skate Bo toms. Dumb Bells, Spools. Bungs. Top's. Balls. Wheels, Ball Bats. Indian 
Clubs. Skate Rollers. Biueing Bo.xes, Paint Brush Handles, Lather Brush Handles. Stencil Brush Handles, 
Ornaments of all Kinds, Telegraph and Telephone Pins, Croquet Mallets and Stakes, Hulis and Spokes for 
Baby Carriages and Carts. 

MANUFACTURER OF ^ 

PINE AND HEMLOCK SHINGLES. 
ALSO DEALER IN HEMLOCK LUMBER. 

TTI JID I O XJTTE, IF* ^^ . 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



CORRY STEAM LAUNDRY, 

Cor. Wright and Congress Sts., Corry, Pa. 
C. E. WEEKS, - - - Proprietor. 

n^EBTOJfBI^ILITT ^f^yX' DIB'PJ.T OJ-S. 

Office TTT-itli. ""^Tv^ilsoxi tlxe laiatter, 
13 NORTH CENTRE STREET, 

Agejnts in all Towns in the Viqinity. 

Sioecial attention give a to Gents' Work and the accommo- 
dation of the traveling public. 

OUR WORK IS OUR RECOMMENDATION. 
fi^-G-OODS DELIVERED TO ANY PART OF THE CITY. 

TiTusviLLE Elastic (5hair Go, 

(LIMITED.) 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

FOR LAWN OR VERANDA, OPERA HOUSES, HALLS, 
DINING ROOMS. OFFICES, CARS, &c., 

TITUSVILLE, PA. 




Estimates furnished for Seating Chm^hes, Halls. Opera Houses. 

School Rooms, &c., with the Elastic Fabric for Folding 

or Reversible Seat and Back. 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Academies. 

The Stewart Academy. Reading, Pa 78 

Afri'iPiiltni'itl Iniplenients. 

Beidler Charles, Allentown, Pa., opposite page.. 31 

Bishop Wm R., Burlington, X. J 57 

Architect. 

Marshall J. H., Altoona, Pa 55 

Attorneys at Law. 

Allen & Higgins. Warren, Pa., opposite page 23 

Badges, Medals. Etc. 

Dobbins James H., Philadelphia, Pa 35 

IJakers. 

Hunter J., Norristown, Pa 120 

Murphey T. A., Wilkesbarre, Pa 90 

New York Pie Baking Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. .. . 23 

Schwab Frederick, Pottstown, Pa 3 

Schwab George, Pottstown, Pa 3 

Boiler Manufacturers. 

Connelly Brothers. Bradford, Pa., opposite page 23 

Boating and Ice Cream. 

Wright W., Trenton, N. J 63 

Book Publishers. 
Currey's Complete Compendium for Commercial 

Collcsres, Harrisbiirg. Pa. .opposite page 18 

RussellR. R., Philadelphia, Pa 40 

Boots and Shoes. 

Berg tfc Reside, York, Pa 95 

Brown Charles O, Camden, N. ] 17 

Hofflinger H. S.. Camden. N. J 17 

Parker J. K., Mount Holly, N. J... 59 

Sherman's, ( Bainhridge's old stand). Mount Hol- 
ly, New Jersey 82 

Sprague Thomas H., Futlington, N. J 58 

Vansant Isaiah, Trenton, N J '. 61 

Wilson Wm. D., Camden, N. J 120 

Brass and Iron Foundries, 

Buckley & Guest, Pottstown, Pa 93 

Byar & Tiro., Pottstown, Pa 136 

Brewers. 

Lieberman Joseph & Co., Allentown, Pa 91 

The Lebanon Brewing Co.. Lebanon, Pa 131 

Brick 3Iaimfacturers. 

McGlone P. , Germantown, Pa 71 

Bricklayer and Builder. 

AUibone George W., Philadelphia. Pa 24 

Bricklayers and Plasterers' Tools. 

Favinger Samuel, Philadelphia, Pa 71 

Bridge Builders and Boiler Makers. 

Denithorne Capt. John & Son. Phcenixville, Pa.. 3 

Business College. 

Clark's Business College, Erie, Pa., opp. page... 22 
Business and Financial Brokers. 

Riggs & Company, Philadelphia, Pa 177 

Cabinet Makers and Upholsterers. 

Whinery Bros . Philadelphia, Pa 23 

Carpenters and ISuilders. 

Corson George S. Philadelphia, Pa 70 

Dodd Wm. S.. Philadelphia, Pa 30 

Focht L. H., Hirdsboro. Pa 35 

Harmi Charles, West Bethlehem, Pa 209 

Johnson Benjamin, Philadelphia, Pa 70 

Jorden & Jeffries. Philadelphia, Pa 28 

Kernan P. J.. Philadelphia, Pa 22 

Rea \Vm. W. & Son. Philadelphia, Pa, opp. page 18 

Schult/ Henry G., Philadelphia, Pa 28 

Severns J. T. & Sons, Burlington, N. J eg 

Weigle N., York, Pa 102 

Zebley A. P., Philadelphia. Pa 32 



Carpet Manufacturers. 

York Carpet M ills, York, Pa 103 

Carriages, Wagons, Etc. 

Black S. W., Bristol Pa 30 

Cassel I. U., Norristown, Pa 38 

Fischer A. G., Philadelphia, Pa 70 

Higgins John G., Piri<.tol, Pa 30 

Moreland Hugh, Philadelphia, Pa 24 

Murphy & Wild, Philadelphia. Pa 21 

Petzelt. Keyser & Hance, Philadelphia, Pa 92 

South Erie Carriage Works, opposite page 22 

Spangler Alex., York, Pa loi 

Vosburgh Bros., Wilkesbarre, Pa 90 

Caterers. 

Closson F. S.. Trenton, N. J 128 

Comott Wm. L., Philadelphia, Pa 89 

Chair 3Ianufacturers. 

Banks & ]\Iathias, AUentown, Pa iCo 

Homer W & Co., Warren, Pa 118 

China, Glass and Oueensware. 

Laubach C. D., Bethlehem. Pa 79 

Chiropodist. 

Jester Prof F. C, Philadelphia, Pa 93 

Cigars and Tobacco. 

Berger Gusta\e E.. Pittsbu'-g, Pa 209 

P.rennan Edward. Philadelphia 83 

Crippen J. B., Trenton, N. J 62 

Fisher John E.. Trenton, N. J 120 

Kelly H F.. Bristol, Pa 16 

Lehmann M. I., Trenton. N. T 86 

McDonald M". Philadelphia, "Pa 56 

Mars John, Trenton, N J 128 

Mines C. [.. Jr., Camden, N. J 219 

O'Neil Thomas. Philadelphia. Pa 82 

Rceder Edward. Phdadelphia, Pa .... 19 

Rowley C. B., Trenton, N. J 93 

Cleaning Material. 

Loyd's Bohemian Cleanser, Norristown, Pa 3 

Cloaks— Importers and Jobbers. 

Baker Wm. & Son, Trenton, N. J 95 

Clothing. 

Brown Israel, Trenton. N. J 129 

Roe, J. D. & Son, Trenton. N. J 97 

Clothes Line (Patent.) 

Weston & Co., Philadelphia, Pa 37 

Clothes "Wringers, &c. 

Knorr Edward, Frankfort, Philadelphia 71 

Coal and "Wood. 

Dan ah Alfred. Trenton. N. J 81 

Derry A. C, Trenton, N. J 129 

Gasaway S., Trenton. N. J 60 

MilnorTnomas He Son, Burlington, N. J 85 

Coins, Books, &c. 

Jenkins J. H., Philadelphia, Pa 31 

Confectionery. 

Dymond A. T., Scrantion, Pa 184 

Compressed Yeast. 

Fleischmann & Co.. Trenton, N.J 72 

Coopers. 

Cook George, Trenton, N. J 81 

Reister Fred, Trenton. N. J 128 

Cornice AVorks. 

Lehigh Yalley Cornice Works, Bethlehem, Pa., 

opposite page 30 

Copying Artists. 

Harpham Copying Co., Altoona, Pa 54 

Dancing Academy. 

Carpenter Constantine Philadelphia, Pa., inside 
front cover 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



II 



Dentists. 

Basset A. J. Philadelphia, Pa 26 

Burchell Dr.. Philadelphia, Pa 38 

Chapman's Dental Rooms, Philadelphia, Pa 87 

Gledhill Thom,as, Philadelphia, Pa 36 

Jones Victor S., Bethlehem, Pa 79 

Schlosser W. W., H.arrisburg, Pa 43 

Druggists. 

Roche Wm. F., Philadelphia, Pa 89 

Dry Goods. 

Baker Wm. & Son. Trenton, N. J. 61 and 97 

Dye Works. 

HechtWm. H., Allentown, Pa 162 

Robertson W. D., New Castle, Pa 92 

Elastic Chairs. 

Titusville Elastic Chair Co., Titus ville, Pa 9 

Electro-Plater. 

Irland Edward, Lebanon, Pa 137 

Electro-Tlierapeiitic Institution. 

Cramer Mrs. Prof. L. P., Trenton, N. J 158 

Engine (Vertical) Manufacturers. 

Snell & Meharg, Reading, Pa 136 

Fancy Goods. 

Cowperlhwait S. S. E., Camden. N. J 33 

King .Mrs. J. M., Phillipsburg, N. J 209 

Fire Apparatus. 

Reading Fire Apparatus Works, Reading, Pa... 187 

Fire Bricks and Eartlien-nare. 

Becker C. A., Wilkesbarre, Pa 90 

Florist. 

Greendale Conservatory, Meadville, Pa 15 

Flour, Feed and Grain, 

Candler T. B., Philadelphia, Pa , 82 

Furniture. 

Barber John. Philadelphia, Pa 6g 

Burt Bros., Philadelphia, Pa 22 

Ewing A. B., Carlisle, Pa 132 

Miller James, Conshohocken, Pa 56 

Walp W., Bethlehem, Pa 155 

Gilder and Mouldings. 

Walton George C, Philadelphia. Pa 74 

Glass Manufactory. 

Belgian Glass Co. (Limited), Meadville, Pa 76 

Glass Cutter's Tools. 

Andress, Thomas J. Philadelphia, Pa 16 

Groceries and Provisions. 

Bauer & Toms, Pottstown, Pa 3 

Gilbert Harry, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa 58 

Gerrow T D., Beaver Falls, Pa 158 

Tohnson Walter J., South Chester, Pa 23 

McLaughlin H., Philadelphia, Pa 89 

Mathews S. H., Trenton. N. 1 63 

Miller Jehu H., Phieni.xviUe, "Pa 3 

Polen Thomas B., Scranton, P;> 184 

Robinson Charles H., Philadelphia, Pa 69 

Smallwood J. B., Germantown, Pa 69 

Stuber George F.. Philadelphia, Pa 69 

Watson & Roys, Beaver Falls, Pa 158 

Williamson Brothers. Waterford, Pa., opp. page 22 

Zimmer Wm. M., Erie, Pa., opposite page 22 

Guns, Kevolvers, &c. 

Cone A. M., Warren, Pa 216 

Handle Manufacturers. 

Corry Handle Factory. Corry, Pa 96 

Kelly & Royer. Waterford, Pa 10 

HardAvare. 

Raynor William, Philadelphia, Pa , 24 

Harness and .Saddles. 

McCann J. S., Philadelphia, Pa 1S4 

Hatters. 

Hoyt Charles R., Philadelphia, Pa 16 

Staiger Charles. Trenton, N. J 6i 



Hauling and Draying. 

McGinnis James, Norristown, Pa 96 

Heaters, Ranges, &c. 

Rockett T, T., Philadelphia, Pa 28 

Hides and Tallow. 

Heintz George M., Warren, Pa 118 

Horse Collars. 

Ennis Robert M., Wilkesbarre, Pa 53 

Horse .Shoers. 

McNally Thomas J., Philadelphia, Pa 83 

Hotels. 

American House, Kendall Creek, Pa., opp. page. 23 

American Hotel, liethlehem. Pa 152 

Arandale House. Bedford, Pa 210 

Barr & Warner, Union City, Pa., opp. page 23 

Bristol House, Wilkesbarre, Pa 68 

Carver House, Warren. Pa., opposite page 23 

Central Hotel, Eldred, Pa 158 

Courtright House, Wilkesbarre. la 68 

E.vchange Hotel, Wilkesbarre, Pa 90 

Franklin House, Bethlehem. Pa 153 

First Ward Hotel, Allentown, Pa 163 

Fulton House, Chester, Pa 21 

Grand Centra! Hotel. Reading, Pa 189 

Merchants' Hotel, Allentown, Pa 163 

Merchants' Hotel, Reading, Pa 190 

Morrison House, Birdsboro, Pa., opp. page 30 

Pennsylvania Hotel, Allentown, Pa 164 

Pennsylvania House, York, Pa ico 

Pierce House, Bradford, Pa...., 8 

St. Bernard Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa 21 

The Budd House, Meadville, Pa 120 

Washington House, Bethlehem, Pa 91 

Whistler House, Mercer, Pa 15 

Injectors for Steam Boilers. 

Rue Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia, Pa 16 

Installment House. 

Garety Thomas, Philadelphia, Pa 68 

Insurance Companies. 
Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Reading, 

Pa., opposite page 30 

Penn Mutual Line Insurance Co., of Philadel- 
phia, Pa . 18 

Iron AV'orks. 

Enterprise Iron Works, Norristown, Pa 3 

Etna iron Works, New Castle, Pa 74 

Wilkesbarre Iron Fence and Screen Manufactur- 
ing Co., Wilkesbarre, Pa 53 

Junk Dealer. 

Cornish David, Philadelphia, Pa 68 

Ladies' and Misses' Shoes. 

Hofflinger H. S.. Camden, N. J 17 

Vansant Isaiah. Trenton , N. J 61 

Wilson Wm. D., Camden, N.J..,. 120 

Laundries. 

Corry Steam Laundry, Corry, Pa .,... q 

Pennsylvania Laundry, Philadelphia. Pa. 65 

The New Process Steam Laundrv' Bradford, Pa. 8 

Warren Star Laundry, Warren, Pa .,, 8 

Leather and .Shoe Findings. 

Vogeler O. T., Newark. N J 209 

Livery .Stables. 

Affanstranger S. J., Meadville, Pa 75 

-Ahrens H. M , Reading, Pa 191 

Boyers H. F. and J. F., Reading, Pa 191 

Everich J. W., Burlington, N. J 89 

Hill J. S. & Co., Reading, Pa 192 

Hoch Peter, Reading, Pa 192 

McCort John, Titusville, Pa 96 

McGuigan & Stubler, Oil City, Pa 77 

Perry Williams & Co., Norristown, Pa 3 

Reidnauer Z., Reading, Pa 192 

Locksmith and Bell-Hanger. 

Kauffmann Chas., Philadelphia, Pa 65 

Lumber and Building Material. 

Allen &: Lance, Reading, Pa 192 

Philp & Perry, Oil City, Pa 77 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Medical Institute. 

Erie Medical and Surgical Institute, Erie, Pa... 39 

■>Iacliinists. 
Kelley J. L., Machine Works, Erie, Pa., oppo- 
site page 22 

Knauss & Wintersteen, Fethlehem, Pa 79 

Knauss Geo L. ^c Co., AUeiitown, Pa i6^ 

Robertson \Vm. & Son. Bradford, Pa., opp. page 23 

Spangle Charles, Al entown. Pa 164 

Marble Works. 

Beatty & Son, Harrislnirg, Pa 48 

Daugherty J. E., Lebanon, Pa 130 

Stratford ^ Steiner. Lewistown, Pa 67 

Meat Market. 

Lawrence R.. Philadelphia, Pa 83 

3Iilk and Produce. 

Douglass T., Philadelphia, Pa 65 

Monson John. Philadelphia, Pa 65 

Musical Boxes, Clocks, &c. 

Gacond Henri. Philadelphia, Pa 83 

Musician. 

Hall Harry, Philadelphia, Pa 64 

Newspapers. 

The Carbon Advocate. Lehighton, Pa 146 

The Saturday Morning, Philadelphia, Fa 22 

Odorless Excavator. 

Johnson Henry, Trenton, N.J 81 

Oil Cups. 

Lonegran J. E. & Co., Philadelphia, Pa 16 

Paints, Oils and A'arnishes. 

JNIalone A. J., Philadelphia, Pa., opp. page 18 

Painters. 

Biddle George W., Jr., Philadelphia, Pa 88 

Blown M. , Erie, Pa., opposite page 22 

Eisenberg D. G., Philadelphia, Pa 64 

Goth H J. & Bro.. Bethlehem. Pa 153 

Haley Samuel, Philadelphia, Pa 64 

Lynn & Moyer, Bethlehem, I'a 154 

Patterson T D., Eldrcd, Pa 96 

Rodney Samuel, Philadelphia, Pa 64 

Paper IJags. 

Fageley Warren, Philadelphia, Pa., opp. page... 18 

Patent Medicine Dealer. 

Totten William T., Philadelphia, Pa 176 

Patent, Pension and Claim Agents. 

Reeves Lemuel C, Burlington, N. J .... 57 

Webb J.Bruce, Washington. D. C 78 

Pattern and Model Maker. 

Cooper Frank P., Philadelph'ta, Pa 24 

Photographers. 

Eggert, portraits, Bethlehem, Pa 79 

Hauer E. E.. Lebanon, Pa 131 

Somiesky , Artist, Potistown. Pa 3 

The Wertz Gallery, T. E. Coartnpy, AUentown, 

Pa 165 

Pianos. Organs, Arc. 

Kelly H. F.. Bristol, Pa 16 

Kurzenknabe J. H. is: Son<, Harrisburg, Pa... . 50 

Lehman R. F., Camden. N. J 96 

Ruhlman JohnS., Trenton, N.J 60 

Planing ^lills. 

Cottage Planing Mill Co., Huntingdon, Pa 211 

Northampton Saw and Planing ^Slill, South 

Bethlehem, Pa 156 

Plumljevs and Gas Fitters. 

Baker lohn S., Philadelphia, Pa 30 

Farreirv>: Maher. Phiiadelyhia, Pa 28 

Lawler's Sewer Gas Trap, Scranton, Pa., oppo- 
site page 19 

Kafer (George W., Trenton, N.J 62 

Kramer John A., Harrisburg, Pa 36 

Pork Packers and Provisions. 

Horn John H., Bridgeport, Pa 58 



Pottery and Terra Cotta AVorks. 

Allentonn Pottery and Terra Cotta Works 165 

Power Mills. 

Mills for grinding wet, green and dry bones, Eas- 

ton, Pa., opposite page 31 

Printers and Stati«)ners. 

Calland W. C„ Philadelphia. Pa 55 

Cleaver, Charles W.. Bedford. Pa 210 

Coleman Printing House. Reading, Pa., opp. page 30 

Conklin Brothers, Philadelphia, Pa 55 

Fisher & Bro., Camden. N. J 34 

Gould H. D , Philadelphia, Pa 35 j 

Horter Edward J,, Philadelphia, Pa 19 

Keighton Printing House, Philadelphia, Fa 78 

Mirror Printing House, Altoona. Pa 84 

Norris Printing Works-R. G. Clyde — Philadel- 
phia- Pa 5-; 

Rice Harry Sine, AUentown, Pa 66 

V'oight and Ash, Philadelphia, Pa 184 

Proprietary 3Iedicines. 

Belz George A., Erie, Pa., opposite page 22 

Burkhardt's Keliable Remedies, Camden, N. J . . 34 

Cadwell's Herb Bitters, Harrisburg, Pa 39 

Cancerous Diseases Cured Philadelphia, Pa.... 29 

Coates.P.of. I. H., Philadelphia, Pa 73 

Harvey Mrs. -AL M., Philadelphia, Pa. 61 

Pumps, Hydrants, &c. 

Tyler Isaac & Son, Wilkesbarre, Pa 53 

Pure AA'ater Supply. 

Watson's Deep Well System, Bradford, Pa 15 

Real Kstate Krokers. 

Phillips & Co.. Philadelphia, Pa 25 

Reeves Lemuel C , Burlington, N.J 57 

Rogers Henry W., Baltimore, Md 78 

Restaurants. 

Brown David S., Gloucester City, N.J 58 

Continental Lodging House and Restaurant, 

Trenton, N. J 62 

Crusen iNIrs. T. D., Trenton, N. T 86 

Dexter W. P., Phil.idelphia, Pa 70 

Kirkpatrick Charles, Philadelphia Pa 21 

Rennig, C. W , South Bethlehem, Pa 157 

Roofers. 

Ilerzog G. & Co., AUentown, Pa 66 

Weber J. Alfred. South Bethlehem, Pa.. , .,... 157 

Rubber Goods. 

Mumpoting John F., Philadelphia, Fa., opp. page 23 

Saloons and Restaurants. 

Ackerman Edward, Philadelphia, Pa 91 

Smith Frank H., Philadelphia, Pa 56 

Siegle Jacob, New Caslle. Pa 76 

Thomas E., Philadelphia, Pa 80 

Welch Jack, Philadelphia, Pa 80 

Sculptors. 

Hepding & Walker, Philadelphia. Pa 80 

Seeds and Fertilizers. 

Bishop William R., Burlington, N.J 57 

' Sewijig 3Iacliines. 

McEhvain T. A., Me.idviHe, Pa 75 

I Slater. 

Bower A. H., Lebanon, Pa 31 

Spool Heads, &c. 

Phillips J. E., Philadelphia, Pa 16 

Staves and Shingles. 

Ross .M.,Tidioute,Pa & 

Stoves and Tinware. 

Borden John A: Bro.. Philadelphia, Pa 27 

Colgrove G. W. ifc Son. Eldred, Pa., opp. page.. 23 

Dewitt -A... Birdsboro, Pa., opp. page 31 

Industry Stove Works. Camden, N.J 33 

Kaighn Point Stove Works, Camden, N. J 33 

Tailors. 

Hamilton, W. H., Beaver Falls, Pa 136 

Healey J.. Philadelphia. Pa 80 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



13 



Tailors — Continued. 



Mooney M., Philadelphia, Pa.... 
Roe J. D. & Son, Trenton, N. J , 

Siemon Adam, Pittsburg, Pa 

Smvth James, Trenton, N.J... 
Walker A. J., Trenton, N. J 



19 

97 

211 

178 

74 



Teas and Coftees. 

Corbett & Hayes, Trenton, N. J 81 

Thread Manufactory. 

Burlington Thread Co., Burlington, N. J 57 

Tool Manufacturer. 

Favinger S., Philadelphia, Pa 71 

Toy ^lanufaoturer. 

Kelly and Rover, Waterford, Pa 8 

Truss 3Ianufaturers, 

Hastings and Garson, Philadelphia, Pa., Front 
Past-up. 

Trust and Safe Deposit C'o's. 

Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company, of 

Philadelphia, Pa 4 

Union Trust Company, of Philadelphia, Pa 6 l 

Turkish and Russian Baths. 1 

Rhinehart, Wm. A., Bradford, Pa 158 j 

Turner in Ivory, 'Wood, &c. 

Dowdell A. W., Philadelphia, Pa 17 

Undertakers. 

SchnellerS. S., Bethlehem, Pa 154 

Sweeney, James I., Philadelphia, Pa 91 

Walp W., Bethlehem, Pa 155 



U l>h o 1 s te re r s . 

Keely Thom.is Jr., West Philadelphia, Pa 16 

Variety Bazaar. 

Valentine John S , Burlington. N J 85 

Veterinary College. 

Corbyn Prof. T. N., Philadelphia, Pa 14 

Veterinary Surgeons. 

Bosley E. J., New Castle, Pa 15 

Gable A. E., Greenville, Pa 66 

Hart John R., Philadelphia. Pa 39 

Phillips, W. S., Reading, Pa 35 

StuU John, Trenton, N. J 60 

Veterinary 'Works. 

Mayer S. & Co., Philadelphia, Pa 216 

AVashing Machines. 

Baughman N. C, York, Pa ; 94 

Mumpoting John F., Philadelphia, Pa., opp. page 23 
"Watchmaker and Jeiveler. 

Higgins S. L., Camden, N.J 17 

"Wines and I..iquors. 

Callahan F J., Philadelphia, Pa 23 

Cottman L. A.. Philadelphia, Pa , opp. page.... 18 

Dunn Michael F , Philadelphia, Pa 27 

Eagau James W., Philadelphia. Pa 56 

Gallagher Mrs. J. JM., Philadelphia, Pa 27 

McClelland Robert J., Philadelphia, Pa 33 

Westenbur^er J., Trenton. N. J 63 

Williams R. T., Philadelphia, Pa 19 

Wood Carver. 

Brown James, Philadelphia, Pa 71 

Yarns. 

Crowe Geo. W., German town, Pa 20 



INDEX TO TOWNS AND CITIES. 



Allentown, Pa 157 

Annville, Pa 135 

Atlantic City, N. J 202 

Bedford, Pa 151 

Bethlehem, Pa 152 

Bradford. Pa loS 

Bridgeport, Pa 107 

Bristol, Pa 113 

Burlington, N. J 179 

Camden, N. J 217 

Cape May, N. J 203 

Carlisle, Pa 132 

Catasaqua, Pa 141 

Chambersburg, Pa 125 

Chester, Pa 138 

Clayton, N. J 205 

Coatsville, Pa 148 

Columbia, Pa 121 

Darby, Pa 137 

Downington, Pa 148 

Doy 1 esto wn , Pa 114 

Duncannon, Pa 147 

Eldred, Pa 112 

Gettysburg, Pa 122 

Glassboro', N. J 204 

Gloucester, Pa 216 

Greencastle, Pa 124 

Greenville, Pa 142 

Hamburg, Pa 199 

Hanover, Pa 122 

Harrisburg, Pa 41 

Huntingdon, Pa 150 

Kendall Creek, Pa 117 

Kennett Square, Pa 214 



Lancaster, Pa 207 

Lebanon, Pa 127 

Lehighton, Pa 146 

Lewistown, Pa 349 

Mauch Chunk, Pa 143 

Mechanicsburg, Pa 119 

Media, Pa 137 

Middletown, Pa iii 

Millersville, Pa 124 

Millville, N.J 205 

Mt. Holly, N. J iSi 

Newport, Pa 147 

Newtown, Pa 116 

Newville, Pa 126 

Norristo wn , Pa 103 

Oxford, Pa 214 

Phcenexville, Pa 107 

Pottstown, Pa 105 

Pottsville, Pa 200 

Quakertown, Pa 216 

Reading, Pa 1S2 

Shenango, Pa 142 

Shippensburg, Pa 106 

Slatington, Pa 145 

South Bethlehem, Pa 155 

Steelton, Pa 135 

Trenton, N. T 166 

Upland, Pa 13S 

Vineland. N, J 205 

Warren, Pa ., 117 

Waynesboro, Pa 126 

Wri'ghtsville, Pa 122 

York, Pa 94 



14 ADVERTISEMENTS. 




THIS DEPARTMENT IS UNDER THE 

fluspiees of a^i^testern University, 

Students are Received at all Periods 

OF THE YEAR. 

Erribraces Lectures, Recitations |Clii]ical li)structioi]s, 

GEADUATIOH WHEN COMPETENT. 

We have locations for over Two Hundred 
Veterinarv Physicians on our books. 

For Particulars, Address, 

Prof.T.N.CORBYN,M.D.Pli.D.andD.Y.S., 

1847 North Ninth Street, 

PHILADELPHIA. PA. 



1 '^^ IIIIIIIXIIV^ \ ^_ ' 





OFFICE- 

The most approved Works and Remedies 
furnished the profession in all parts of the 
Countrs^ at nominal rates; Advice and Diaimosis 
given in the most obscure and critical cases of 
Equine diseases by PROF. CORBYN. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



15 




CfREENDALE CONSERVATORY, 

ShoiGGst Plants for fiangicg Baskets and Vases, 

ALL KINDS OF BEDDING PLANTS. 
FLOWER DESIGNS FOR WEDDINGS, FUNERALS, 



And All Occasions 

Lower th: 

AIGUST KliUEGER, - Proprietor 



Furnished on Short Notice at Prices Lower than they can be procurep 
elsewhere. 



<a 



WHISTLKR HOUSB, '^ 



r 



J. D. HINDMAN, . . Proprieton 

L. C. liOBIXSOX, Chrh. 

THIS HOUSE IS CENTRALLY LOCATED. 
Best Accommodations For Commercial Men. 

RATES, $2.00 PER DAY. 

PURE WATeT^UPPLY\ 

^Watson's I3eex3 TS^ell System 

101 CITIES. TOWSS MB ¥ILL1GES. 

CONTRACTOR AND MANUFACTURERS AGENT FOR 

Drilling Rigs and Bolted Derricks, Mast Derricks, Iron Derricks on Wheels, 
Portable Drilling Outfits for Well and Water Supplies. 

Railway Water Supplies, Water Works, Pumps, Oil, Gas, Artesian and 
Mineral Wells Drilled and Furnished. 
PLANS AND ESTIMATES FOR AVATEK WORKS PREPARED 
W. S- WATSON, 

4 NICKLE PLATE BLOCK, 
P. O. BOX 1753. BRu^IDFOIilD, F^A.. 

K. J. BOSLEY, V. S. 

VETERINARY SURGEON. 

TEETH RND FEET A SPECmLTY. 
Office, St. Cloud Hotel, • 



NEW C^SXLE. PA, 



i6 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



T- O- I-*OT7 



DmMOND * TER « CO. 

43 Diamond Street, 



PITTSBURGH, PA. 





OIL CUPS 

For Engines, Shafting, &c, 
Illustrated Catalogue Free, 

J,E.LON£RGAN&GO. 

Philadelphia, Penna. 



DESCRIPTIVE 

CATALOGUE 

FREE. 

RUE 

INJECTORS™ 

For all kinds of STEAM BOILERS., rHILAU A 




IEJidIic 




THOMAS KEELY, Jr. 

(Formerly with J. B. SHEPPARD A- SONS.) 

^3629 Market Street, West Philadelphia. 

Furniture Repaired und Kc- Upholstered. Carpets made and Laid. New Shades 
made to order of the best hand painted shading, on the best Spring Rollers. Old 
Shades Reversed and Re-Upholstered equal to new. 

MATTRESSES MADE TO ORDER. 
OLD MATTRESSES R ENOVATED AND RE-MADE. 

J. E. PHILLIPS, 

ONLY MANUFACTURER OF PATENTED 

Vulcanized Fibre Spool Heads and Wire Rimmed Iron Spool Heads, 

CONFINKK IJKOOM, Patented July 4th, lS(i5. 

J. E. PHILLIPS, only Manufacturer, 639 Wayne St., near Wallace, Philadelpliia, Pa. 



H. E. KELLY, 

Dealer in 
FINE HAVANA AND DOMESTIC 



Tocaceo, Snuff, Pipes, &c. 

«8 MILL STKEKT, liRISTOL, PA. 

BURTON'S EXPRESS. 



H. F. KELLY, Agt. 

For PIAITOS and OEGAITS, 

Ma3IC B06K^, 3HEE'F M«3IC, 

STATIONERY, &c. 

68 3VCIL3L STIIEEX, 

BRISTOL. P.\. 



THOS. J. ANDRKSS, 

Manufacturer of 




Glass CutteisiCouiblnation Tools 



I Ij .i^ XD E Hj r* 



No. 821 CERRY STREET, 



AMERICA DISCOVERED. 



17 



AMERICA DISCOVERED, INCIDENTS, &C. 

(SEE ALSO, EARLY CONQUESTS, &C.; ALSO, EXPEDITIONS, AC.) 



Columhiis Discot'evs America. 

October 12, 1492.— At 2 o'clock Friday 
morning land was discovered. It was one 
of Bahamas, called by the natives Guana- 
hani, but named by Colnmbus San Sal- 
vador, who took possession of it in the 
name of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

Cuba was discovered Oct. 28, 1492. It 
was here that Columbus first saw the 
natives smoking tobacco, and here also 
that maize (afterward called Indian corn 
by the Pilgrims) was first discovered. 

Columbus' Second Voyage. — On 
Sept. 25, 1493, with 3 ships, 14 caravels 
and 1,500 adventurers, he sailed from 
Cadi^ for the New World. Horses and 
domestic animals were taken upon this 
expedition. Fonseca, afterward Bishop, 
and for a long time at the head of Indian 



at this colony and found affairs in a dis- 
heartening condition. He determined to 
give them active employment, and sent 
400 men to St. Thomas with instructions 
to make thorough e.xplorations. 

Spanish Oppression of the ITat/- 
tiens. — Mar. 27, 1495, Columbus set out 
to subdue the island. Having done which 
he levied a tribute of gold dust and cot- 
ton, payable monthly or quarterly. The 
rapacity of their conquerers was such that 
it required the unremitting toil of the 
miserable natives to satisfy it. Then 
their lands were gradually divided among 
the Spaniards and the Indians were en- 
slaved to cultivate them. They per- 
ished so rapidly under this oppression 
that within fifty years the race was almost 
annihilated. 



A. W. DOWDELL. 

Turner in Ivory, Bohp. Horn and Hard Woods, 

And manufacturer of the 
H.\RD WOOD LEMOX SQUEEZER, 

These Squeezers have the Lignum Vita; Cup and Ball 

and Nickel-plated Hinge. 
Nos. 911 & 913 VINE ST.. Philadelphia. 

I also manufacture "Grandmchers' Companion," 
for Darning Stockings, and Goods for Surgical and 
Dental Trade. 

S. L. HICCINS, 

Watchmaker &, Jeweler, 

No. 129 KAIGHN'S AVE., 

CAMDEN, N. J. 
Fine W'atches Repaired. Work promptly attended to. 



H. S. HOFFLINCER, 

Wholesale Manufacturer of 

Misses and Childrens' Shoes, 

No. 113 KAIGHN'S AVE., 
CAMDEN, N. J. 

CHAS. O. BROWN, 

Dealer in 

Boots, Shoes &, Rubbers, 

1132 & 1134 BROADWAY, 
Camden, N. J. 



LARGEST STOCK. 



LOWEST PRICES. 



affairs, became the enemy of Columbus 
upon this voyage. 

First Colony. — Nov. 27, 1493, the 
fleet arrived at La Navidad, Hayti, where 
Columbus had left 39 men on his first ex- 
pedition. He found that they had dis- 
regarded his injunctions and had quar- 
relled with the natives, who had slain 
them and demolisiied their fort. He 
founded another colony on the same is- 
land, which he called Isabella. He dis- 
covered that cotton grew wild and that 
the natives used it for clothing and fish- 
ing nets. 

Fort St. Thomas. Mar. 12, 1494, Co- 
lumbus, with 400 men, explored the in- 
terior of Hayti. He selected a defensible 
position, built Fort St. Thomas, and leav- 
ing a garrison of 56 men, returned to Isa- 
bella. 

Sickness and Discontent at Isa- 
bella. — Mar. 29, 1494, Columbus arrived 



Cuba Explored by Columbus. — 

April 24, 1494, he sailed along the south 
coast of the island with 3 caravels and 
landed at different points. The trip con- 
sumed several months. When near the 
west end he concluded to return. The 
unanimous conclusion of the explorers 
was that they had discovered a continent. 

Col It mbus' Th ird I'oyaye, May 30, 
1498. — He sailed from San Lucar de Bar- 
rameda with 6 vessels. Fonseca's treas- 
urer, Ximeno Breviesca, had harrassed 
him in all his preparations, and at the 
moment of sailing the patience of the 
Admiral gave way and he knocked the 
treasurer down and kicked him. This 
unfortunate act somewhat estranged Fer- 
dinand and Isabella. 

NortJi America was discovered June 
24, 1497, by John and Sebastian Cabot, 
who sailed under a patent from Henry 
VII., of Eni^land, in the "Matthew," in 



i8 



AMERICA DISCOVERED, 



search of a passage to India. They dis- 
covered Labrador. The coast of North 
America was carefully explored from 
North Carolina to Nova Scotia in 1524 by 
John Verrazzano, a Florentine in the ser- 
vice of Francis I., of France. He gave 
a detailed and accurate description of it, 
and upon this was based the French 
claim to North America. In 1768 Jona- 
than Carver arrived in Boston. For sev- 
eral years he had been (or professed to 
have been) exploring the interior of 
North America, and had reached the Min- 
nesota river. He made numerous charts 
and journals. The British government 
rewarded him. 

Newfoundland Discovered in 
May, 1498. — Sebastian Cabot, with 2 ships 
and 300 men, sailed on a second voyage 
to the New World. He coasted from 
Labrador to the Chesapeake bay — per- 
haps to Florida. He named "Newfound- 



which all reference to Columbus was 
carefully omitted, and thus by craft and 
the dullness of the times, his name was 
bestowed upon the new continent instead 
of that of the true discoverer. The only 
credit to which he is entitled is that he 
recognized the fact that instead of the 
India already known, another continent 
had been discovered. 

Columbus at tTamaica, June 24, 
1503. — He was compelled to beach his 
worm eaten and worn-out vessels upon 
this island. He was obliged to remain 
there one year. Mutiny among his men, 
and hostility from the natives environed 
him with difficulties. The latter refused 
to supply him with food, and knowing 
that an eclipse of the moon would occur, 
Columbus sent word to them that the 
Great Spirit would show his displeasure 
by darkening the moon. After this pro- 
visions were forthcoming. 



PENN MUTUAL LIFE INS CO /PHILA 



OI^G--A.l>JIZE3D 1847'- 



PURELY MUTUA L 



ASSETS 



$9, 800, 000 



'I he Policy Contracts of this Company leave rothirg to be desired- embracirg all liberal featur«< Thev 
become INCONTESTABLE three years from d.Tte. ""They are abfohuelv KONFORFEITABLE, the entire 
■reserve" at lapse being applied either to the EXTENSION of the 01 iginal sum in'=ured, or to the purchase 
of PAID-UP insur.ince, at the option of the mimber. 



SAMUEL C 

EDWARD M. NEEDLES, Vice President. 
HORATIO S. STEPHENS, 2nd Vice President 



HUEY, President. 

HENRY C. BROWN, fecrttary. 
JESSE J. B.-\RKER, Actuary. 



land," and reported at home that codfish 
were so abundant as to impede the pro- 
gress of his ships, which originated the 
great fisheries on its banks. Sir Hum- 
phrey Gilbert sailed in 1583 with 5 vessels 
and 260 men. Landing on New Found- 
land he erected royal arms and pro- 
claimed government. Unsuccessful in 
searching for gold they resolved to return 
to England. The vessel in which Gilbert 
took passage foundered during a gale and 
he was lost. 

Anteflcus Yefi2)ucius, a Florentine 
merchant, accompanied Alonzo de Oj- 
eda in a voyage of discovery in 1499 as 
navigator and geographer. They fol- 
lowed the charts of Columbus and reach- 
ed the Gulf of Paria. Finding an Indian 
town built on piles over the water they 
named it Venezuela or Little "Venice. 
Vespucius gave to Europe the first pub- 
lished account of the "Western World, in 



Atahuallpa, Inca of PevUf was 

made captive by the Spaniards under 
Pizarro, November 16, 1532. He offered 
to fill the room in which he was confined, 
22 feet by 17 feet, 9 feet high with gold, 
and another room twice full of silver as a 
ransom. The offer was accepted, but be- 
fore they were quite filled the soldiers 
clamored for a division. After deduct- 
ing the royal fifth the gold melted down 
produced ^15,500,000, beside the silver. 
Then the Spaniards executed Atahuallpa 
upon the pretext that he was secretly in- 
stigating a rebellion. 

•Jacques Cavtier^ a noted French 
sailor, sailed from St. Malo, France, April 
20, 1534, with two 60 ton vessels and 122 
men for a voyage of exploration to the 
New World, and after wintering on the 
St. Lawrence, and losing 25 men by 
scurvy, he sailed again for France March 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



ilURREY'S iOMPLE-TD ®OmPD.ND[UM 

FOR 

COMMERCIAL COLLEGES. 

Divideji into four parts as follows : 

1st.— Theory of Book Keeping. 
2d.— Business Series. 
Sd.— Arithmetical Bxercisss. 
4th.— Correspondence, Commercial Law, &c. 

SUBSTANTIALLY ^OUND IN CLOTH- 
PRICE, $l.50. 

S 1= E O Z .A. Ij . 

, Fi''«.T-Auy young mau coutemplating a course iu any buaiuesa college will save .-.0 ncrcent l,v 

tamihanzmg himself with tho coutents of the compeiitliiim ^ ■ -^ 

Seconi).--U is the only work that treats the subject of accounts as a science 

studeX"' "' "''''*""^™^"* '' °''*'"'^' and logical, and will be readily understood by the 

PouRTH.-lt contains information never thought of bv any previous author 
J iFTii.- rhe tact that most of our public and private schobls have lately opened commercial courses 

tully demonstrates the lact that a practical course is not onlv annreeiated but demnnH^ri at Vh ,? „ ; 

lime. The compendium fully meets all these requirement- ''P>"'""«^^'' '^"^ demanded at the present 

welUlowVtWu"""'"" *''''* ''"'^"'''''''''''''^•''"""^■'"^ should ouy this book is because they cannot 

SEND FDR CIRCULARS AND SPECIMEN PAEES, 
J. N. CURREY, Professional Accountant, 

330 Market Street, Harrisburg^, Pa. 



WARREN FAGELEY 

MANUFACTURER OF PAPER BAGS 

And Wholesale Dealer in 

No.^07 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pa 

TraTcOTTMnN, 

DEALER IN 

FIKE WIWBS, MeUOHS AMM CIGAHS, 

1650 RIDGE AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

N. B.-Families supplied with Wines an d Liquors for Medical and Family use at Lowest Prices. 



WN/[. W. REA & SON, 

SHOP. 1815 FRANCIS ST., RESIDENCE, Sis'pERKIOMEN S-T^ 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

ToToToirLg- prorcLptl37- attend-ed. to. 



A. J. MAL.ONE, 

Manufactursr and Wholesale Dealer iq PAINTS, OILS, ?ilRNlSflEg &g 

Buy the -'Excelsior" Natural Wood Stains ' 

For Staining Unpainted or Painted Wood, such as the Inside Wood Work of Houses. Floor- or Furniture 

it has no equal 

Put up m K Pints. }i Pints, Pints and Quart Bottles 

Waluut, Maple, ChesMu.t. Cherry, 3IallT,i.anv ami Oak 

Nos. 1403-04 NORTH TENTH ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



DEATH TO DIPHTHERIA, 

MALARIA, 

-^sAnd other Contagious Diseases. ^^ 



AGREATSMITARYIIVEIfTIOIf 




ShoH-ing Trap Connecled to a Hath Tub. 



) 



ff/ioninff Trap Votwected to a tVash Jia^tln. 



L 






FOR 




^tatioaarj Ball Tiilis, ^Vasii Basils, ^^asl Tnlis, B\ih, itc, 

A POSITIVE SEAL AGAINST SEWER-GAS! 

The only practical Bath-Tub Trap in the World. Endorsed by the leading Sanitarians 
of this country. Cheap, Durable and Effective. Manufactured and 

for sale by the Inventor. 

JAMES J. LAWLER, PlumlDinp^ Expert, 

Cor. Wyoming Ave. and Linden Street, Scranton, Pa. 

And Sold by all first class Plumbers and Dealer in Plumbers Supplies. 

BTo Bath Tub or liVash Basin Is Complete without it. 



EXPEDITIONS AND DISCOVERIES. 



19 



6, 1536, taking with him 10 Indian chiefs 
as captives. 

Montreal. — Cartier having sailed 
through the Guh'and River St. Lawrence 
arrived at the Indian village of Hoche- 
laga, Oct. 2, 1535. He climbed a mountain 
back of the village and called it Mount 
Royale, which afterward was corrupted 
into the present name of Montreal, and 
is applied not only to the island but also 
to the great city. 



Santa Fe de Bogota, in the U. S. 

of Columbia, S. A., was founded in 1538 
by Gonzalo Ximenes de Ouesada, who 
erected 12 houses in honor of the 12 
apostles. 

Sable Islaiuf, off Nova Scotia, was 
colonized in 159S by 40 criminals brought 
from France by Marquis de la Roche. 
He was driven off in a gale and they were 
not visited for five years. Only 12 sur- 
vived. 



R. T. WILLIAMS, 



Dealer in 



Choice Wines &. Liquors, 

ALE, PORTER and LAGER BEER, 

409 South Sixth St., 



PHILADELPHIA. 



M. IVIOONEY, 

PRACTICAL 

MERCHANT TAILOR, 

830 SOTJTH STR,EEX, 
PHILADELPHIA. 



EDWARD J. HORTER, 



EDW. ROEDER, 

Manufacturer of 



Mantua Printing House, FINE CIGARS 



3704 LANCASTER AVE., 

PHIL.A.DELPHIA, PA. 

book: Sc job n^nsTTEi^- 



Wholesale and RetaiL 

No. 3928 Lancaster Ave., 

WEST PHILADELPHIA. 



EXPEDITIONS AND DISCOVERIES. 



(ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.) 



^A^mazon Hii-ev was navigated in 
1616 by two monks in a canoe, who had 
fled from tlieir missions in Peru because 
of Indian persecutions. They finally 
reached Para. 

American Voyaqe round the world 
was first completed in 1790 by Captain 
Gray, of Boston, in the "Columbia." 
She left Sept. 30, 1787, for China, via the 
Pacific coast, and returned via Cape of 
Good Hope. 

Block Isla n d was named by Adreain 
tJlock, who in 1614 e.xplored Long Island 
Sound, Naragansett Bay, sailing through 
Hellgate, a rocky channel in the East 
River. His trip was made in the "Un- 
rest," a vessel ^2% feet long, 11% feet 
wide and 16 tons burden, built at Man- 
hattan. 

Brazil was visited in 1502 by Ameri- 
cus Yespucius. He discovered the Bay 
of All Saints and returned to Spain with 
a cargo of Brazil wood. 

Canada Exjyloi'ed by Champlain in 
1603. De Chastes, Governor of Dieppe, 
France, under a patent for colonizing 
Canada, sent two vessels of 12 and 15 
tons, under Champlain, for preliminary 
explorations. They reached and as- 
cended the St. Lawrence to Montreal, 
then returned to France. 

Cape St. Augustine was discovered 
Jan. 28, 1500, by Vincent Yanez Pinzon. 



He also discovered the Amazon River» 
and was the first to cross the Equator in 
the Western Atlantic. 

Cape Cod and Martha's Vinej'ard 
were discovered in 1602 by Bartholomew 
Gosnold. He built a fort upon Cutty- 
hunk, one of the Elizabeth islands, and 
then returned to England. 

Cape Horn was discovered by Gar- 
cia Jofre de Loaya, a Spanish comman- 
der, in 1525. 

Columbia Hit'cr discovered May 8, 
1792, by Captain Robert Gray, in the 
Boston vessel "Columbia Redivivia." 
Lewis and Clark broke up their winter 
camp upon the Missouri River April 7, 
1805, and started up the river and cross- 
ed the mountain ridge on horseback, 
amid great obstacles. They reached the 
mouth of the Columbia River Nov. 15, 
1805, and began their return trip up the 
Columbia River March 23, 1806. They 
arrived at St. Louis September 23, 1807, 
having been gone on their great explor- 
ing trip 28 months. 

Florida was discovered by De Leon 
April 2, 1512, and was so named because 
of the luxuriant vegetation. He found 
neither gold nor fountains, and returned 
to Porti Rico. The Gulf stream was first 
noticed by Alaminos, a pilot on this ex- 
pedition. 

Fremont, John C. commenced an 



20 



EXPEDITIONS AND DISCOVERIES. 



exploration of the Rocky IMoiintains on 
May 2, 1842, by order of the U. S. gov- 
ernment. He planted the American 
Hag on the summit of a peak 13,570 feet 
high, which has since been known as 
Fremont's peak. Fremont's second ex- 
pedition to tire Rocky Mountains started 
in May, 1S43. His party explored the 
Great Salt Lake in Utah, thence north 
to the Columbia River, following it to 
its mouth. Tiiey returned over the 
Sierra Nevadas into the Sacramento Val- 
ley, through deep snows, and reached 
Kansas in Jul}', 1844. Col. Fremont's 
exploring party suffered terribly in the 
Rocky Mountains in 1854. They fed on 
mule meat for 45 days, and would have 
perished but for relief from another 
party. 

Hat/ti was discovered December 6, 
1492, and named by Columbus "Hispan- 
iola," or Little Spain. 



the United States. Col. Clark put Capt. 
Helm in command. In August, 1778, the 
Virginia Assembly, by an act, named 
the whole region "Illinois County." 

Japan.— U. S. expedition to Japan, 
under Commodore Perry, son of the hero 
of Lake Erie, sailed in 1852. He arrived 
at Japan July 14, 1S53, and delivered the 
letter from the President of the United 
States to the care of the Imperial Com- 
missioners. 

Lake Champlahi was discovered 
July, 1609, by Champlain, wiio had ac- 
companied a war party against the Iro- 
quois, who dwelt in Central New York. 

Louisiana was the name given to 
the entire region on the banks of the 
Mississippi by La Salle, who arrived at 
the Gulf of Mexico April 9, 1682, and 
took formal possession of the mouth of 
the river in the name of Louis XIV., 
King of France. 



GEO. W. CROWE, 



MANUFACTURER OF 



COTTON, & WOOLEN SPINNING YARNS, 

WATSONS TWISTED YARNS, 

EITHER IN COTTON OR LONG WOOL A SPECIALTY. 

PRICE STRKKT. GERMANTOWN, PA. 



12 



Hudson Hil'cr was discovered Sept. 
1609, by Sir Henry Hudson, who 
sailed in the "Half-Moon" to where 
Albany now stands. He called it the 
Great North River. He was in Dutch 
service, whose claims in North America 
were based on his discoveries. 

Illinois Hirer. — The exploration of 
the Illinois river was made by a party 
from Fort Crevecceur, in February, 1680. 

Illinois, Indiann and Kenfurhf/. 
In 1779 Col. Geo. Rogers Clark marched 
with a force against the French settle- 
ments in Illinois, his object being to ex- 
tend the autiiority of Virginia over the 
scattered settlements of Illinois, Indiana 
and Kentucky. He occupied Kaskaskia 
without bloodshed. He became so pop- 
ular there that the French priest influ- 
enced the iniiabitants of Vincennes, in 
the absence of the British governor at 
Detroit, to change their allegiance to 



Lotver California was explored by 
two expeditions sent out in 1532-3 by 
Cortez. 

3Iaine — ]\Iartin Pring's Explorations 
in 1603. The "Speedwell" and "Dis- 
coverer" were sent by Bristol merchants 
to follow up Gosnold's discoveries. Un- 
der Pring's command they explored the 
coast of Maine and Massachusetts — 
searching for sassafras root — as far as 
Martha's Vineyard, and then returned to 
England. The coast of Maine was again 
explored in 1604 by Champlain. He 
named Mt. Desert, visited the Penob- 
scot and returned to St. Croix. 

3Tississip2)i Hirer. — Tliis great river 
was discovered by De Soto in May, 1541. 
Allouez and Dablon left Green Bay, 
Wisconsin, in 1670, to visit some Indian 
towns on Lake Winnebago. They were 
told much about the great Mississippi. 
During 1763 Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit 



EXPEDITIONS AND DISCOVERIES. 



21 



missionary, and Louis Joliet, a Quebec 
trader, having heard of a "Great West- 
ern River," set out from the Straits of 
Mackinaw, in birch bark canoes, to find 
it. They were guided by Indians to the 
Wisconsin river, where their guides lei't 
them. Descending the Wisconsin tliey 
entered the Mississippi on the 17th of 
June, down which they floated past the 
Des Moines, Illinois, ^lissouri and Ohio 
rivers to the mouth of the Arkansas on 
July 17th, whence they decided to re- 
turn lest falling into the hands of Span- 
iards they should lose the fruits of their 
discoveries. They reached Green Bay 
in September, and Joliet went at once to 
Quebec to report. La Salle set out Aug. 
10, 16S0, with 25 men, to explore the 
Mississippi, and to relieve Tonti and his 
companions, who were waiting at Creve- 
cceur for their leader. Most of the gar- 
rison had deserted and gone to Michilli- 



this company set out for Lake Erie. 
Their course from there is not certainly 
known, but it is claimed that they dis- 
covered the Ohio and Mississippi before 
Marquette reached the last river. 

Pacific Ocetdi Discovevetl. — Bal- 
boa started Sept. i, 1513, with 190 men 
and Indian guides, to search for the great 
sea, said to lie at the South. After a 
difficult march through the wilderness he 
discovered the Pacific ocean September 
26, 1513, from the summit of a moun- 
tain. Proceeding to the coast he waded 
into the water with a royal standard and 
took possession of it in the name of 
Spain. He called it the South Sea. Dur- 
ing the expedition he learned of the rich 
kingdom of Peru at the South. The name 
Pacific Ocean was given November 28, 
1520, by Magellan, who had just com- 
pleted the boisterous passage through 
the straits which bear his name. 



FULTON HOUSE, 

ROBERT SCHOFIELD, Proprietor, 

Cor. Front and Fulton Streets, 

Fine Rcoms From 50 cents to $1.00 per day. 

MURPHY 8l wild. 
WAGON BUILDERS, 

No. 908 Snyder Avenue, 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



ST. BERNARD HOTEL, 

912 VINE STREET, 
PHILADELPHIA. 

Miss E. Johnson. FroprietreaS. 



CHARLES KIRKPATRICK, 

S. E. Ccr. 17tli aad Titan Streets, 
PHILADELPHIA, PA 

Ladies' k Gents' Oysters Ice Cream Saloon. 

Fresh and Salt Water Oysters and Clams all the 
Year Round. Family Trade a Specialty. 

LADIES' SALOON BACK. 



mackinac, committing depredations on 
their route. He arrived at the ruins of 
the fort in December, but found no traces 
of Tonti and his few faithful companions, 
who had gone to Green Bay to avoid the 
hardships they were subjected to in con- 
sequence of a war having broken out be- 
tween the lUinois and Iroquois Indians. 
La Salle and his company then started 
for the Mississippi, Dec. 21, i6Si,by way 
of the Chicago river, and reached the 
Mississippi Feb. 2, 16S2, and amid float- 
ing jce started down its stream. 

Xew Me.rico. — In 1581 Augustin 
Ruyz, with two other priests and eight 
soldiers, started to e.xplore the seven 
cities of Cibola. One priest was killed 
by Indians and the soldiers returned, 
leaving the two priests, whose fate is 
unknown, 

Ohio and Jlississijipi Rivet's — 
Expedition of La Salle. July 6, 1669, 



Pearl Islands. — Margarita and Cu- 
bagua, noted for pearl fisheries, were 
discovered by Columbus in 149S. - He 
obtained a quantity to be sent to Spam. 

Salt Springs in Illinois were known 
to the French and Indians in 1720. 

South America discovered August 
I, 1498, by Columbus, while cruising 
along the southern shore of Trinidad. 
He entered the Gulf of Pariaand landed 
upon what he supposed to be another 
island, but which was the continent. He 
procured large strings of pearls from the 
natives. Ill health and scarcity of pro- 
visions compelled his return to Hayti. 

Wheeler S 11 r re i/s, from Pueblo, Col- 
orado, July 15, 1S74, of unexplored terri- 
tory west of one hundredth meridian, by 
9 parties, including eminent scientists. 
Tliorough explorations were made. 

Jf'ilkes' K.rplorinfi Expedition to 
the South Sea sailed April, 1S38. 



22 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 



EARLY CONQUESTS, INVASIONS AND SETTLEMENTS, 

(SEE ALSO, EXPEDITIONS.) 



Arnrlia. — Expeditions of De Monts 
and Ponlgiave sailed in April, 1604, from 
Havre-de-Grace to Nova Scotia. De 
Monts entered the Bay of Fundy and dis- 
covered Annapolis Harbor, which Pou- 
trincourt begged for himself and named 
it Port Royal. Pontgrave, after sailing 
to the St. Lawrence to trade retnrned to 
France. De Monts proceeded around the 
Bay of Fundy and out into Passama- 
quoddy Bay. An island was selected for 
the colony and named St. Croix, upon 
which 79 men were left. The severity of 
the winter and scurvy killed 35. In 1604 
De Monts undertook to colonize this re- 
gion, under a grant embracing the terri- 
tory now between Philadelphia and Lake 
St. Peter, in the St. Lawrence river. 
Champlain and Baron de Poutrincourt 



Boston. — Its present site was settled 
upon in 1623 by William Blackstone, who 
sold out and removed to Rhode Island 
upon the coming of the Puritans. He 
was said to be a slaveholder. The first 
house was built in Boston in July, and the 
town was organized Sept. 17, 1630. 

Cast in e, 3Iaine, was settled by the 
English in 1760. 

Cfinadfi. — The expeditions against 
Montreal and Quebec in 1690 by land un- 
der Winthrop resulted in a most 
miserable failure. Phipjjs had no better 
success, although his equipment con- 
sisted of 32 vessels and 2,000 men. He 
found Quebec prepared, and after a slight 
demonstration returned to Boston. Can- 
ada was again invaded Aug. 10, 171 1, by 



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Residents of Southern Philadelphia. Circulation Honest. Dis- 
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H. A. BRAINAjRD, Editor and Proprietor, 

iioS South Sth Street, Philadetphia, Pa. 



P. J. KERNAN, 

Carpenter and Builder, 

No. 471 York Ave. above Noble St. 

PHILADELPHIA. 

N. B— JOBBING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 



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accompanied the expedition, which in- 
cluded both Catholics and Hugenots. On 
July 27, 1606, Poutrincourt returned to 
Annapolis harbor with supplies. He 
found but 2 Frenchmen, the others hav- 
ing built boats and gone in search of 
game and fruits. They were found and 
brought back. Poutrincourt and Cham- 
plain explored the southern coast for a 
good site for a colony, but made no selec- 
tion. The succeeding winter was mild, 
and only 4 men died of scurvy. 

Alabama. — In 1702 the first settle- 
ment was made on Mobile river by the 
transfer of a French fleet from Biloxi. 

Astorio, Oi'cf/on, was founded in 
1811 by the Pacific Fur Company. It was 
named after John Jacob Astor, and was 
the depot for the fur trade west of the 
Rocky Mountains. 

Jiethlehcin, l*a., was settled in 1741 
by the Moravians or "United Brethren.*' 



a fleet of 15 ships and 40 transports with 
7,000 men, which sailed from Boston to 
capture Quebec. Admiral Hoveuden 
Walker's obstinacy in sailing up the St. 
Lawrence on a dark and stormy night 
caused the loss of 8 ships and 1,000 men. 
Discouraged, he abandoned the enter- 
prise and sailed for England. An army 
of 4,000 men that had been assembled at 
Albany for an attack on ISIontreal, turned 
back upon receiving news of the failure 
of the naval expedition. 

Carolina' teas invaded by French 
and Spaniards in 1706, who were de- 
feated. 

Charle.*itoivn, 3Iass.. was founded 
July 4, 1629, by a company of Puritans 
from Salem. 

Charleston, S. C, was abandoned in 
1680, and the present city was founded, 
which became the capital of the province. 

Chicago. — In the records of a great 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 



23 



council of French and Indians, held in 
1671, at the foot of Lake Superior, this 
name first appeared in 1671. Chicago ap- 
peared as"Chicagon" upon a map pub- 
lished in Quebec, Canada, in 1683. Fort 
Dearborn was built by the U. S. upon 
the present site of Chicago in 1804. Chi- 
cargo was laid out and building lots sold 
in 1829. 

Cincinnati, O.. was settled Dec. 24, 
1788, by emigrants from Springfield, N. 
1 Mathias Den man bought the site at 5 
shillings per acre, continental currency. 

Delaivai'e and I*ennsiflvania 
were settled by Swedes and Fins in 1627. 
"^Villiam Penn landed at New Castle, on 
the Delaware, Oct. 27, 16S2. 

Detroit was founded July 24, 1701, by 
De la Motte Cadilliac, who named the 
post Fort Ponchartrain. 

Dismal Swamp was surveyed in 1728 
by Col. William Byrd. It lies partly in 



head of Appalachee Bay, where they re- 
mained for tlie winter. De Soto's expe- 
dition pushed forward in 1540 m the 
country northwest of the present limits 
of Florida. They were resisted by the 
Indians and lost 18 men and all their bag- 
gage. Vhey camped for the winter in 
Northern ^Iississippi. 

Florida Colonization.— In 1558 an 
expedition of 1,500 soldiers sailed from 
Vera Cruz, Mexico, under Tristan de 
Luna to explore and colonize Florida. A 
great storm broke up their ships after 
they landed. For lack of supplies the 
colony dwindled away and the survivors 
were taken home in a year or two by a 
vessel sent from Mexico. 

Hngenots Settle in Florida.— 
Two vessels left Havre Feb. 18, 1562, un- 
der command of Jean Ribaut with a com- 
pany of emigrants. They landed at St. 
John's River May i, 1562. Called it the 



WALTER J. JOHNSON, 

Dealer in 



NEW YORK 



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Groceries & Provisions, ^ ^ 



Cor. FIFTH & LAMOKIN STS.. 

SOUTH CHESTER, PA. 



WHINERY BROS. 



75^5 SOUTH NINTH ST. 

PHILADELPHIA. 

F. J. CALLAHAN, 



Cabinet Makers & Upholsterers, wiNES & LIQUORS, 

1440 Noilh Teiitli St., Philadelphia. ^^ ^ 



iladelpl 

FINE PARLOR FURNITURE. 
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PHILADELPHIA. 



the religious views of Mrs. 

his sister-in-law, upon land 

the Indians at the falls of 



Virginia and partly in North Carolina. 

Exeter, X. H., was founded in 1683 
by Rev. Mr. Wheelwright, who was ban- 
ished from Massachusetts for his sym- 
pathy with 
Hutchinson 
bought by 
Swamscot. 

Florida. — In 1528 Pamphilo de Nar- 
vaez landed with 300 men, 80 of them 
horsemen, with the intention of con- 
quest. They wandered Soo miles and 
reached the Bay of Pensacola. They 
made boats, embarked, and were lost. 
Four only of the expedition survived to 
reach Mexico in 1536. 

Hernando de Soto, former governor of 
Cuba, made an expedition to Florida, 
and reached Tampa Bay May 30, 1539, 
with 9 vessels, 600 men, a herd of swine 
and ample supplies. They toiled west- 
ward across the country and reached the 



river of May, erected a stone pillar bear- 
ing the arms of France, then sailed north- 
ward. 

French Colony, in three vessels, 
settled on the River of May in 1564 and 
began a fort which they named "Caro- 
line." Scarcity of food led some of them 
to turn pirates. Pedro I\Ienendez de 
Aviles, a Spaniard, fitted out an expedi- 
tion to destroy the French colony, ar- 
rived on the coast of Florida Sept. 8, 
1565- 

Fort Caroline received ample sup- 
plies and reinforcements of 300 men Aug. 
24, 1565, by Jean Ribaut. 

Massacre at Fort Caroline, Sept. 

20, 1565. — Menendez marched across 
from St. Augustine, fell upon the French 
at Fort Caroline and murdered them. 
Ribaut had, meantime, sailed to attack 
St. Augustine, but was shipwrecked on 



24 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 



the coast. Menendez murdered the most 
of them in cold blood. 

Gcoi'ffid. — New Inverness, Ga., was 
settled in 1736 by a colony of Scotch 
Highlanders. 

Jlai'tf'or<l,Conn. — In 1633 the Dutch 
established a trading post near this site. 
They also reoccupied Fort Nassau on 
the Delaware. Hartford was founded in 
June, 1636, bv Hooker &vStone, who emi- 
grated from Newtown. They journeyed 
across the country with their families 
and 160 head of cattle (carrying Mrs. 
Hooker, who was an invalid, on a litter), 
in two weeks. 

In (If a n, Territory not open to white 
settlers April 26, 1879. President Hayes 
issued a proclamation forbidding the 
trespass of whites upon Indian reserva- 
tions. 

I)Hinif/rotfon from Germany. — 
Under the patronage of Queen Anne, of 


cided to return to England, and on 
June 8th they sailed down the river, in- 
tending to reach Newfoundland and get 
passage vi-'ith English fishermen from 
thence. 

ffa mestown. Hesettled, June 9, 1610. 
The deserting colonists met Lord Dela- 
ware with supplies at the mouth of James 
River, who persuaded them to return to 
their homes, which they reoccupied on 
the loth. The governor's commission 
was read. Church of England service 
was held, and hopefulness cheered the 
colonists. All co onists were to attend 
church twice each Sunday "upon pain for 
the first fault to lose their provision and 
allowance for the whole week following; 
for the second, also to be whipped; and 
for the third, to suffer death." 

Trivate Property in, Jatnesta-n. 
In Aug., i6ii,SirThomas Gates brought 
supplies and additional colonists to 




HUGH MORELAND, 

WAGON BUILDER, 

1630 South Ninth Street, 

Residence, 1632 S. loth St. PHILADELPHIA. 

lobbing of all kinds promptly attended to. 
GEO . W. ALL I BONE , 

Bricklayer and Builder, 

209 Morris Street, Philadelphia. 


1 
FRANK P . COOPE R , 

Practical 

Pattern &Model Maker, 

1440 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 

PHILADELPHIA. 

Patterjis Jlfade i?t Wood or Metal. 
WILLI AM RAYNOR , 

TllSr ROOFJl^R 

And dealer in 

HEATERS, RANGES, BUILDING HARDWARE 

And House Furnishing Generally. 

1730 S. Tenth Street, 

Galvanized Cornice Wo-k. PHILADELPHIA. 




Heaters and Ranges furnished and set up. Hatters' 
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England, several thousand emigrants 
from the Palatinate settled in New York, 
Pennsylvania, Virginia and Carolina in 
1 7 10. 

J Win estown , Yd,, founded May 13, 
1607, by 105 persons sent out by the Lon- 
don company. The river and town were 
named in honor of the King, and Capes 
Charles and Henry for his two sons. 
Captain John Smith, chosen President of 
the Jamestown Council, Sept., 1608, by 
vigorous efforts, promoted real labor, 
and the colony was benefitted. 70 per- 
sons arrived, including 2 women — the 
first who came to Jamestown. Smith de- 
clared that 30 workingmen were prefer- 
able to 1,000 such colonists as had come. 

Star rat ion atJa mestown. May 24, 
i6ro. — Three Commissioners of Lord 
Delaware arrived and found the colony 
reduced from 500 to 60 persons through 
their own improvidence. It was de- 


Jamestown. He superceded Dale, and 
for the first time each man was granted 
a few acres for private cultivation. Cows 
and other domestic animals were brought 
o\'er by Gates. The colony now num- 
bered 700. 

Kennebec, Maine, was colonized 

Aug. 16, 1607, by 49 persons sent by the 
Plymouth Company. George Popham 
commanded the colony. They passed 
through an exceedingly severe winter. 

Kennebec Colony Abandoned. — 

Feb. 5, 1608, Geo. Popham, the governor, 
died. His successor, Raleigh Gilbert, 
returned to England, having fallen heir 
to his brother's estate. Sir John Pop- 
ham, a chiefsupporter of the colony, also 
died. The discouraged settlers, there- 
fore, returned to England. They had 
built the first vessel built by Englishmen 
in the New World— a 30 ton pinnace 





EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 



2^ 



named the "Virginia," whicli crossed 
the Atlantic. 

Kaskaskia. — Indian mission at Kas- 
kaskia, Oct. 25, 1674. Father Marquet 
started to found a mission at this point. 
Feeble health detained him near the 
mouth of the Chicago until March, 1670, 
when he again undertook the trip, but 
his strength failing he decided to return. 

KentucJxjf was first explored by John 
Fniley and otliers in 1767. First house 
in Kentucky was built in 1769 by Daniel 
Boone and brother, who explored and 
hunted that beautiful "Middle Ground." 
The Indians killed one of his five com- 
panions,two returned, and the Boones re- 
mained through the winter and built a 
hut. State of Kentucky organized May 
23. 1775. by 17 settlers in convention at 
Boonesborougli. 

Lonisbiirf/ Besieffed, on Cape 
Breton Island, June 17, 1745.— This place 



i8th of June the fortress capitulated. By 
tins surrender the English acquired the 
whole of Cape Breton. 

Louff Island was settled by the 
Dutch in 1626. 

Mauhattan, Island and Albany 
were settled by Protestant refugees of 
French descent, known as Walloon set- 
tlers. They were sent out by the Dutch 
West India Company in 1623 and formed 
the first real colonies at those points. 
They also settled Fort Nassau, on the 
Delaware, but abandoned it within a year 
to reinforce the Manhattan colony. First 
tavern on Manhattan Island was built in 
1642 at the head of Cowenties slip. 

Marietta, O///0, was founded April 
7, 1788, by 60 New Englanders under 
Gen. Rufus Putnam. Improvements were 
vigorously begun and provisions made 
for churches and schools. 

Maryland.— March 27, 1634, Leon- 



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had been fortified at vast expense by the 
French. Its location enabled it to com- 
mand the principal entrance to the gulf 
and river St. Lawrence, and it was re- 
garded as a key to the Canadian pro- 
vinces. It was also a standing menace 
to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Gov. 
Shirley, of Massachusetts, resolved upon 
its capture and invited the aid of the 
other colonies, which was granted, and 
an army of over 4.000 troops was raised. 
William Pepperell, of Maine, was ap- 
pointed commander. Commodore War- 
ren, commanding the English fleet in the 
West Indies, was instructed to assist. 
The first knowledge the French had of 
the expedition was the sight of the fleet 
in the offing on the 30th of April. A 
landing was immediately made and the 
siege commenced. On the iSth of Maya 
64 gun French ship with stores for the 
garrison was captured by Warren. On the 



ard Calvert arrived with a colony sent 
out by Lord Baltimore. He purchased of 
the Indians the site and founded St. 
Mary's. Good relations were established 
with the Indians; religious toleration was 
declared. Lord Baltimore's charter guar- 
anteed representative government and 
exempted the colony from any power to 
tax or superintend it. 

Irish E in iff rants, numbering some 
6,000, arrived in 1729 and settled princi- 
pally in IMaryland and Virginia. 

Itehell ion i n Marifla nd'in 1645, in- 
stigated by William Clayborneand Capt. 
Ingle, on which account Governor Cal- 
vert retired to Virginia. Governor Cal- 
vert returned from Virgmia in 1646 with 
a large force, expelled Clayborne and In- 
gle, and resumed his authority 

Massaclmstts Settlements in 1630. 
The towns of Dorchester, Roxbury, New- 
town (now Cambridge), Saugus (now 



26 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 



Lvnn), Watertown and Boston were 
founded by Winthrop and the i,ooo emi- 
sjrants who accompanied Iiini. He se- 
lected Boston. Each town constituted a 
little Republic almost complete within it- 
self. 

3Ioinit W((sJiincfton. — In 1S19 A])el 
Crawford and his son, Ethan, cut a foot- 
]-)ath to, and built a hut on the summit 
lor visitors. 

XfffcJtfZ was located in 1700 by De 
Tonty. It Mas called Rosalie, and was 
soon abandoned and not again settled for 
16 years, when it was settled by the 
French in 17 16. 

Xrir A iHsfertJfjm.— May 4, 1626. 
Peter Minuit, the newly-appointed gov- 
ernor, landed on IManhattan Island. He 
boug:ht the island — containing 22,000 
acres — from the Indians for 60 guilders, 
or I24, and named it New Amsterdam. 



but alarmed by the religious agitations 
there, they pieferred to establish a sep- 
arate community and bougiit of the In- 
dians a tract, 10 miles by 13, nortii of 
Quinapiack Bay upon which they settled. 

JS'etr ]\eth(rl(tutfs. — In 1633 'W'outer 
Van Twiller, who succeeded Peter Min- 
uit as governor, arrived at New Amster- 
dam. Adam Roelandsen, the first school 
master, came with him. Rev. Everadus 
Bogardus succeeded Rev. Jonas Mich- 
aelis as minister of the Reformed Dutch 
Church. He had the first church build- 
ing on what is now Broad street. He 
married the widow, Annetje Jansen, 
whose farm now forms the Trinity Church 
property. The first brewery in the prov- 
ioce was built here. 

Xetv Orlants was located in 17 18 at 
the mouth of the Mississippi by the 
French. It was part of John Law's 
scheme. 



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DENTAL ASSOCIATION 



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927 VINE STREET, PHILADELPHIA. 



and it speedily became an important trad- 
ing point. 

JSeir Euqlaiid was so named in INIar., 
1614, by Capt. John Smith, who e.xplored 
the coast from Nova Scotia to Cape Cod 
and made a map of it, which he sent to 
Prince Charles. Hugenot settlers arrived 
in New England in 1686. 

New JIani/tsJiire was first settled in 
1623 at the fishing villages of Dover and 
Portsmouth. The boundary line between 
New Hampshire and New York was de- 
cidec in i764by the English crown, upon 
appeal, to be the Connecticut River. The 
disputed territory was the land now em- 
braced by Vermont. 

.\<'iv Jlami Colon !/ was founded 
April 15, 1638, by John Davenport, a non- 
conformist minister, andTheppolis Eaton 
and Edward Hopkins, merchants from 
London. Advantageous otters of settle- 
ment were made them by Massachusetts, 



Neii'iiorf, li. I., was founded in 1636 
by William Coddington and his asso- 
diates, who separated from the colony of 
]\Irs. Hutchinson. 

Netn HochcUcX. Y., was settled by 
a colony of Hugenots in 1689. 

New York was first settled by the 
Dutch in 1613 both on IManhattan Island 
and at Albany. New York city was in- 
corporated June 12, 1665, by Governor 
Nicholls, under a mayor, five aldermen 
and a sheriff. Thomas Willett was the 
first mayor. 

yoi'tli CaroJiua. — In 1650 a colony 
from Virginia settled on the Chowan 
river in North Carolina. Clarendon 
county colony, North Carolina, was set- 
tled May 29, 1664, by Sir John Yeamans 
with a colony from Barbadoes, including 
negro slaves, settled on Cape Fear river. 
William Drummond was elected gov- 
ernor. 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 



27 



Ohio Land Compavs/ was organ- 
ized in 1749 by Thomas Lee and Law- 
rence and Augustine Wasliington and 
other citizens of Maryland and Virginia. 
Haifa million acres were granted to the 
company south of the Ohio and between 
the Kanawha and Monongehela rivers 
upon condition of building a fort and set- 
tling 100 families thereon. The French 
claimed all the territory from the Alle- 
ghanies westward before the company 
could comply with these conditions. 

*'OklaJioma."~ln Dec. , 18S0, a Capt. 
Payne with a band of raiders attempted 
to settle upon lands in the Indian terri- 
tory owned by the Indians. The U. S. 
troops foiled their plans. This move- 
ment was thought to be backed by rail- 
road companies which wished to secure 
right of way through the nation. 

i^Ulest House in U. S. stands in Guil- 
ford, Conn. It was built in 1639 for 



on Plymouth Rock. Mary Chilton a 
young woman, was the first whose feet 
touched the rock. Buildings were hastily 
constructed. Town meetings were held 
from the first. Half their number died 
the first year from hardship and expo- 
sure. 

I'lymonfh Land.— In 1624 one acre 
was set apart for each colonist to own 
as his private property. In 1627 it was 
mcreased to 25 acres each, and 25 acres 
water front. 

Foit lioi/al, S. C, was the name 
given to their settlement bv the Hugen- 
pts, May 27, 1562. The Colonists becom- 
ing sick of their location, built a briga- 
tine in 1563 and sailed for France. They 
were captured bv an English vessel and 
carried to England. 

Proridfnre.H. J., was founded July 
4, 1636, by Roger Williams. The settlers 
agreed "to submit themselves in active 



MRS. J. M. GALLAGHER. 

DEALER IX 

PURE WINES, ALES, LIQUORS AND LAGER BEER, 

No. 1518 CALLOWHILL STREET. 

PHILADELPHIA. 



JOHN BORDEN & BRO 

Manufacturers of 



MICHAEL F. DUNN, ' 

DEALER IX 

WINES, LIQUORS & LAGER BEBE. ^'^^^ES, HEATERS & RANGES. 

No. 1214 South 17th Street. 



PHILADELPHIA. PA. 

the minister, Rev. Henrv Whitfield. 

l*eusacola, Fforidft.— In 1696 the 
Spaniards built a fort here. 

Fenobscott Bcuj was the seat of the 
first permanent settlement in Eastern 
JMaine, by Gov. Pownall, in 1755. 

Peoria, III. — Fort Crevecceur was 
built by La Salle in January, 16S0, upon 
the present site of Peoria, Ills. It was 
the first settlement of whites in the 
State. 

Phdadelphia was located and sur- 
veyed for a town to be the capital of 
Pennsylvania in ]\Iay, 16S2. 

Point Comfort was so named be- 
cause of deep water and good anchor- 
age. Captain John Smith and Bartholo- 
mew Gosnold were of the Colonists who 
passed through severe sufferings and lost 
50 lives, including Gosnold, during the 
summer. 

Pill/rim's Landing, Dqc. 21, 1620, 



BATH BpILBES, PLUUBIN3 AND 5AS FITTIITS, 
No. 637 X. Xineteenth Street, 

Philadelphia. Pa. 



and passive obedience to all such orders 
and agreements as should be made for 
the public good of the bodv in an orderly 
way, by major consent of the present 
inhabitants, masters of families, incor- 
porated together into a township, and 
such others whom they shall admit into 
the same, only in civil things." 

Quebec founded July 13, 160S, by 
Champlain whom De Monts had sent out . 
he having obtained a renewal of his 
grant. 

lUileigli, Virginia.— April 26, 15S7, 
a colony of 115 persons under Governoi 
White was sent out by Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh. They located on Roanoke Island, j 
The City of Raleigh was destroved in i 
1590- Gov. White arrived at Roanoke ! 
with supplies for this colonv, but could 
pt no trace of it. Its loss has always 
been a mysterv. 

Jihode Island Colony was founded i 



28 



EARLY SELTLEMENTS. 



in March, 1638, by Mrs. Anne Hutchin- 
son and 18 others, on the island of Aqui- 
day, which they bought of the Narra- 
gansetts. They signed a covenant to 
"incorporate themselves into a body 
politic" and to "submit to our Lord 
Jesus Christ." 

Roauohe CoJony. — April 9, 1585, 
Raleigh sent Sir Richard Grenville with 
7 vessels and loS colonists to settle Vir- 
ginia. They arrived and settled Roan- 
oke Island in June. The same month in 
1586, the second Roanoke Colony was 
organized by Sir Richard Grenville, who 
left 15 men to hold the island. They 
were killed by Indians, and the remain- 
ing colonists returned to England with 
Sir Francis Drake, who touched at Ro- 
anoke Island on his way home, and the 
entire colony took passage with him. 

Mnffhjf, Tenn., an English industrial 
colony, founded by I\Ir. Thomas Hughes, 


cattle, goats, tools and supplies, arrived 
for this colony June 29, 1629. A brick 
kiln was set up. 

Saratof/a Spvhiffs was visited in 
1767 by Sir William Johnson, the first 
wiiite man. He was carried on a litter 
to a spring known to the Indians, that 
he might test its efficacy as a remedy. 
It was the "Round Rock Spring." The 
first hut was erected on this site by Der- 
ick Scowton in 1773. General Phjlip 
Schuyler erected the first frame house 
at Saratoga Springs in 17S4. 

Saranuah, Georgia.— ¥ eh. i, 1733, 
Oglethorpe and 120 emigrants laid the 
foundations of the oldest English town 
south of the Savannah. The colony was 
composed of honest and moral poor 
debtors from English prisons. 

Sfiybrook, Coirn., was founded Nov. 
1635, at the mouth of the Connecticut 
river, named in honor of Lord Sav-and- 


JORDEN & JEFFRIES, 

Carpenters & Builders. 

ESTIMATES FURNISHED. 

Office 1009 Arch St. 

Okfa joRDEN, Residence 4279 M <in St. Germantown. 
.K. U. Jeffries, " 1918 Moiitg'y Ave. Phila. 

Jobling of every des:ription promptly attsnded to. 
FARRELL & MAKER, 

PRACTICAL 

Plumbers & Gas Fitters, 

1307 COLUMBIA AVENUE, 

PHILADELPHIA. 


T. T. ROCKETT, 

Manufacturer np 

HEATERS & RANGES, 

635 North Nineteenth Street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

gas fitting, bricklaying & general 

JOBBING. 


HENRY G. SCHULTZ, 

CARPENTER & BUILDER, 

2633 Germantown Avenne, 

PHILADELPHIA. 


Undergro ind Driining and Ventilating a Spec- 
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Jobbing Promptly Attended lo. Ice Boxes and 
Pickle Tanks a Specialty. 


was formerly opened with appropriate 
ceremonies and an address by Mr. 
Hughes Oct. 5, 18S0. 

tit. Aifffustinef Florifla. the oldest 
city in the U. S., was founded Sept. 8, 
1565, by Menendez. Expedition against 
Spaniards under Gov. Moore, of South 
Carolina, in 1702, blockaded St. Augus- 
tine unsuccessfully. 

St. Louts, Mo. — In 1763 the settle- 
ment of St. Louis was first made by two 
brothers named August and Pierre Chou- 
teau, as a port for trade with the Indians. 

Salriii,31ass., the first Puritan colony 
in America, consisting of 70 persons 
under John Endicott, settled on the pres- 
ent site of Salem, Mass., Sept. 14, 1628. 
They differed from the Pilgrims of Ply- 
mouth in clinging to and desiring to re- 
lorm the Church of England, while the 
Pilgrims renounced all obedience there- 
to. A large number of emigrants, with 


Seal and Lord Brooke, who had obtained 
a grant of the territory in 1631. 

South (Javolina. — In 1525 Lucas 
VasquesdeAyllon attempted to colonize 
this territory, but the Indians, remem- 
bering that he had kidnapped a large 
number of them a few years before, fell 
u 5on them at a friendly feast and killed 
all but the leader and a few others, who ef- 
fected their escape. A colony of French 
refugees settled in Carolina in 1690. In 
1670 William Sayle and Joseph Wert 
landed a colony at Port Royal, S. C, 
and proceeded to what is now Charleston 
harbor, and settled above the mouth of 
the Ashley river, naming it Charleston. 
In 1695 Rev. Joseph Lord and his con- 
gregation went from Dorchester, Mass., 
and settled on the Ashley river, 20 miles 
above Charleston, S. C. It was a perma- 
nent and influential colony. 

7V j-Yrs-.— La Salle's colony at Mata- 



POLITICAL ACTION OF THE COLONIES. 



29 



gorda Bay, Texas, which he temporarih' 
fcsiabhshed while searching for tlie 
mouth of the Mississippi, on his second 
expedition, was nearly destroyed by In- 
dians in 16S9. 

Trenton, K. J., was founded in 1724 
by Sir William Trent. 

Yiuelfnid, N. »7., was founded in 1S58 
by Charles K. Landis. Intoxicating 
liquors cannot be sold without vitiating 
titles to the lots, hence taxes are light 
and a police department is almost un- 
necessary. Although the soil is poor 
poverty is unknown and it is a prosper- 
ous city. 

Vineennes, In (7 tana, was settled in 
1702 by French soldiers from Canada. 

Tirf/inia City, Nevatia, over the 
Comstock silver mine, had 2o,oco inhab- 
itants in 1865. It was 4 years old. 

Virginia. — Raleigh sent out two ves- 



sels under Philip Amidas and Arthur 
Barlow, April 27, 1582. They readied 
Carolina July 13,, 1582, of which they 
took possession and named it in honor 
of the virgin Queen. They explored 
Albemarle sound and Roanoke island 
and returned. The population of Vir- 
ginia in 1649 was 15,000 whites and 300 
negroes. They owned 20,000 cattle, 200 
horses, 50 asses, 3,000 sheep, 5,ooogoats, 
besides swine and all kinds of fowl. 
There were six brewhouses, 4 windmills, 
5 watermills for grinding corn, and 20 
churches. 

Windsor. Conn. — Sept. 16, 1633, the 
first frame house was set up near this 
site by William Holmes, of Plymouth. 

U'iUiamshnrc/, T7/.. was made the 
seat of government in 1698. The streets 
were laid out in the form of a W in honor 
of King William. 



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POLITICAL ACTION 

Colonial Assembly. — The first in 
America met at Jamestown, July 30, 
1619. It consisted of the Governor, the 
council and 22 representatives from the 
eleven burroughs into which the colony 
was divided. 

Mayflower arrived in Cape Cod 
Harbor Nov. 21, 1620. Before landinga 
compact of civil liberty was drawn up 
and signed in the ship's cabin by the 41 
male members of the company. Under 
this compact John Carver was chosen 
Governor for one year and Miles Stand- 
ish was chosen military captain. 

Written Constitution for J^imes- 
town was prepared in 1621 providing for 
a legislative bo'^y and trial by Jury. 

Self-Go vernment. — In Aug. 1629 a 
plan was formed for a large migration 
of the company, with its charter, to the 
Massachusetts Bay Colony. New officers 



OF -THE COLONIES. 

were chosen from those who proposed 
to emigrate, John Winthrop being made 
governor. The effect of this arrange- 
ment was to make a total change in the 
political condition of the colony, which, 
from being subject to a distant corpora- 
tion, now became self-governed, with 
power to elect their own general court. 

General Coui't. — The first was held 
in Massachusetts at Boston, October 19, 
1630. 

TJlectire Franchise. — The second 
general court of Massachusetts voted, in 

1631, that nobody could thereafter be- 
come a citizen and voter unless he were 
a church member. The same court, in 

1632, ordered the election of two depu- 
ties from each town — 16 in all — to confer 
with the magistrates about taxation. 
This was the germ of a second house in 
the general court 



30 



POLITICAL ACTION OF THE COLONIES, 



PfnolHrs for Befits fit ff Office. — 

In 1632 Plymouth Colony passed an act 
imposing a fine of ^20 upon any person 
who should refuse the office of governor, 
and ;^io for refusing that of councilor or 
magistrate. 

Beitresentative Government in 
Massachusetts, May 19, 1634. Twenty- 
four delegates from the towns of the 
colony appeared before the governor 
and magistrates at their annual meet- 
ing and claimed seats in the general 
court. They were admitted. The free- 
man's oath was established at this time, 
requiring every freeman to pledge his 
allegiance to Massachusetts instead of to 
King Charles. 

Votiuff by Ballot was first used at 
the general election in Massachusetts 
Bay in May, 1635. 

Jte2>resent(ttire Assetnhly was held 
in Maryland in 1636. Lord Baltimore 


nor and assistants, and to send them 
sealed up by the hand of their deputies. 

Connecticut, in a convention of the 
towns, Jan, 14, 1639, adopted a written 
constitution based on that of Massachu- 
setts, except that residents of accepta- 
ble character might be admitted freemen 
though not church members. Legisla- 
tive power was vested in a governor and 
assistants, with a house of deputies, who 
were to sit by themselves, chosen by the 
towns, constituting a general court. 

^'ew Haven Colony held an assem- 
bly in Mr. Robert Newman's barn June 
4, 1639, to complete their political or- 
ganization. 

3Iaiyland Statutes were enacted 
and a "House of Assembly" established 
at a third general assembly held in Feb. 
1639, Lord Baltimore having yielded the 
disputed point of the initiative. Depu- 
ties were to be elected by the people. A 


JOHN S. BAKER, 

35.58 Oermantown Avenue, 

PHILADELPHIA. 

Sas Fiztures FumisJied and Kenewed. Drain Pipe Laid, 
Jobbing and orders by mail promptly attended to. 


WM. S. DODD, 

CARPENTER AND JOINER SSOP, 

MODEL AND PATTERN MAKING, 

148 BREAD Street, tslow Eace, and atove Second, 
PH1LADEF,PHIA, PA. 

All Jobs promptly attended to, and orders by mail 
will receive prompt attention, 


S. W. BLACK, 

CARR AG[ & WAGOI eU [0[R, 

No. 16 Otto Street, 


JOHN C. HICCINS, 

CARRIAGE ^^ WAGON 
Painter, 

15 Otto Street, BRISTOL, PA. 


declared the laws enacted void, claiming 
the right to himself initiate legislation. 
Two years later he withdrew this claim. 
-Massaclnifiett.s^ Town Goverii- 
nients were made legal and their pow- 
ers defined by an act passed March 3, 
T636, by the general court of the prov- 
ince. 

Jiifjht to Tax.— In 1636 the Plymouth 
colony declared that no taxes should be 
levied but by the consent of the freemen 
of the colony in public assembly. 

Code of La trs.— Oct. 4, 1636, Ply- 
mouth colony chose a committee to 
codify its statutes, of which there were 
about 60. 

Local Elections in 3rassacJii!- 
seffs. — In 1637 a law was passed by the 
general court dispensing with the attend- 
ance of all the freemen at the Court of 
Elections, and allowing them to give 
their votes in their own towns for gover- 


water mill was provided for at public ex- 
pense, and for every acre of tobacco 
planters were required to plant two acres 
of corn, 

''Body ofUherties." a curious code 
prepared chiefly by Rev. Nathaniel 
Ward, of Ipswich, Mass., was adopted 
as its constitution by the colony of Rlas- 
sachusetts in Dec. 1641. There were 100 
enactments, some of which may now be 
found embodied in the U. S. constitu- 
tion. It forbade husbands to whip their 
wives, cruelty to animals, decreed capi- 
tal punishment for idolatry, witchcraft 
and blasphemy, prohibited slavery ex- 
cept upon certain conditions, and pro- 
vided that there should be no monopo- 
lies but of new inventions, and that for 
a short time only. 

Colonial Leag^ie was formed May 
19, 1643, by ]\Iassachusetts Bay, Ply- 
mouth, New Haven and Connecticut 



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ISAAC C. STEINROCK, Prop. 



Livery and Exchange in Rear. 



MAIN STKKKT, BIRDSBORO, PA 



COLEMAN PRINTING HOUSE, 

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Telephone Connections. 



READING, PA. 



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INCORPORATED, April 14th, 1870. 



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G. I>. STITZEt, 

President. 

L. J. SMITH, 

W. I. CLOUS, 

A. MBLLERT, 



G. jr. WILtSON, 

Treasurer. 

DIRECTORS. 
C. H. SCHAEPFER, 
L. C^UIER, 

JAS. T. REBER, 

M, MENGLE. 



P. M. ERMKNTBOUT, 

Secretary. 



D. SIIAABER, 

D. F. REINERT, 
J. JAMESON, 



BOS CovLrt St., I^eaaing-, ^>a,. 



Lehigh Valley Cornice Works. 



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TIN AND IKON ROOFING A SPECIALTY 

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JAS. P. KING, Prop. 




BROAD, COR. NEW ST., BETHLEHEM, PA 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



A. DeWITT, 

Manufactnrer of and Dealer in 

Stoves, Tin and Sheet Iron Ware, 

HOT-AIR FURNACES, 

• REaiSTERS, DAMPERS, Sec. 

Parlor DouUe Heaters, Stoves and Ranges, 

TURNEO, PLAIN Q, E^NAIVIELED HOLLO\V=W' ARK 

Stove Repairs always on Hand. 

Dairy Fixtuvers, Plain and Japanned Tin- ware, Sausage Meat Cutters, Lard Presses, &c. 

Pumps and Puinp Trimmings, lianterns, Liamps, L.amp Bi-ackets, Liamp Fittings, &c. 

Also, Liead and Terra Cotta Water Pipe. 

Plumbing; Tin-Roofing, Spouting and Job Work, 

Promptly attended to in Town or Country. 

CHURCH. COR. PLUMB ALLEY. BIRDSBORO, PA- 

CHARLES BEIDLER, 

Manufacturer of 

Agricultural Implements, Mowers and Eeapers, Plows and Cultivators, &c. 

WASHINO MACHINES 
No. and Date of Patents. 
232.232 Sept. 14th, 1880. 279.261 June 19th, 1883. 

Plows, 261.986 Aug. 1882. 

REFER TO FILES PATENT OFFICE, 
2S6 E. i3:.A-iviini.a?oisr ex., -A^LLETsTTO-wnsr, jpj^. 

Grind Your Own Bone Meal, Oyster 
SUells »iid Corn in the $5 Hantl 

Mill (F. Wilson's I'at.) 

Circulars Free. Address, 

WILSON BROS., Easton, Pa. 





POWER MILLS 



For Urindiiiii ^Vct. (irccn, (ircas.v or Dry Bones, 
Fisll, &C. I'rites $fi0.00 to $.-$50.00 

E-A-SXOTsT, I^-A.. 



POLITICAL ACTION OF THE COLONIES. 



31^ 



colonies, under the name of "The United 
Colonies of New England," for mutual 
protection against the Dutch and Indians. 
Runaway slaves and criminals were to be 
surrendered, an assembly composed of 
two commissioners from each colony 
was to be held. 

Two Legislatii'e Branches of the 

General Court were instituted in Massa- 
chusetts in 1644. Stray swine had occa- 
sioned lawsuits and difficulties of several 
years standing, which finally culminated 
in this important political change, which 
was made in order that each branch 
might possess a negative vote on the 
other. 

Religions Tolerance, — In May, 1647, 
the Providence Colony was organized 
under its charter. The government was 
declared to be "democratical." Free- 
dom of faith and worship was assured to 
all — the first formal and legal establish- 
ment of religious liberty ever made. 

Pro2>et'tif Onalification for Vo- 
ters was established in Connecticut 
in 1683. Each voter must possess an es- 



tate worth ;^2o, beside certain personal 
property, 

"'Charter of Liberties" was adopted 

by a representative assembly called in 

1663 by the Governor of New York. It 

gave the right of suffrage and of trial by 

jury, but the king annulled it. 

New Haven and Connecticut were 
united into one colony in 1665. 

Naturalization Act. — Maryland 
passed the first act in 1666 for the natu- 
ralization of aliens, the first of the kind 
in the colonies. 

Revolution in Netv Yorlx. — In June» 
1689, a militia captain, Jacob Leisler, 
took advantage of the situation, pro- 
claimed the new king, and, by aid of the 
troops, seized the government of the 
city, which he held for 18 months. The 
city being weakly garrisoned was taken 
by the Dutch July 30, 1673. 

American Conf/ress. — The first 
ever called was by Gov. Leisler at New 
York in May, 1690, to unite in a defence 
of the colonies. It was determined to 
attempt the conquest of Canada and 
Acadia. 



J- H- JENKINS, 



DEALEK IN 



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POSTAGE STAMPS, INDIAN RELICS, 
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Parties having valuable Collections in our line for disposal will do well to apply 
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832 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHrA. PA. 

A. H. BOVv^ER, 

ROOFING SL^TE OF 4LL COLORS CONSTpTLY ON HpD. 

WORK DONE IN ANY PART OF THE STATE. 

Black-Boards, Tinned Nails, Rooting Felt, Carpet Lining, and Building Papers. 

Slating Nails of Copper, Brass, Tinned, Lead and Plain Iron, etc. Slate 

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119 South Fifth Street, 



LEBANON, PA 



32 



CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 



CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 



F'irsf CoiiffnenfffJ Congress assem- 
bled Sept. 5, 1774, in Carpenter's Hall, 
Philadelphia. There were 53 delegates 
from all the colonies except Georgia. 
Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was 
elected President, and Charles Thomp- 
son, of Philadelphia, Secretary. Patrick 
Henry made the opening speech. 

Second Couthietttal Cont/ress met 

at Philadelphia May 10, 1775, ^r"i voted 
to raise 20,000 men. The formation of 
a federal nnion was initiated, also steps 
taken to organize an army and navy. A 
petition to "the king was prepared. 

3Iassa eh u setts Prorineial Con- 
gress was first organized Oct. 5, 1774. 
by members of the General Court, which 
Gov. Gage had convened, anri then dis- 
solved for fear of its patriotic action. 



political connection between them and 
the state of Great Britain is and ought 
to be totally dissolved; that it is expedi- 
ent forthwith to take the most effectual 
measures for forming foreign alliances; 
that a plan of confederation be prepared 
and transmitted to the respective colo- 
nies for their consideration and approba- 
tion." They were seconded by John 
Adams, of Massachusetts. 

Hichard Henry Lee's Hesotn- 
tfons were passed in Congress July 2, 
1776, by the vote of 12 colonies, New 
York delegates not voting. 

Deelaratioti of Indeitendenee 
adopted by Congress July 4, 1776. Thos. 
Jefferson was its author and John Adams 
its champion. Its passage was welcomed 
by ringing the State house bell and the 
enthusiastic joy of the citizens. 



A. P. ZEBLEY, 

Contractor, Carpenter & Builder. 



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A Declaration of Tiiqhts was pass- 
ed by Congress Oct. 14, 1774. 
l^eclaration. <>/' Independence by 

Rhode Island. May 4, 1776, the Assem- 
bly passed an act declaring the province 
free from the crown of Great Britain. 

The First Conf/ress Adjourned 
October 26, 1774, to meet May 10, 1775. 
It had adopted an "Address to the peo- 
ple of Great Britain," a "Petition to the 
King," besides other papers. 

iieonje Wastiinffton Ejected 
Comma nder-in-Chief of the Ameri- 
can forces by Continental Congress June 

15. 1775- 
Fantoifs Hesolntions of Bidtard 

Hen r If Lee. of X'lrg'in'ia, were read in 
Congress Jime 7, 1776. They were "That 
these united colonies are, and of right 
ought to be, free and independent states; 
that they are absolved from all allegi- 
ance to the British crown, and that all 



Homestead Act. — Sept. 16, 1776, 
Congress promised grants of land to 
those who remained in the army until 
the end of the war. 

Congress Adjourned to Balti- 
more December 12, 1776, because of the 
approach of the two armies across New 
Jersey, 

Beorganization of the Arm g was 
entrusted to Washington December 27, 
1776, by Congress. The funds being 
nearly e.xhausted Robert Morris, of 
Philadelphia, sent 410 Spanish dollars to 
Washington. 

Declaration of Indejtendencehg 
Vermont was made in convention Jan. 
15. 1777- The authority of New York 
and of any other power or government 
was denied. 

Stars and Stripes. — ^June 14, 1777, 
Congress resolved "That the flag of the 
13 United States be 13 stripes, allcrnate 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



33 



red and white; that tlie Union be 13 
stars, white on a blue field, representing 
a new constellation." The stars formed 
a circle at first, but the great increase of 
states compelled a change. Paul Jones 
first unfurled this flag on the "Ranger." 

Congress Ailjoiirned to Lancaster 
and thence to York, Pa. , Sep. 30, 1777, af- 
ter Howe entered Philadelphia. Contin- 
ued to meet at York til! Howe left Phila. 

Continental Congress in 1777 re- 
turned from Baltimore to Philadelphia. 

Congress Created a, Board of 
TTVri" October, 1777, making Gen. Gates 
President. He was popular because of 
Burgoyne's surrender Washington 
wrote to Patrick Henry: "If the cause be 
advanced, it is indifferent to me when or 
in what quarter it happens." 

Artietes of Confederation lor a 
closer union between the colonies were 
adopted by Congress on November 15, 



1777. A national union was a neces- 
sity, but the jealousies of the difierent 
states made them cautious in entrusting 
power to a central government. These 
"articles" merely established a league 
of states, without essential power. Con- 
gress could not raise taxes, and the 
national credit immediately declined. 
Tlie provincial assemblies ratified the 
articles, some of them after much delay. 

England Attempts to Treat for 
'Peace, June 4, 1778. Lord North's 3 
Peace Commissioners arrived in Phila- 
delphia. Having no authority to recog- 
nize the independence of the United 
States, or to order the removal of the 
army from America, Congress refused 
to hold any intercourse with them till 
these things were agreed upon. 

Continental Congress Elected 
John Jay, LL. D., President, Dec. 10, 

1778, vice Henry Laurens, resigned. 



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Foreign and Domestic Wines and Liquors of the 
Finest Brands. 



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Manufacturers of and Dealers in 

STOVES, HEATERS AND RANGES, 
No. 122 Zaighn's Avenue, CamdeB, N. J. 

Spouting, Steamboat and Mill Work. Refrig- 
erators and Bath Tubs Relined. Galvanized Iron 
Awnings put up at Short Notice. Jobbing Promptly 
Attended to. Telephone No. 194. 

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New Home Sewing Machines, Berlin Zephyr 
Worsted, R. J. Roberts' Scissors, Machine Needles, 
Cotton and Oil. Humphrey's Homeopathic Specifics, 
Methodist Hymnals, etc. Full Assortment of Mrae. 
Demorest's Reliable Patterns. 



UNITED STATES 

Federal TJnion Consummated on 

March i, 1781, by the ratification of the 
articles of confederation by Maryland. 
Up to this time Congress had governed 
through its committees. 

Project to Make Washington 
King, by the aid of the army, was 
crushed by his peremptory refusal, May, 

1782. 

Great Seal of the United States 
Adopted June 20, 1782. It was de- 
signed by Sir John Prestwitch, an Eng- 
lish antiquary, and consists of " a 
spread eagle bearing on its breast our 
national shield, in its beak a scroll with 
the words E. Pluribus Unum; in its right 
talon an olive branch, a symbol of peace; 
in its left a bundle of 13 arrows, a sym- 
bol of the United States and of war; the 
crest, a glory breaking through a cloud 



GOVERNMENT. 

and surrounding a cluster of stars, form- 
ing a constellation." 
Congress Elected Tliomas Mifflin 

of Pennsylvania, President, to succeed 
Elias Boudinot, Nov. 3, 1783. 

Congress Elected as its Presi- 
dent Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, 
November 30, 1784, to succeed Thomas 
Mifflin. 

Algiers Declared War iritJi the 
TT. S., 1 785. — Congress advised build- 
ing five 40-gun war vessels, but had no 
power, hence the depredations contin- 
ued. 

Congress Elected, as its Presi- 
dent June 6, 1786, Nathaniel Gorham, 
of Massachusetts, in place of John 
Hancock, who had been elected to suc- 
ceed Richard Henry Lee, but was pre- 
vented by illness from serving. Daniel 



34 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



Ramsey, of S. C, was elected pro tem. 

Annapolis Conrention, held Sept, 
17S6, Delegates from New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Vir- 
ginia assembled to devise plans for uni- 
formity in the commercial relations of 
the states. They voted to advise Con- 
gress to call a convenrion to revise the 
Articles of Confederation. 

Constififtioiiffl Con rent ion met at 
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, May 
34, 1787, to revise the "Articles of Con 
federation." All the states but Rhode 
Island were represented. Geo. Washing- 
ton was president and William Jackson, 
secretary. 

Congress Elected Arthur St. 
Clair as its president February 2, 1787, 
to succeed Nathaniel Gorham. 

Congress called a convention Feb. 
12, 1787, to revise the "Articles of Con- 
federation." 



17SS; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Mas- 
sachusetts, Feb. 7, 1788. ^iaryland, April 
28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; 
New Hampshire, June 21, 178S; Virginia, 
June 26, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; 
North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789; Rhode Ist 
land, May 29, 1790. 

Congress Elected Cyrus Griffin, of 
Virginia, its president, to succeed Arthur 
St. Clair, June 22, 1788, 

Congress Decided. July 14, 1788, to 
carry the new government into effect 
over those states that had not ratified 
the constitution. The new Congress was 
to open its session March 4, 1789, in New 
York. The choice of electors was to be 
made the first Wednesday in January, 
and the electors were to vote ior Presi- 
dent and Vice-President on the first 
Wednesday in February, 1789. 

Presidential Electors were first 
chosen Jan., 1789, by state legislatures. 



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market. 
"Burkhardt's Dime Pills" (for dyspepsia). — Warranted to be equal to any, and supe- 
rior to many 25 cent pills. 
"Burkhardt's Circus Oil" — The great rubbing stuff for man or beast. 25 cts. a bottle. 
"Burkhardt's Castoria," for Diarrho-a, &c. 25 cents a bottle. 

W.IK. & C. D. FISHER, sole Wholesale Agents, 

1212 Locust Street, Camden, N.J. 

The above remedies are A, No. i, and will be sent post paid to any address on receipt of price The money 
will be refunded if they do not give satisfaction. We offer e.xtra inducements to Druggists' and Grocers. 
Wholesale price list mailed on application. 



FISHER &, BRO. 

book: jf^isTJD JOB i»misrTEi^s, 

252 Kaighn's Avenue, Camden, N. J. 

Our prices are always as low as are consistent with good work. 



Constitutional conrention placed 
all plans for revising the "Articles of 
Confederation" in tlie hands of a com- 
mittee composed of Madison, Hamilton, 
King; Johnson and Gov. Morris, Sept. 
10, 1787. 

Constitution oft^ie Vnited States 
framed by the committee was adopted 
and signed by all but 16 members Sept. 
17, 1787. It was agreed, in estimating 
the basis of representation, to count 500 
slaves equal to 300 whites, which is the 
famous "three-fifths rule." The conven- 
tion voted that Congress should have 
power to abolish slavery 20 years after 
the adoption of the constitution. 

New Constitution was sent out by 
Congress to the states for ratification 
Sept. 28, 1787, which was done by them 
in the following order: Delaware, Dec. 
7, 1787; Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787; New 
Jersey, Dec. 18, 17S7; Georgia, January 2, 



The First Electoral College met 

and voted for President and Vice-Presi* 
dent February, 1789. Each elector voted 
for two persons, and the one receiving 
the highest vote of all was pronounced 
President, and the one receiving the 
next higliest vote Vice-President. Si.xty- 
nine votes were cast for Washington, he 
being the unanimous choice for the high- 
est office. John Adams received 34 votes 
and was elected Vice-President, the re- 
maining 35 votes having been cast for 
Jay, Hancock and others. 

Presidential Cabinet.— The first 
was formed in 17S9, composed of Alex- 
ander Hamilton, of New York, Secretary 
of the Treasury; General Henry Knox, 
of Massachusetts, Secretary of War- 
both Federalists— and; Thomas Jeffer- 
son, of Virginia. Secretary of State — a 
Democrat-Republican. 

The Xew Congress did not open 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 



35 



until April 6, 1789, no quorum of mem- 
bers having before arrived. Frederick 
A. Muhlenburg, of New York, was 
elected Speaker. 

Jiuiuy a ration of Georqe Woslt- 
higton, April 30, 1789, as President of 
the United States, in Federal Hall, New 
York. The oath of office was adminis- 
tered by Robert R. Livingston. Inaugu- 
ration day was one of great jubilee. 

State De2>ftrtiifrnt was organized 
July 27, 1789, with Thomas Jefferson as 
Secretary, under the name of Depart- 
ment of Foreign Affairs. 

Jf'ar Department was established 
August 7, 1789, with General Henry 
Knox, of Massachusetts, as secretary. 
It covered Army, Navy and Indian Af- 
fairs. 

Tveaaiiry Dejiarfment was estab- 
lished September 2, 1789, with Alexan- 
der Hamilton as Secretary. 



Ainettfftnenfs to the Constltvtton 

of U. S. — Congress declared ten amend- 
ments, which had been proposed the 
previous year, in force December 15, 
1791. North Carolina and Rhode Island 
had refused to ratify as the constitution 
stood. 

KeutiicJtif was the fifteenth accession 
to the United States, June i, 1792. 

Fngitivesaud C'rimhials, in what- 
ever state found, were required to be 
surrendered by act of Congress February 
12, 1793. This was applied to fugitive 
slaves, although there was trouble in ex- 
ecuting it. 

Stars and Sfi^rpes. — In 1794 Con- 
gress voted that the United States flag 
should consist of 15 stripes, alternate 
red and white, and 15 white stars on a 
blue field. A star and stripe were to be 
added for each new state. 

Embarf/o on American Ports was 



L. H. FOCHT, 

Contractor and Builder. 



Estimates, Drawing and Specifications furnished 
on application. Heavy and light work taken by con- 
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Book, Pamphlet, Fine Card and Job Printing. 



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Estimates cheerfully given. Moderate prices charged. 



W.S.PHILLIPS, 

Veleri^iary Surgeon, 

Office, Fourth Cor. Cherry Sts. 

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Washington, D. 'C, 1864. 
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Good stabling for sick horses 
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SOCIETY, CLUB and FIREMEN'S BADGES 
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Hotel, Baggage and Key Checks, and 
Metal Checks of all kinds.'' 



JAS. H. DOBBINS, 
No. 813 Arch St., Philadelphia. 



Judiciary of the U. S. was estab- 
lished by Congress September 24, 17S9. 
John Jay was appointed Chief Justice 
and Edmund Randolph Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Capital of the TT. S. — ^July lo, 1790, 
Congress passed a bill making Philadel- 
phia the capital until 1800. After that 
date the President was authorized to se- 
lect some place on the Potomac. 

Naturalization Liaw passed March 
24, 1790. 

Patent Hifjht Law. — The first in 
the United States passed April 15, 1790. 

Vermont was the fourteenth state to 
take its place in the Union, ]\Iarch 4th, 
1791. 

Internal Retfenue. — Congress taxed 
domestic distilled spirits in 1791. It 
aroused immediate opposition in certain 
quarters, and was the origin of the 
"Whisky War" in Pennsylvania in 1794. 



voted INIarch 26, 1794, for 60 days, in or- 
der to prevent the British in the West 
Indies from securing provisions. This 
was in retaliation for their "Order in 
Council," authorizing the seizure of ves- 
sels laden with supplies for French colo- 
nies. 

Tennessee was admitted to the Union 
June I, 1796, being the sixteenth state. 

"A'. Y. Z." 3Iission.— Oct., 1797, C. 
C. Pinckney, John Marshal and Elbridge 
Berry were sent to France to negotiate 
peace. It was fruitless, as the French 
government demanded large sums of 
money as a condition of reception. The 
letters containing suggestions concern- 
ing these bribes were signed "X. Y. Z.," 
hence the name was applied to the mis- 
sion. To them Pinckney replied "Mil- 
lions for defence, but not one cent for 
tribute." 

Eleventh Amendment to the U. S, 



36 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



Constitution was declared in force Jan- 
uary 8, 1798. It makes it impossible for 
a suit to be brougiit against a state in 
the United States court, which enables 
states to repudiate debts. 

Alien, (did Sedif ion, La ws passed 
by Congress July, 1798. The first em- 
powered the President to arrest and send 
any foreigner out of the country, and the 
latter imposed fines and imprisonment 
upon any who should aid or abet resist- 
ance to the United States government. 
These laws were unpopular and led to 
the final overthrow of the Federalists. 

Coiiff ressional Tiihrnrii. — An ap- 
propriation of $5,000 was made for it 
April 24, 1800. 

Sedition Laiv expired by limitation 
and the Alien law was modified in 1801. 

Presidential 3Iessafj€ from Presi- 
dent Jefferson to Congress in Dec, 1801, 
was the first written message, his prede- 



Jjonisiann was the eighteenth state 
admitted into the Union April 30, 1812. 

Indiana was the nineteenth state to 
be received into the Union, December 



II, 1816. 



Stai's and Stripes. — April 4, 1818, 
Congress enacted that the stripes on the 
United States flag sliould be permanently 
reduced to 13, and that a new star should 
be added to the field whenever a state 
was admitted to the Union. 
> Illinois was tlie twenty-first state ad- 
mitted to the Union December 3, 1818. 

Alabama was the twenty-second state 
admitted into the Union Decemb«;r 14, 
1819. 

Maine was the twenty-third state ad- 
mitted to the American Union March 15, 
1S20. 

Roger Urook Taney, of Maryland, 
was confirmed as Chief Justice of the 
United States by Congress, March, 1836. 



DR. THOMAS CLEDHILL, 

632 North 10th Street, Philadelphia. 



Fine Artificial Teeth inserted on Gold, Silver, Rubber and Celluloid. Filling and 

treating Teeth a specialty. Gas carefully administered for the painless 

extraction of Teeth. All work warranted. 

Charges moderate. 

Dr. THOMAS GLEDHILL, 
632 N. Tenth Street, Philadelphia. 



cessors having delivered theirs in person. 

Tivelfth Constitutional Amend- 
ment declared in force September 25, 
1804. By it the votes are cast for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President respectively. 

English Vessels of war were or- 
dered, July 2, 1807, by proclamation of 
the President, to leave all waters and 
ports of the United States until satisfac- 
tion was given for the outrage on the 
Chesapeake. 

Enibai'fio Sill passed Congress on 
Dec'r 27, 1807. It detained all vessels, 
American and foreign, in our ports, and 
ordered American vessels home imme- 
diately that the seaman might be trained 
for war. 

Emhargo Hepealed March 4, 1809, 
except as to France and England, with 
the hitter of whom no intercourse was to 
be permitted until her obnoxious decrees 
were repealed. 



Arkansas was the twenty-fifth state 

admitted into the Union June 15, 1836. 

Patent Itight Com missioner was 

created under a law of Congress passed 
July, 1836. 

Michigan was the twenty-sixth state 
admitted to the Union January 26, 1837. 

Depat'tment of Agriculture. — In 
1839 Congress appropriated $1,000 for 
the collation of agricultural statistics. It 
was led to this by the large importation 
of breadstufis into the United States. 
Yearly and increasing appropriations 
followed until the above department was 
organized in 1862 and $60,000 was appro- 
priated. 

Sub-Treasury of XT. S. instituted 
by law. July 4, 1840. By this act an inde- 
pendent treasury was established for pub- 
lic funds, thus keeping them out of banks. 

Right of Petition. — In 1842 a fierce 
contest occurred in the United Stat.es 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



37 



House of Representatives over the pre- 
sentation of petitions by Joiin Ouincy 
Adams. For several years petitions re- 
lating to slavery had been excluded. 
"The Old Man Eloquent" contended, in 
the face of a hostile House, almost sin- 
gle-handed, for the right to petition, for 
eleven days, and finally conquered. 

Texas was the twenty-eighth state 
admitted to the Union, December 29, 
1S45. It added 247,356 square miles of 
territory and 17,500,000 of debt to the 
United States. 

loivd was the twenty-ninth state ad- 
mitted to the Union December 28, 1S46. 

Wisconsin was the thirtieth state ad- 
mitted to the Union May 29, 1848. 

Interior Ueparfinent was organ- 
ized March 3, 1849, by Congress. Thos. 
Ewing, of Ohio, was appointed Secre- 
tary. Indian affairs were transferred to 
this from the War Department. 



ing the Lecompton pro-slavery constitu- 
tion by a vote of the people. 

JlrtiHesofa was the thirty-second 
state admitted to the Union, May 11, 
1858. 

Oreffon, the thirty-third state, was 
admitted to the Union February 14, 
1859. 

Kansas was admitted to the Union 
January 29, 1861, as the thirty-fourth 
state. 

Senators Expelled. — United States 
Senate e.xpelled ten of its members July 
II, 1861, and on the 13th the House ex- 
pelled John B. Clark, of Missouri. 

Iron Clad Oafli.—ln July, 1S62, 
Congress adopted the oath to be taken 
by all officers of the United States gov- 
ernment. 

ff'est Virf/inia was admitted into 
Union June 20th, 1863, as the thirty-fifth 
state. 



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Fugitive Slave Lata was enacted 
by Congress September, 1850. This was 
the most obnoxious feature to the north- 
ern states in Henry Clay's "Omnibus 
bill." It also provided for the abolition 
of slavery in the District of Columbia, 
the admission of California as a free 
state, the future formation of four new 
states out of Texas, with or without 
slavery, and the orj^anization of New 
Mexico and Utah into territories. 

California was admitted to the 
Union as the thirty-first state September 
9, 1850. 

House of Hepresenta fives expelled 
four of its members February. 19, 1S57, 
for corupt conduct. They were from 
New York and Connecticut. 

Kansas. — Congress by vote April 30, 
1858, ofTered to admit Kansas to the 
Union and donate to it valuable public 
lands, upon the condition of its adopt- 



Importaat Acts of Congress. — 

At the session ending July 2, 1864;^ the 
Fugitive Slave Law was repealed, an in- 
come tax of 5% on incomes over |;6oo 
enacted, also an internal revenue law 
and a national bank law. 

Tlie Thirteenth Amendment to 
the constitution passed Congress Jan- 
uary 31, 1865. It forbade slavery on any 
soil of the United States. This amend- 
ment being ratified by three-fourths of 
the states was officially declared by Sec- 
retary Stewart to be part of the Consti- 
tution of the United .States December 
18, 1865. 

Civil Mights Bill was passed by 
Congress April 9, 1866, over President 
Johnson's veto. It made freedmen citi- 
zens of the United States and gave them 
powers of legal resort if their rights 
were infringed. 

Fourteenth Amendment, incorpo- 



38 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



rating the Civil Rights Rill into the Con- 
stitution of the United States was passed 
by Congress June 13th, 1866, in opposi- 
tion to the President. It was ratified by 
the necessary number of states and be- 
came part of the Constitution Julv aSth, 
1868. 

Xehrasha was admitted as the 37th 
state into the Union March i, 1867. 

The '"'3111 itfiry Govcminent" and 
" Tenure-of-Office " bills were passed 
by Congress over President Johnson's 
vetos, ]\Iarch 2, 1S67. 

National Oblif/afions to be paid 
in coin, in accordance with an act of 
Congress passed March, 1869. 

Unifefl States Weather Sureaa 

in the signal service was established by 
Congress, February 9, 1870. General 
Albert J. Myer, popularly known as "Old 
Probabilities," was made its chief. 

Fifteen til. Amendment passed by 
Congress February 26, 1869, was ratified 
by three-fourths of the states and de- 
clared part of the Constitution of the U. 
S. March 30, 1870. It guaranteed right 
of suffrage to all citizens of the United 
States regardless of race, color, or pre- 
vious condition of servitude. This 
amendment was officially declared to 
have been ratified Maich 30, 1870. 



lyepat'tment of J'nstiee, with the 
United States Attorney General at the 
head, who also became a member of the 
President's cabinet, was established by 
Congress June 22, 1870. 

Income Tax was repealed by Con- 
gress January 26, 1871, 

Ku-Kluoc Bill. — A bill for the en- 
forcement of the Sixteenth Amendment 
was passed April 20, 1871, by Congress, 
which was popularly known by this title. 

Weather Bureau of U. S. was au- 
thorized by act of Congress June 10, 
1872, to increase its stations and publish 
reports for the special benefit of the 
commercial and agri^ ^Itural interests of 
the country. 

Bankrupt Law was repealed by 
the United States House of Representa- 
tives December 16, 1873. 

Petisions. — An appropriation of $29,- 
533,500 was made by Congress January 
14, 1876. 

Colorado was, on August i, 1876, 
admitted as the thirty-eighth state into 
the Union. 

Besumption of Specie Paytnent 
by the United States upon first January, 
1879, was provided for by Senator Sher- 
man's bill passed by Congress and signed 
by the President in December, 1874. 



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BRITISH OPPRESSION OF THE COLONIES 



39 



BRITISH OPPRESSION OF THE COLONIES. 



J'ainestoim Ruled 6?/ Martial 

i«*r. May lo, 1611. Sir Thomas Dale 
arrived with suppHes, assuming charge of 
the colony, administering both church 
and state by his severe rule. 

Exports of Tobacco and other colo- 
nial productions to any foreign port, "un- 
til they were first landed in England and 
the customs paid," wereforbiden by de- 
cree of the English government in 1621. 

Parliament in 1650 declared Virgi- 
nia and the West India colonies, which 
refused to acknowledge the Common- 
wealth, in rebellion, prohibited trade 
with them and sent an armed force 
against them. 

Tfufiikfiflness for Iffnoranre. — 
In 1670 Governor Sir William Berkeley, 
of Virginia, in his report to the commis- 
sioners of the colony, wrote: "I thank 



emnize marriage, that the episcopacy 
should be established, and that no print- 
ing press should be used. 

IVilliain. of Orange having landed 
in England in 1689, the colonists seized 
and imprisoned Andros and in July sent 
him a prisoner to England. 

Francis Nirholsou was appointed 
Governor of Virginia in 1690. 

Governorship of New York. — 
William III. having, in 1691, appointed 
Colonel Henry Sloughter to this posi- 
tion, there was a conflict of authority 
between him and the incumbent Leisler. 
Leislerand his son-in-law Milhorne were 
arrested, tried and executed for treason. 
Governor Sloughter was drunk when he 
signed their death warrant. 

"3Iast Trees.'' — The new charter of 
New England of 1692 imposed a fine of 



Erie Medical ui Surgical Institute. DR, CADWJIL'S BEKB B1IIER5. 



Ladies are provided with the comforts of home 
during continement. Strictly private. Gentlemen 
are boarded (in separate homse), treated and cured of 
all private diseases. Strictly private. 

Address Dr. J. EASTON, President, 

Erie Medical and Surgical Institute. 

ERIE, PA. 

JOHN R. HART, V. S- 

Veterinary Medicines Constantly on Hand 

2573 AMBER STREET. 

Old Number 2373 Above Frankford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 

The cars of the Second and Third White and 
Green Line pass and repass every few minutes. 



Cures Dyspepsia, Impurities of the Blood, Liver 
and Kidney Diseases, Fever and Ague. George 
Winters Sole Manufacturer and Proprietor, also 
Wholesale Dealer in Liquors. 



109 South Second Street, 
HARRISBURG, PA. 

JOHN A. KRAMER, 

Sanitary Plumber and G-as Fitter. 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Plumber's Sup- 
plies, Gas Fixtures, Hydraulic Rams, Hydrants, 
Terra Cotta Drain and Sewer Pipe Wholesale and 
Retail. Hotel Sanitary Plumbing a Specialty. 
Everything Appertaining to the Trade Constantly on 
Hand. All Work Promptly Attended to. 

712 N. Third St., HARRISBURG, PA. 



God there are no free schools nor print- 
ing, and I hope we shall not have these 
hundred years, for learning has brought 
disobedience into the world, and print- 
ing has divulged them and libels against 
the best governments. God keep us 
from both." 

Taoc Collectors. — In 1679 Edward 
Randolph was made collector and sur- 
veyor of all New England by the Kmg, 
with power to appoint deputies. They 
were persistently opposed, Randolph 
being at one time imprisoned by the 
colonies, and finally ceased to comply 
strictly with the laws, which gradually 
fell into disuse, until after the French 
and Indian wars, when their revival 
caused the revolution. 

Andros Arrived (tt 'Boston Dec. 
19, 1686, and created immediate trouble 
by taxation, by ordering that only a 
Church of England minister should sol- 



^100 for cutting pine trees in the forests 
which were more than two feet in diame- 
ter at a foot above ground, they being 
reserved for masts for the royal navy. 
A " Surveyor General of the King's 
Woods" was appointed to stamp a 
broad arrow upon them. It enraged 
the lumbermen, who had built up a trade 
in spars with the French and Spanish 
islands, to find the "broad arrow" 
stamped on their best trees, and shook 
their belief in the justice of the King's 
prerogative. 

Board of Trade was established 
in England in 1696. It was to have a 
general oversight of colonial affairs and 
to enforce the laws of trade and the 
Navigation arts. This Board's acts 
helped to bring on the revolution. 

The Independent Spirit of the 
Colonies was made the subject of a mem- 
orial to the English government in 1703 



40 



BRITISH OPPRESSION OF THE COLONIES. 



by Quarry, who recommended that it be 
"checked in time." 

Lord Coi'ubiii'y was Governor of 
New York from 1702 to 1708. He was a 
profligate, and sometimes appeared in 
pubhc dressed as a woman. 

ShigiiUir Subject for a Sermon. — 
In 1719 Dr. Coleman preached a sermon 
upon the "reasons for a market in Bos- 
ton." The press was under censorship, 
and a license was required for every 
pamphlet issued. Therefore the pulpit 
was the only place left for the free ex- 
pression of views on public matters. 

Forest Tree Strife still continued 
in New Eng-land in 1722. Government 
had for thirty years confiscated the best 
trees, for which the colonists vainly de- 
manded compensation. They were for- 
bidden to sell timber to Spain and Por- 
tugal. Royal authority was losing its 
power in New England. 



Freedom of the Press Vindi- 
cated in New York November 17, 
1734) by the acquittal of John Peter 
Zenger, publisher of the " New York 
Weekly Journal," after a long trial and 
imprisonment for defending popular 
rights against the crown, caused great 
rejoicing and inspired the colonists with 
a fresh spirit of opposition to parlia- 
mentary restrictions. 

Impressment in Hoston. — In Nov. 
1747, Commodore Knowles, comman- 
der of the English squadron in the har- 
bor, seized several men for his fleet. A 
mob of several thousands demanded re-, 
dress from the Governor. The excite- 
ment increased for two or three days, 
when, fearing the consequences, the 
men were released. 

American Iron 3Iann factories, 
such as rolling mills, plating forges 
and furnaces, were declared ".com- 



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The only Work Published in America on the Origin, Cure 
and Destruction of Disease Germs. 

It should be read by everybody for instruction. By fathers and mothers on the 
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and contains 500 Recipes never before published which are of great value. It is a 
large volume of 912 pages. Price $4.00. No extra charge for postage. Can be had 
only of 

R. R. RUSSELL, 

134 N. Seventh St, Philadelphia, Pa. 



American Comiyetition with Eng- 
lish manufactures was the subject of a 
report of the Board of Trade to the 
House of Commons in 1731. In it men- 
tion was made of the Massachusetts paper 
mill, which it was "feared would inter- 
fere with the profit made by British mer- 
chants on foreign paper sent thither," 
They were also alarmed by the shoe- 
makers who went Irom house to house 
making foot-wear for families. 

Exportation of hats from the Am- 
erican Colonies was forbidden by act of 
parliament in 1732. Neither could they 
be carried from one province to another. 

'' Molasses Act."' — In 1734, in order to 
compel the colonists to purchase their 
sugar, molasses and rum in the British 
West Indies, instead of from the British 
and Dutch West Indies, Parliament 
imposed a duty that was virtually pro- 
hibitory. 



mon nuisances," and a fine of $1,000 
was imposed upon every one built in 
excess of those already in occupation, 
by an act of the British Parliament in 

1750- 

Fennsf/Iraiiia Protests against 
British restrictions. — In February, 1757, 
Benjamin Franklin was appointed to 
" represent in England the unhappy 
state of that province, ' ' consequent upon 
the persistent etilbrts of the English gov- 
ernment to restrict popular rights. 

Urifish House of Commons, in 
1.757' by formal resolution, denied the 
rights of tiie colonists to raise and ap- 
propriate money by their own acts 
alone. 

Writs of Assistance, or warrants, 
to search when and where they pleased 
for smuggled goods, were issued by the 
English government in 1761, in order to 
a more strict enforcement of the acts 



BRITISH OPPRESSION OF THE COLONIES. 



41 



of trade. They were so unpopular as 
to be seldom used. Massachusetts first 
resisted the enforcement of these acts, 
in a stirring speech delivered by James 
Otis. Writs of Assistance were war- 
rants issued by the Supreme Court, au- 
thorizing deputy collectors to search any 
place or building for the discovery of 
smuggled goods. It was conceded that 
the government had the right to issue a 
writ for the searching of a special build- 
ing named in the writ, but it was denied 
that writs could be lawfully issued to 
enable an officer of the law to search 
wherever he pleased. Writs were finally 
issued, but seldom, if ever, used. This 
was one of the first kicks of the colo- 
nies against British tyranny. 

Ta mpetHU g tvith th e Judiciary.— 
On December 9, 1761, the colonial gover- 
nors were forbid to issue judicial com- 
missions, e.xcept at the pleasure of the 


ment and signed by the King June 29th, 
1767. This measure greatly excited the 
colonists, who had been quieted by the 
repeal of the stamp act. 

British Troops were ordered to 
Boston June 8th, 1768. The Boston pa- 
triots were deeply excited. The Gover- 
nor had dissolved the Legislature and 
refused to call another. 

The Ship of War Ronineif seizea 
the sloop Liberty, owned by John Han- 
cock, oii the loth of June, 1768, for an 
alleged violation of the revenue law. A 
great mass meeting was held at Fanieul 
Hall, and then at the Old South Church, 
where James Otis and others made elo- 
quent speeches. The agitation was in- 
tensified by the impressment of men for 
sailors and the bringing of soldiers to 
Boston by the officers of the Romney. 

British War Vessels on the Ameri- 
can coast were, in 1770, ordered to ren- 


HARRISBURG, PA. 


Architects. 


D. R. MILT^ER, Architect, 

Plans, Estimates and Specifications of all kinds of 

Buildings, including Cemetery work. 
626 RACE STREET, HARRISBURG, PA. 


Aldermen. 


ALDERMAN, 
Justice of I he Peace &. Conveyancer, 

135 SHORT ST., HARRISBURG, PA. 


ARCHITECTS. 

TRUST BUILDING, Room 22. Harrisburg, Pa. 


Attorneys at Law. 


JOHN A. SHEAEEE, Manager. 

G. W. VAN rOSSEN, Attorney, 

Mercantile Detective & Collecting As.so'n. 

TRUST BUILDING, Harrisburg, Pa. 
J. M. WIESTLING, 

ATTO R N EY- AT-LA W. 

207 Walnut Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 


Barbers. 
Patton, Walter E., 945 Penna. Ave. 


Bakers and Confectioners. 
Hursh, Frank J., 213 Chestnut St. 
Morris, Samuel, 1116 Ridge St. 
Rhine Bros., 226 South St. 


King. This was considered an attempt 
to make judges subservient to the will 
of the King. 

Stdmp Act. — The famous stamp act 
was signed by the King March 22, 1765. 
It required all legal documents to be 
written o« stamped paper, to be bought 
only of the tax collectors — (the stamps 
cost from 3 cents to £6) — that every 
newspaper and pamphlet must bear a 
stamp costing one-half penny to four 
pence, and that each advertisement 
should pay two shillings duty. 
i Stamp Act BepealeO.—ln 1766 the 
stamp act was repealed, but Parliament 
claimed the right to exercise unlimited 
power over the colonies. In order to 
quarter troops in American cities the 
mutiny act was applied to America. 

A Duty on. glass, paper, painter's 
colors and tea imported into America 
was imposed by a bill passed by Parlia- 


dezvous in Boston harbor. Castle Wil- 
liam was ordered strengthened, greatly 
exciting the people. 

Libertij Bole Cut Botvu by British 
soldiers in New York, January 17, 1770. 
Great indignation meeting of citizens, 
who affirmed the riglits of the people in 
speeches and resolutions. Another lib- 
erty pole was speedily erected in another 
place. 

British Soldiers murdered a young 
man named Snider, in a quarrel with 
citizens in Boston, February 22, 1770. 

Gray's Bope Walk, Boston, vvas 
the scene of a fight between a soldier 
and a workman. The soldier and his 
fellows were beaten oft' by citizens, Mar. 
2, 1770. 

Boston 3Iassacre, March 5th, 1770, 
a quarrel arose between soldiers and 
citizens near the old State House. The 
guard being called out to quiet the dis- 



42 



BRITISH OPPRESSION OF THE COLONIES. 



turbance fired, killing three and wound- 
ing eight. Crispur Attucks, a mulatto, 
was the first man killed. Captain Pres- 
ton and several soldiers were impris- 
oned, tried, and all acquitted but 2, who 
were convicted of manslaughter. 

Funeral Obsequies of four victims 
of Boston massacre held with great par- 
ade, March 8, 1770, amid tolling of bells 
and suspension of business. 

Ta.r on Tea of 3 per cent, was ad- 
hered to, all other taxes on imports to 
the colonies being repealed by Parlia- 
ment April 12, 1770. 

Lea U en Statue of Georfje III. set 
up in Bowling Green, New York, Aug., 
1770. It had been ordered four years 
before, in honor of the repeal of the 
stamp act A marble statue of William 
Pitt was also set up in New York. -" 

Tea, Amounthtg to 17.000.000 
pounds, was shut up in the East India 



Harrisburg, 'S^.— Contimied. 

Benefit Association. 
White, Harold -J., Supt., 7 N. Third St. 

Book Binders and Blank Book Manf rs. 

HARRY J. BERRIER, 

Book Binding, Buling and Blank Book Manufacturer, 
CUMBERLAND & FRONT STS., 

Harrisburg. Pa. 

F. L. H UTTER, 

Book Binder, Job Ruler, and Blank Book Manufac- 
turer. Blanks and books for country offices a 
specialty. 
Cor. THIRD & MARKET STS., Harrisburg, Pa. 

Book and Job Printer. 
Foucbt, M. A., Third, cor. Cumberland St 



obeyed. In New York a similar meet- 
ing was held with like results. In 
Charleston, S. C, tea was landed, but 
rotted in the cellars where it had been 
stored. 

Postmaster General Benjamin 
Franklin was depo.sed from his office, 
which he had held since 1753, by the 
English government Jan. 30, 1774. 

The Quebec Act, wliich was de- 
signed to prevent that province from 
joining with the other colonies, guaran- 
teed to the Roman Catholic Church the 
possession of its ample property and 
the free exercise of its religion, ap- 
proved by the King in 1774. 

Boston Port Bill passed March 7, 
1774, ordering the port of Boston to be 
closed against all commercial transac- 
tions whatever, and the removal of the 
custom house, courts of justice and other 
public offices to Salem. 



Boots and Shoes. 

(Custom Work a Specialty.'' 

Bowman, Ileur}', 814 Market St. 
Groflf, W. K., 209 N. Second Street. 

Brooms, Whisks, &c., Manufacturers. 
Burkholdcr Bro., Fourth, cor. Sayford St. 
Reber, J. K., Ag't, Oor. Broad & Fulton St 

Carriage and Wagon Builders. 

OLIVER ATTICK. 

Carriage and Wagon Builder. All kinds of Jobbing 

and Carriage Smithing promptly done. 

Full satisfaction given. 

Eleventh Street, near Market, Harrisburg, Pa. 

-A.. B. Boisria:or.TZEi?,, 

Manufacturer of Carriages, Buggies, Market, Milk, 
and Baker's Wagons. Repairing a specialty. 

South Secoad and Indian Ave. Har:isburg, Pa. 



Company's warehouses because the Am- 
ericans would not buy. The British 
government decreed that it might be 
shipped to America without paying an 
export duty. They hoped that the low 
price at which it could now be sold 
would induce the colonists to pay the 
import duty, thus surrendering the prin- 
ciples for which they contended. Dur- 
ing the summer of 1775 several cargoes 
were shipped. 

Boston Tea Parti/.— December 16, 
1773, after a mass-meeting in Fanieul 
Hall, about 50 men disguised as Indians 
boarded three tea vessels in the harbor, 
broke open the hatches and dumped 342 
chests of tea into the water. Perfect 
order was maintained. The actors have 
never io a certainty been known. 

A Tea S/tip at Philadelphia was 
ordered to depart by a mass-meeting 
held December 26, 1773. The order was 



Charter of 3Iassachusetts violated 
by act of Parliament March 28, 1774. 
This bill gave to the crown the appoint- 
ment of counselors and judges of the 
Supreme Court. The appointment of 
all other officers, military, executive and 
judicial, was bestowed on the Governor 
independently of any approval by the 
council. Jurors could be* selected only 
by sheriffs. Town meetings were pro- 
hibited. 

Gen. Gar/e Appointed Governor. 
vice Hutchinson, removed, landed at 
Boston May 17, 1774. Troops were or- 
dered to follow him. He was instructed 
to arrest and send principal patriots to 
England. 

'' The Murder Act'' received the 
King's signature May 20, 1774. It pro- 
vided for the trial in England of all per- 
sons charged witii murders committed 
in support of the government. 



BRITISH OPPRESSION OF THE COLONIES. 



43 



Hoafoti Port Sill went into effect 
June I, 1774. The day was observed by 
a solemn fast. 

In depend en CO of the U. S. — Brit- 
ish Parliament passed a bill July, 1782, 
enabling the King to acknowledge the 
independence of the United State. 

Ameflc<tn Sea men Impressed by 
a British squadron off Cuba in 1798. 
Great and prolonged agitation resulted, 
which culminated in the war of 1S12. 

BnglisJi llostUitjj to America was 
shown in 1793 by preventing the West- 
ern Indians concluding a treaty with U. 
S. Commissioners, by impressing sea- 
men, by refusal to surrender western 
ports and to pay for slaves captured in 
the revolution. 

American Commerce crippled by 
England June 8, 1793, by an order that 
all vessels loaded with corn for France 
should be compelled to go to English 
ports. 

Eiiffland Seized and condemned 
several American merchantmen and car- 
goes in 1S05, alleging violations of neu- 
trality. 

English Insults induced the United 
States to retaliate April 18, 1806, by pro- 
hibiting the importation of British man- 
ufactures after Nov. 15, 1806. 

Insolence of the liritish Minis- 



ter was such that in 1810 Congress voted 
that he be no long-er recognized by the 
President. 

British Govern7nent finally, in 181 r, 
disavowed the act of the Leopard m fir- 
ing upon the Chesapeake in 1807. 

liight of Search was the subject of 
correspondence between England and 
tlie United States in 1859, British cruisers 
havmg searched American merchantmen 
on suspicion of being slavers. Congress 
ordered men-of-war to the gulf, and Eng- 
land disavowed the acts of her officers 
and abandoned the right of search. 

British Authorities at Kingston, 
Jamaica, seized the American steamer 
" Edgar Stuart," as a Cuban privateer, 
April 15, 1872. 

The Canadian Authorities seized 
the American fishing schooner "Enola 
C," May 29, 1872, for violating fishery 
laws. 

Canadian Cutter "Stella Marie" 
seized the American fishing schooner 
"James Bliss," June 18, 1872, for violat- 
ing the fishery laws, and insulted the 
American flag by turning it upside down 
under the Dominion flag. 

Fishery Damages to the amount of 
f 103,000 were demanded of England by 
America, Aug. 19, 1879, because of ille- 
gal interference at Fortune bay. 



Harrrisburg. "2 z,. — Continued. 
C arpe nters and . Bui lders. 



WILLIAM FINK, 

Carpenter, Contractor and Builder. Flans, Estimates 
and Specifications furnished on application. 

ELDER, Cor. HERR STS., HARRISBURG, PA. 



LANGLETZ & SON, 

Carpenters. Contractors and Builders. Plans, Esti- 
mates, and Specifications furnished on application. 
Office — 329 Hekr St. Residence— 912 Cowden St. 
HARRIS BURG , J^A^ 

Moeslein & Reiber, 428 Cranberry Ave. 
J. K. NULL. 

Carpenter, Contractor and Builder. Plans, Estimates 
and Specifications furnished on application. 

333 CRANBERRY AVE., HARRISBURG, PA. 
H. A. SMITH. 

Carpenter, Contractor and Builder. Plans, Estimates 
and Specifications furnished on application. 

Briggs, Cor. Penna. St. — Residence, 1318 N. Third. 
HARRISBURG. 1 A. 

Chemical Laboratory. 
McCreath, Andrew S., 223 Market Street, 
3rd floor. 

Coal, Wood. Ice, &c. 

Dealer in Coal and Kindling Wood. Office : State 

and Canal Sts. Yards : State and Canal Streets, 

and Vernon St. East of Fifteenth 

HARRISBURG, PA. 



J. S- SIBLE, 

Wholesale and Retail dealer in 

TMrd, Cor. Cumloerland Sts., Harrisburg, Fa. 

Colleges. 
Commercial Collea:e, J. N. Currey, Prop. 
330 Market S t . 

Dentists. ■ 

Dr. W. W- SCHLOSSER, Surgeon Demist, 
331 MARKET ST., 3rt floor, 

HARRISBURG, PA. 

Full Sets of Teeth on Celluloid Base, for $5, 
$3, and $10. Which more resembles the color of the 
natural Gums, and far superior in all respects to Vul- 
canite Rubber. For painless extraction of Teeth, Dr. 
S. applies to the Gums and Teeth "The New Local 
Anaesthetic, Muriate of Cocaine." No after ill eflfects. 
Safe and reliable. All work fikst-class. 



Druggists . 



CHARLES T. GEORGE, 

German Druggist and Pharmacist, and dealer in 

German Drugs, Chemicals and Patent Medicines. 

Special attention given to the Compounding 

of Physicians' Prescriptions. 

No. 1306 NORTH THIRD ST.. Harrisburg, Pa 

p. C- SNYDER, M- D- 

DRUGGIST, 

II N. THIRTEENTH STREET, 

Harrisburg. Pa. 



ACTS OF THE COLONIES RESISTING OPPRESSION. 



ACTS OF THE COLONIES 

^ffissacJnr setts retaint-d control of 
the fuiuls raised by herself for the war 
in 175S, to the dissatisfaction of the roy- 
alists. 

JIdssarhusptfs, in May, 1765, sent 
out a circular proposino^ a Colonial Con- 
gress to meet in New York in October. 

Patrick Jfeurt/ Offered his five 
famous resolutions on May 29th, 1765, in 
the Virginia Assembly, upon the an- 
nouncement by the Speaker of the pas- 
sage of the stamp act. They declared that 
the American colonists ought to possess 
all the characteristics of English free- 
dom, chief among which was the right 
to levy taxes by no body save that which 
represented the tax-payers. The move- 
ment was sudden and surprising and 
produced intense excitement. Mr. Henry 
defended his resolutions with fiery elo- 
quence^^ and at one point exclaimed: 



RESISTING- OPPRESSION. 

dent, and Robert Ogden, of New Jersey, 
refused to sign the papers. The Mas- 
sachusetts Assembly reprimanded the 
former, and tlie New Jersey Assembly 
deposed the latter from his position as 
Speaker. 

Non-Importation agreements were 
made October 31st, 1765, by New York 
merchants. Philadelphia and Boston 
merchants followed their example. 

Tlte Stautp Act became a law Nov. 
T, 1765. It was a day of intense feeling 
and general gloom, and all business was 
suspended. Soon domestic manufactur- 
ers began everywhere to manufacture 
articles which before had been imported. 
The "Daughters of Liberty" organized 
in Boston for spinning, knitting and 
weaving. Maple sugar and molasses 
began to be manufactured in New Eng- 
land. In New York a society agreed to 



Harrisburg, "Ss..— Continued. 



Dry Goods, Notions, &c. 
Fessler, Geo. W., 615 Race St. 
Sourbeer, H., Jr., 1321 Ridge Ave. 



Electric Works. 



THE KEYSTONE ELECTRIC WORKS. 

204 N. SECOND STREET, 

HARRISBURO, PA. 

S. W. ENTREKIN, .... Proprietor. 

Putting up and Repairing of Burglar Alarms, Pri- 
vate House and Hotel Work a Specialty. 
Send for Circular. 



Fire Bricks, (Man'f of.) 
Hiibertis, S. , 1216 N, Third St. 
AVickel, P. G., Supt., Second Street. 



G 



Fire Escapes. 

R- HOFFMAN, 



Gen'l Agent Penna. and New Jersey 

For Clark's Patent Fire Escape, 

129 North 1th Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 

Florists and Nurserymen. 



WALTKR J. BAILEY. 

Florist and Nurseryman, 

Cut Flowers furnished for Parties, Weddings and 

Funerals on short notice. 

24 GRACE AVENUE. HARRISBURG, PA. 

Groceries and Provisions. 
Cahoe, D. F., Market St. near Eleventh. 
Hoover, J. H., 630 Boas St. 

J F. LENTZ, 

Wholesale and Retail dealer in Groceries, Lard> 
Salt and Syrup. Farmers' Produce a specialty. 

439 BROAD ST., Harrisburg. Pa. 



"Caesar had hi.s Brutus, Charles the 
First his Cromwell, and George the 
Third—" "Treason! Treason!" shouted 
Mr. Speaker Robinson, and the cry was 
re-echoed from all parts of the House. 
Mr. Henry, undismayed, took advantage 
of a hush to add, "May profit by their 
example. If that be treason make the 
mos* ' 'f it!" The resolutions were 
adopted. The last one was, however, 
reconsidered and rejected in Mr. Hen- 
ry's absence the ne.xt day. Tliey were, 
however, published as originally offered, 
and their effect was potential in uniting 
the colonies. 

An American Congress o( twenty- 
seven delegates from nine of the tliir- 
teen colonies, met at New York, Oct'r 
7th, 1765.. A Declaration of Rights, a 
Petition to the King, and a Memorial to 
Parliament was drawn up. Timothy 
Ruggles. of Massachusetts, the Presi- 



Wear no imported clothes and to encour- 
age home manufactures. 

The Governor of Xew YorJx, in 

June, 1768, requested the Assembly to 
vote supplies for troops then on their 
way to tliat city, which was refused. 

^1 Massacltnsetts Coitrention, at 
which 96 towns were represented, met 
September 22d, 176S, and held a six days 
session. It defined provincial rights 
more clearly. Local self-government 
was the basis of the patriot cause, and 
the right of Parliament to make any 
laws for the colonies began to be denied. 
A Union sentiment was growing. The 
British government was more exasper- 
ated, and Lord North said: "Whatever 
prudence or policy miglit hereafter in- 
duce us to repeal the late paper and 
glass act, I hope we shall never think of 
it until we see America prostrate at our 
feet." 



ACTS OF THE COLONIES RESISTING «)PPRESSION. 



45 





tTnnies Otis was chosen moderator 
of a mass meeting held in Fanieul Hall, 
September, 1768. It was resolved that 
"The mhabitants of Boston will, at the 
utmost peril of their lives and fortunes, 
maintain and defend their rights, liber- 
ties, privileges and immunities." 

Seven II ntulred Svitish Soldiers 
commanded by Colonel Dalrymple, were 
brought from Castle William, Boston 
Harbor, and encamped on the common, 
Oct. I, 176S. Others were also lodged 
in the city during the two months fol- 
lowing. The town refused to furnish 
quarters, and the officers were compelled 
to prepare them at government expense. 
EfiTorts to obtaid the removal of these 
troops culminated in the Boston massa- 
cre two years later. 

North Carolina Heqvlators was 
the name assumed, in 1771, by people 
who had banded together in that state 


sisting British oppression, was elected 
first in March, 1773, by the Virginia As- 
sembly. 

Tea Meetinffs, OcVr l!i, 1773.— 

In New York a meeting was held to con- 
sider the question and patriotic resolu- 
tions adopted. At a similar meeting in 
Philadelphia, held October 16, 1773, res- 
olutions were passed declaring the send- 
ing of tea to be an attack on the liber- 
ties of America. A meeting was held 
under the Liberty tree, Boston, Novem- 
ber 3, 1773, and a ccmmittee appointed 
to request the consignees not to sell the 
tea w len it arrived. The request was 
denied. Frequent other meetings were 
held and constant pressure was brought 
to bear on the authorities to procure 
the rejection of the tea. 

Virginia Provincial Assemhli/ 
was originated in Raleigh Tavern, Wil- 
liamsburg, Va., May 25, 1774, by mem- 




Harrisburg, "S^.— Groceries and Provis- 
iofis Continued. 


Mackenson. J. S., Baumann Hotel, Race 
and Indian Ave. 




N. STUDEBAKER. Grocer, 

Choice Imported Swiss and Limberger Cheese, 

American and European Delicacies ; Holland 

Herring, Russian Sardines. 

STATE and SECOND STS., Harrisburg, Pa. 


Soltoxi. Hoiise, 

T. H. Heist, Proprietor, Harrisburg, Pa. 

Also of "Maple Park Springs Summer Resort," 

Ebensburg, Cambria Co., Pa. Rates $2 to fo. 




I=iOBT. ■v-A.xjGmnsT, 

Groceries, Provisions and Family Supplies. China, 

Glass and Queensware. Canned Goods a 

Specialty. 

SECOND, cor. MULBERRY AVE., Harrisburg, Pa. 


BREITINGERS 

European Hotel and Restaurant, 

Chas. F. Hessenbergek, Proprietor. 
309 MARKET STREET, HARRISBURG, PA. 




Hotels and Restaurants. 




ClLestanvLt Street Hovise, 

Mrs. John P. Deiker, Proprietress. 
TRANSIENT AND PERMANENT BOARDERS. 

404 Chestnut Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 




W. H. Butler, Proprietor. 

Good accommodations. Charges reasonable. 

13 COWDEN ST., Harrisburg, Pa. 




to resist the extortions of the provincial 
tax collectors. 

The Battle at Alamance Creek 

was fought May 16, 1771, between the 
"North Carolina Regulators" and a mili- 
tia force under Governor Tryon. A num- 
ber on both sides were killed. Many 
"Regulators" were made prisoners, of 
whom six were hung by Tryon. 

''B01/S of Phjinouth" was a juven- 
ile military organization in a school kept 
by Alex. Scammel and Peleg Wads- 
worth, in 1771, both afterwards distin- 
guished army officers. Elkanah Watson, 
in his "Men and Times of the Revolu- 
tion," says: "We were taught military 
evolution by either Scammel or Wads- 
worth, and marched over hills, through 
swamps, often in the rain, in perform- 
ance of these embryo military duties." 

Coniniittee of Correspondence, to 
induce co-operation of provinces in re- 


bers of the House of Burgesses, which 
Governor Dunmore dissolved on account 
of their positive action. They voted in 
favor of a general Congress, according 
to the recommendation of New York. 

Last Colonial Assemblfi of Massa- 
chusetts met at Salem June 7, 1774. The 
time and place for a Continental Con- 
gress were determined, delegates elect- 
ed and patriotic resolutions passed. Gov. 
Gage undertook to dissolve them, but 
the doors were locked against his secre- 
tary until business was done. 

Aid for Boston, June, 1774. The 
following were among the gifts that came 
pouring in: From South Carolina, 200 
barrels of rice; Windham, Conn., 250 
sheep; Schoharie, N. Y., 550 bushels of 
wheat; Georgia, 63 barrels of rice and 
I720 in specie. 

'' "Powder Alarm" was caused by 
the seizure, September i, 1774, of 250 



46 



NATIONAL CAPITOL. 



half-barrels of powder at Charleston and 
two field pieces at Cambridge, belong- 
ing to the province, and the fortification 
of Boston Neck by General Gage, who 
was alarmed at the spirit of the colo- 
nists. Great excitement ensued in Bos- 
ton, and the report spread through New 
England that war had actually begun, 
which caused thirty thousand patriots to 
pour toward Boston to take part in the 
conflict. 

Tea Ship Burnt. — On October 15, 
1774, at Annapolis, Maryland, the tea 
boat "Peggy Stewart" was burnt by its 
owner to allay the excitement of the pop- 



ulace, who would not permit her cargo 
to land. 

"3Ihiute 3IenJ"— November, 1774, 
Massachusstts' Provincial Assembly or- 
dered the organization of 12,000 minute 
men; also made provision for military 
stores and ammunition, 

3Iifiiffious of Jr«r having been for- 
bidden by the King to be exported to 
America, in Dec, 1774, the citizens of 
Providence, R. I., seized 40 cannon from 
a fort near Newport. One hundred bar- 
rels of powder, some small arms and 
cannon were seized from a fort in the 
harbor of Plymouth, N. H., which was 
dismantled. 



Harrisburg, Pa. — Hotels and Restaurants 
Continued. 

DINING HALL, 

Basement of U. S. Hotel, 0pp. the P. & R. Depot. 

HARRISBURG, PA. 

-Meals served at all Hours — Regular Meals 35 Cents. 

W. J. ADORE, Proprietor. 



ZDo3:i.iri.o3rer lEaioTJ-se, 

Oor. Third and Mulberry 3"s-, Harriaburg, Pa- 

1. W, DfiNMOYER, Proprietor. 

Choice lot of Wines, Liquors and Cigars constantly 

on hand. Lodging by Night or Week. 

E-A-G-LE HOTJSE, 
635 RACE St., HARRISBURG, PA. 

THEODORE DUFFNER. - - Proprietor, 

Good Boarding at reasonable rates. The best Wines 
and Liquors constantly on hand. 

EUROPEAN HOTEL, 

p. RUSS, Proprietor. 

Centrally located. Good accommodations 
Market St. A Pfiuia. R. R.. Harris1nu-g, Pa. 



Russ, N. , Proprietor Gross House, 233 
Walnut St. 



WM. T. SOLLERS, 

Hotel De Paris and Restaurant. 

Meals at all hours. Game in Season. Domestic 
Wines a Specialty. 

II and 13 N. Market Square, Harrisburg, Pa. 

JONES HOUSE, 

ED. A. TINKER, . . . ♦ . Proprietor. 
A. E. 3IILLER, with Jones House. 

Cor. M arket and Market Square, Harrisburg, Pa. 

KAPPHAN'S HOTEL, 

CHAS. L,. KAFPHA^f, Proprietor. 

Centrally Located. Good Accommodations Charges 

Keasonable. 

334 BROAD St., HARRISBURG, PA. 

Lancaster House, Mrs. B. Meyer, Proprie- 
tress, 21 Sixth St. 

McDonell House, S. L. McDonell, Pro- 
prietor, 501 East State St. 

Mitchell House, James Mitchell, Proprie- 
tor, 629 East State St. 



National Capitol and District of Columbia. 



Ma villa utl.— On December 22, 17S8, 
Maryland ceded the county of Washing- 
ton, containing 64 square miles, to the 
United States, to become part of the 
national capitol. 

f'ir</fuia, December 3d, 17S9, ceded 
the county of Alexandria, containing 36 
square miles, to the United States to 
form a part of the capitol. 

Coiif/fess, on July 16, 1790, accepted 
the territory ceded to the United States 
for a capitol. 

Pi'rsi(J('iit iraslihifjfoii, March 30, 
1791, by proclamation, ordered the lines 
of the new capitol upon the Potomac to 
be run. 

T/t(^ First. Corner Stone of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia was set at Jones' Point 
April 15th, 1791, by Hon. David Carroll 
and Dr. David Stewart, with masonic 
ceremonies. 

Locating XT. S. Capitol.— On Sept. 



9, 1791, the commissioners appointed to 
locate the new capitol of the United 
States, directed Major L' Enfant, wiio 
was designing maps for it, to call the 
city Washington and the whole district 
the Territory of Columbia. The corner 
stone for the Capitol was laid with ma- 
sonic ceremony, September 18, 1793. 

T/ie If kite House at Washington, 
D. C, was designed by James Hohan, 
after the country house of the Duke of 
Leinster, England. The corner stone 
was laid October 13, 1792. 

Washington, 1). C, was officially 
occupied by the United States govern- 
ment in June, 1800. One sloop conveyed 
sufficient furniture for all the depart- 
ments from Philadelphia to Washington. 

District of Columbia. — On July 9, 
1846, the United States re-ceded to Vir- 
ginia that portion of the District of Col- 
umbia originally acquired by her. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 



47 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



T7ie First HlGOfJ — February 26, 1775, 
Gen. Gage decided to disarm the colon- 
ists, and despatched a party of British 
soldiers from Boston, under Leslie, to 
Salem and Danvers, Mass., to seize pro- 
vincial supplies. Finding none at Salem 
they started for Danvers, but found 
the draw of the North Bridge raised, 
which the citizens relused to lower. At- 
tempting to seize two large gondolas a 
scuffle took place, in which a boatman 
received a bayonet thrust. Rev. Thos. 
Barnard proposed a compromise, which 
was accepted. The draw was lowered, 
the soldiers marched across into Danvers 
about 30 rods, turned about and started 
for Boston. 

ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 

Rattle of the Kegs. — In January, 



to Vermont to capture supplies), and the 
Americans under Gen. John Stark. On 
the eve of battle Stark exclaimed: "We 
beat the red coats to-day or Mollie Stark 
is a widow." He did beat them and cap- 
tured 700 prisoners. One old man had 
five sons in the battle. When it was over 
he was told that one had been unfortu- 
nate. " Was he a coward or a traitor?" 
he eagerly inquired. "Oh, no; he fought 
bravely, but was killed." "Ah! then I 
am satisfied," said the father. 

Bunker HilJ. — The battle of Bunker 
Hill was fought June 17, 1775. Col. Wm. 
Prescott, of Pepperell, Mass., with i,oco 
Americans, began entrenching Breed's 
Hill, which commanded Boston and the 
harbor, on the night of June 16. By day- 
light a strong redoubt eight rods square, 



Harrisburg, Yx— Hotels ami Restaurants 

Continued. 

National Hotel, Fred. W. Ebel, Pro 
prietor. Adjoining Capitol Grounds, 
State St. 

ORSINCERH OT¥l , 

V. ORSINGER. Proprietor. 

Cenirally Located Good Accommodations. Charges 

Reasonable. 

BBOAD St. Cor. THIR D , HABEISBUBG. PA. 

SECOND WARD HOUSE, 

JAMES REED, Proprietor. 

Good Accommodations. Charges Reasonable. 

Tliird St. Cor. Maiden Lane, Harrisburg, Pa. 

WASH I N CTdN~HOT E l7 

S. S. JOHNSTON. - - Proprietor. 

Centrally Located. Good Accommodations. Charges 

Reasonable. 

Walnut Cor. Sixth Sts., HARKisBURr., Pa. 



WHITE HALL HOTEL, 

CHARLES CRONE, - Proprietor. 

Open Day and Night. Restaurant and Stable At 

tached. 

Market St., 0pp. Court House, Harrisburg:, Pa. 

House, Sign and Eecorative Painters. 

M. G . BAKER, 

House and Sign Painter, Graining and Hard Wood 
Finishing a Specialty. 

16 Court House Avenue, Harrislurg, Pa. 



LAFAYETTE CRULL, 

House, Sign and Ornamental Painter, Grainer, Gla- 
zier, Kalsominer and Paper Hanger. 

Office Broad and Fulton Sts., Residence 437 Broad St., 

HARRISBURG, PA. 

Cross, Alex., Susquehanna St. , Cor. Sars- 
ford Ave. 



177S, David Bushnell, of Saj'brook, Con- 
necticut, invented a contrivance designed 
to destroy the British fleet at Philadel- 
phia. Kegs of powder, having attach- 
ments for exploding them when they 
struck, were floated down the Delaware. 
The vessels had been removed and were 
not injured, but great alarm was created 
in the city by their explosion. Judge 
Francis Hopkinson wrote a comic ballad 
entitled "The Battle of the Kegs." 

Bemis Heights. — On September 19, 
1777, Burgoyne attacked the Americans 
under General Gates, who, with proper 
energy, could have destroyed the British 
army. The bravery of Arnold and Mor- 
gan carried the day. American loss 300; 
British loss 600. 

Ben n ington. — This battle took place 
Aug. 16, 1777, between a large force of 
Germans and British regulars, under Lt. 
Col. Baunie (whom Burgoyne had sent 



together with an earthwork running to a 
swamp, was completed. The English 
fleet began bombarding it and landed 
2,000 regulars, under General Howe. At 
half-past two they advanced, firing as 
they went. The Americans silently per- 
mitted the British to approach wiiliin 
eight rods. They then delivered so ef- 
fective a volley that almost the whole 
front rank of officers and men fell dead. 
The balance fled precipitately to the foot 
of the hill. The fleet now threw shells 
into Charleston and set it on fire, hoping 
to smoke the Americans out, but the 
breeze bore it in another direction. A 
second advance was made to within si.x 
rods of the redoubt, when another mur- 
derous volley caused the British again to 
retreat. A third assault was made, and 
the front rank fell as before, but the Am- 
ericans had now exhausted their ammu- 
nition. The British pushed into the re- 



48 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



doubt with fixed (xiyonets and nearly 
surrounded the paUiots, who retreated 
slowly to Bunker Hill, holding back the 
foe with clubbed muskets and stones. 
The British did not pursue far, having 
lost over one thousand officers and men. 
The American loss was less than five 
hundred. 

Brandy wine. — This battle occurred 
September ii, 1777. Gen. Washington 
attempted to stay the progress of Lord 
Howe, who, with a large force, was 
marching along the Delaware toward 
Philadelphia. The Americans were de- 
feated with 1,000 loss. The British loss 
was 500. 

Camden, S. C— A battle was fought 
here August 16, 1780, between Generals 
Cornwallis and Gates. Gates had about 
3,000 raw recruits, many of whom were 
sick, and he was totally defeated. He 
retired from the battlefield almost alone, 



1777, Washington attacked the British 
camp at Germantown, with partial suc- 
cess—enough to strengthen the cause 
of the patriot army. 

Great Bridf/e, near Norfolk, Va., 
was the scene of a fight on December 9, 
1775, between some tories under Gov. 
Dunmore and a patriotic force. The to- 
ries were defeated with some loss. 

Guilford Court-House, N. C— At 
this place a battle was fought March 15, 
1 7S1, between Cornwallis and Greene. It 
was disastrous to both parties, but Britr 
ish influence was destroyed in North 
Carolina and Cornwallis was forced to 
retreat to Virginia. The Americans lost 
419 and the British 570. 

Hauffinff Bock, ,S. C, Aug. 6, 1780 
A huge rock, 30 feet in diameter, over- 
hangs a precipice 100 feet high, which 
makes one side of the hill. General 
Sumpter charged and nearly destroyed 



HarrisTsurg, Pa —House, Sign and Dec- 
orative Painters Continued. 



J OHN P , GOHL , 

House and Sign Painting. Calsomining, Graining, 

Glazing, Hard Wood Finishing. Country 

Work a Specialty. 

.312 Strawberry Avenue. Harri sbxu-g, Pa. 

Lime, Hair, Sand, Etc. 

Doucher, Oliver, 99 Cumberland St. 
Eby, W. H., Second Near Vine. 



A, L. TITTLE 

LIVERY & BOARDING STABLES, 

233 and 235 Blaokterry Avenue, Bear LocMel Hotel, 
HARIUSBURG, PA. 

Manager, Band, M., Telegraph Co. 

Diehl, C. E., 3 N. Third St. 



Livery, Sale and Exchange Stables. 



HARVEY HURSH , 

Sale and Exchange Stable, 

Blackberry Avenue, Harrisbiirg, Pa. 



Marble and Granite Wcrks. 



BEATTY & SON, 

Fourth St , Near Market, Nest to Lutheiaa Church, 

HARRISP.URG, Pa. 

Monuments, Tombstones, Marhle and Slate Mantels, 
And all kinds of Stone Work. Also a great 
variety of encaustic tiles. Glazed and Enam- 
eled, for Vestibule Floors and Mantel Decorations. 



and so rapidly as to make 200 miles in 
three and one-half days. 

Cowpens, S. ('.—January 17th, 1781, 
Gen. Morgan, with an inferior force, de- 
feated Tarleton, capturing 500 prisoners, 
800 muskets, 2 standards, also cannon 
and horses. American loss only 72 killed 
and wounded. 

Eutaw Springs. S. C.—A battle was 
fought here Septembers, 1781, between 
Greene and the British under Col. Stew- 
art. Greene was at first victorious, but 
was finally driven back. The British re- 
treated to Charleston the next day. 

Fort 3Iercer Attacked, October 22, 
1777, by Count Donop, with 1200 Hes- 
sians and artillery. It was on the Dela- 
ware river, and was held by Col. Greene, 
of Rhode Island, with 400 men. The at- 
tempt failed, and Count Donop, and 400 
Hessians, were killed. 

Germantown, Ba.— On Octooer 4, 



the Prince of Wales' regiment on the 
summit of this hill. c 

BCarlem Blains. — An engagement 
occurred here Sept. i6th, 1776, between 
the British advance guard imder General 
Leslie and two companies of Americans 
commanded by Col. Knowlton andMaj. 
Leitch. The Americans were victorious, 
but lost about 600, including both their 
commanders. 

Jamestown Ford. — Cornwallis and 
Wayne fought at Jamestown Ford July 
4, 1 78 1. Wayne was entrapped by strat- 
egy, but made a bold charge and escaped 
being aided by Lafayette. 

King's 3Ionntain, S. C, October 
7, 17S0. — Gen. Ferguson, commanding a 
British and tory army, was defeated and 
slain by a patriot force of 900 backwoods- 
men. The British lost 1,108 killed and 
prisoners and 1,500 stand of arms. The 
Americans lost 88. Thev hanged 10 to- 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



49 



ries. This battle turned the tide in favor 
of the Colonists in the Carolinas, and 
Cornwallis had to retreat. 

Lexington. — A battle occurred here 
Apr. 19,1775. Gen. Gage sent 800 British 
troops to destroy military stores at Con- 
cord. At Lexington they encountered 
about 70 militia under Captain Isaac Par- 
ker. Major Pitcairn, the British com- 
mander, rode forward shouting, "Dis- 
perse, ye rebels!" and fired his pistol, 
which was followed by a volley from his 
troops, killing 8 and wounding 10 Ameri- 
cans. The British pushed on to Concord 
and destroyed the stores. The "Minute 
Men" gathered and harassed the inva- 
ders by a constant fire from behind stone 
walls, buildings, &c. , so that they lost 
280 men during their retreat of 16 miles. 
The American loss was 95. 

Long Island. — An engagement oc- 
curred here August 27, 1776. The Brit- 



quently dismissed for treachery. The 
British continued their march to New 
York, but one thousand deserted on the 
way. 

Neirjtorf, It. I. — Near this place oc- 
curred a battle August 29th, 1778. The 
Americans under General Sullivan were 
attacked by the British. Gen. Greene, 
commanding Sullivan's right, defeated 
his opponents with a loss of 260, his own 
loss being 200. At other points the Am- 
ericans suffered defeat. 

Ball wen/ Miver.— Repulse of Gen- 
eral Knyphausen, on Rahway river, near 
Springfield, N. J., June 23, 1780. With 
5,000 troops he had started for a raid into 
New Jersey. General Greene drove him 
back with severe losses. The wadding 
giving out Rev. James Caldwell supplied 
the Americans with hymn-books from 
the Presbyterian church. Said he, "Now, 
boys, put Watts into them." 



Harrisburg, Pa — Continued. 



Merchant Tailors. 

Schmidt, John, 211 Chesnut St. 

Music Teachers. 

H . H . RICH. 

Director of ISIusic. 
VOCAL INSTRUCTION A SPECIALTY. 

Choir and Concert Training;. 

Music Studio 6 IT. Market Square, Harrisburg, Fa. 



Oysters, Fruits and Confectionery. 

W. L^ KN I E R . 

Dealer in Oysters. Foreign and Domestic Fruits, 
Confectionery, Cigars and Tobacco, and Merchant's 
Restaurant. 

1307 Tliiril Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 

Orr, John, 623 N. Second St. 

W . RUS S & CO , 

Wholesale & Retail Dealers in 
OYSTERS. FISH, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, Etc. 
' GAME IN SEASON. 
43 N. Third Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 



Opticians. 



DANIEL H. COOVER. 

Superior Spectacles and Eye Glasses adjusted 
Free of Charge at the Spectacle Bazar. Satisfaction 
Guaranteed. 

317 Market Street. Harrisbnrs. Pa. 



Pattern and Model Makers. 
BUILDERS' MILL, 

THOMAS O. BERING, Proprietor. 

CARVING, TURNING, SCROLL SAWING, 

PATTERN AND MODEL MAKER, 

II 1.5 Montsomery St., Harrishura;, Pa. 



ish under Gen. CHnton, landed and ad- 
vanced before daylight upon the patriot 
army, who were "defeated, losing 2,000, 
half of whom were prisoners, including 
^Gens. Sullivan and Stirling. The British 
loss was about 400. 

Monk's Corners, S.C. — Gen. Huger 
Avas defeated here April 14, 1780, by Tar- 
leton's British cavalry. Two regiments 
were cut to pieces. 

Monmouth. — Washington pursued 
and overtook the British army at Mon- 
mouth, and fought a battle, June 28th, 
1778. It was Sunday and the thermome- 
ter stood 96° in the shade. Gen. Charles 
Lee began the attack, but was repulsed. 
Gen. Washington stopped the flight and 
continued the battle until dark. The 
•American loss was 362; the British 355. 
Gen. Lee was court-martialed for cow- 
ardice and insolence to Washington. He 
was suspended for one year, and subse- 



StiJhcafer. October 7, 1777.— Gen'l 
Arnold fought'this battle in disobedience 
to Gen. Gates, who sent a messenger to 
recall him as he entered the field, but 
Arnold contrived to elude hira until the 
battle was won. The British fought des- 
perately, but were driven at all points. 
Major J. A. Ackland, one of Burgoyne's 
officers, was wounded and made a pris- 
oner. His wife was permitted to attend 
liim. They subsequentlj' returned to 
England impressed with respect for the 
American cause. He was killed after- 
ward by Lieut. Lloyd, in a duel. Lloyd 
aspersed the American character, which 
Ackland hotly defended. 

Stone Fcrvjf.S. C. — An engagement 
occurred here June 20, 1779, between a 
British guard to the ferry and General 
Lincoln's force. The loss was about 300 
on each side. 

Strategy of Washington* — On Jan. 



50 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



3> i777i Cornwallis attempted retaliation 
for the British loss at Trenton. With a 
fine army 7,000 strong he penned the 
American force between the Delaware 
river and Assanpink creek. The mud 
\vas so deep that flight seemed impossi- 
ble. Early in the night a freezing wind 
made it solid. Leaving pickets to build 
fires, Washington silently marched to 
Princeton, where he encountered three 
British regiments, fought and defeated 
them, inflicting a loss of about 300. The 
sound of his cannon was the first intima- 
tion Cornwallis had that he was outgen- 
eralled. These exploits added to Wash- 
ington's fame. Frederick the Great de- 
clared them unexcelled. The Americans 
took fresh courage and organized armed 
bands, who constantly harrassed the in- 
vaders. 

Trenton. — The battle of Trenton was 
fought Dec. 26, 1776, Washington had 



assisted by a crowd of citizens, led by 
Isaac Sears. The English war vessel 
"Asia" sent some sailorsashore to resist 
the removal and fired upon the battery. 
One sailor was killed and others wound-: 
ed. The cannon were wanted for the de- 
fence of the Hudson. 

RAIDS, INVASIONS, ETC., DURING THE 
REVOLUTION. 

Gen. Gaffe ordered the Queen's 
Guard, of 100 men, under Capt. Bal- 
four, to Marshfield, Mass., Jan. 23, 1775, 
to protect a "Loyal Association" against 
the patriots. The "Guard" was there 
until April 18. Capt. Belfour visited Ply- 
mouth intending its future occupation, 
but public feeling was so great he con- 
cluded not to risk it. 

Raid on Islands in Boston Har- 1 
hor. May 27, 1775. An all-day fight oc- 
curred on Hog and Noddle islands. 70 



Harrislsurg, "£9..— Continued. 
Pianos and Organs. 



Publishers. 



J. H. KURZENKNABE k SONS, 

DEALERS IN 

PIANOS, ORGANS, SHEET MUSIC, 

Ard All Kinds of Musical Merchandise. 
No. 1302 North Third St., Harrisburg, Pa. 

Largest Discount to Teachers. 



THE PENNSYLVANIA PUBLISHING CO. 

Office 103 N. Second St.. Hanisburg:, Pa. 

Agents Wanted for our Choicest. Books, Bibles 
and Albums. 

Rail Eoad Employees. 

Casner, E. L.. 435 Walnut St. 



STARR ORGAN CO., 

JAMES H.SMITH, - - Manager. 
KEP.^IKING & TUNING SPECIALTIES. 

1115 Montgomery St., Harrislmrg, Pa. 



Heal Estate and Insurance .Agents. 

Golden, W. A., 7 K ThirdfSt. 

J. M. KREITER, 

GENERAL 

BUSINESS and KEAL ESTATE AGENT, 

No. 25 N.ISecond St., Harrisburg, Pa. 



retreated across the Delaware with all 
the boats he could find. On a cold stormy 
night he recrossed and surprised the en- 
emy. After a short, sharp fight he cap- 
tured 1,000 Hessians, 1,200 small arms, 6 
cannon and all the standards. James 
Monroe, afterward President of the U. S. 
was slightly injured in this attack, and 
two soldiers received slight wounds. 

WaaJuiu, Creek, S. C— May 29, 1780, 
Col. Buford's Virginia regiment was mer- 
cilessly cut to pieces by Tarleton's Brit- 
ish Cavalry. Andrew Jackson, then 13 
years old, was made prisoner. 

WJtite Plains, Oct. 38, 1776, an at- 
tempt of the British to surround the 
American camp, brought on a battle in 
which they lost 229 and the Americans 
100. 

Cannon at the Sattery, in New 
York was successfully removed in 1775, 
by a military company under Capt. Lamb, 



British were killed and wounded, and 4 
Americans slightly wounded. The Am- 
ericans captured 12 swivels, 4 four pound 
cannon, some sheep and other supplies. 

Benedict Arnold's E;r2>edition 
against Canada, across the wilderness of 
Maine, began Sept. 13, 1775. The force 
consisted of 1,100 men. On Oct. 3 they 
left the last white settlements at Norrid- 
gewock, and were six weeks in reaching 
the St. Lawrence; and, after terrible pri- 
vations, Arnold's fierce determination 
carried it through. Arnold returned with, 
his troops and crossed the St. Lawrence 
Nov. 13, 1775. Climbing to the plains of 
Abraham, he demanded the surrender 
of Quebec unsuccessfully. 

Monff/omerf/ and Arnold joineil 
forces near Quebec Dec. 3, 1775. The 
two armies numbered less than 1,000. 
With this combined force they assaulted 
Quebec Dec. 31, 1775. The troops were 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



51 



equally divided, and were to approach 
from opposite directions, and together 
assault the town. Montgomery was killed 
and Arnold wounded at the outset. Mor- 
gan took command, but after several 
hours hard fighting surrendered with 400 
men. This virtually ended the attempted 
conquest of Canada. 

Norfolk Burned by British troops 
under Governor Dunmore January i, 
1776. Its population was 6,000. The 
loss was |i, 500, 000. 

Gen. Howe Arrived at Sandy 
Hook, New York, July i, 1776, where 
he was joined by Admiral Howe, from 
England. Their united force was 32,000 
men in over 400 vessels. 

Stony Point Stormed.— ]u\y 16, 
1776, General Anthony Wayne, with an 
American detachment, surprised and 
captured this fort at midnight. Five 
hundred and forty-three prisoners were 


one hundred and the British three hun- 
dred men. 

Sagg Harbor Maided by Col. R. J. 
Meigs, with 170 men. May 23, 1777. He 
crossed from Guilford, Conn., and in 25 
hours burned the British shipping and 
supplies, and captured 90 tories without 
losing a man. 

Burgoyiie's Invasion of New 
York. — June 20, 1777, a splendid British 
army of 8, 000 men with 40 pieces of artil- 
lery, left Canada to unite with Howe's 
army on the Hudson river. 

Gen . Prescott Made Prisoner July 
20, 1777. He commanded the British in 
Rhode Island. Lieut. Col. William Bar- 
ton of Providence, with a few men, cap 
tured him at his headquarters. A strong 
negro butt in his bed-room door with his 
head. Prescott was afterward exchanged 
for Gen. Charles Lee. Barton received 
a sword, a colonel's commission and a 


1 

Harrisburg, Pa. — J^ea/ Estate and Insur- \ 
a nee Agents Continued. 


Sewing Machines. 

Rice, Geo. H., 319 Market St. 

Stoves, Heaters and Banges. 

FACER & MAEYER, 

Dealers in Furnaces, Ranges and Stoves, Tin and 
Sheet-Iron Ware Manufacturers, Galvanized Iron 
Cornices, Brackets, Windovi' Caps, etc. Metallic 
Roofing a Specialty. 

108 Market St., Harrisburg, Pa. 

Tin and Sheet Iron Workers. 

Keepers, Stephen, 331 Cumberland St. 

Tobacco and Cigars. 

Bricker, J. K., 1226 N. Third St. 
Lutz, John S. 812 Market St. 


JOHN JORDAN, Supt. 

PEODENTUL INSURANCE 00MPAN7 OF AMEEICA. 

Home Office Newark, N. J. Branch Office Room 19, 

Trust Building, Harrisburg, Pa. 


Sanitary Plumbers and Gas Fitters. 

Kramer, John A., 912 N. Third St, 


W. I . POOL E , 

SANITARY PLUMBER AND GAS FITTER. 

DEALER IN 

Globes, Shades and Gas Fi.vtures, 
118 s, segaad St., BatrsiibuEg, Pa. 


Wykoflf, Wm., 209 N. Second St. 

1 


1 taken. The Americans lost 15 killed and 
83 wounded. The cannon and stores 
were removed and the post abandoned. 

Capture of Gen. Charles Lee, Dec. 
13, 1776, at Baskingridge, by a small 
British party. Lee was repeatedly or- 
dered by Washington to bring up his 
troops, but he lingered in the rear. 
Thereafter he ceased to aid the patriots 
efficiently. 

Winter Quarters were selected by 
both armies Jan. 6, 1777, Washington at 
Morristown, N. J., and Cornwallis at 
Brunswick. 

Connecticut Raided by Ex-Gov. 
Tryonof New York, April 25, 1777, at the 
head of 2,000 British and tories, destroyed 
1,600 tents and a large quantity of stores 
at Danbury. They were bravely resisted 
by the Americans under Sullivan, Arnold 
and Wooster. Wooster was killed and 
Arnold wounded. The Americans lost 


grant of land in Vermont from Congress. 

Cornivallis Sailed from Netv 
York for the South with 18,000 men July 
23, 1777. Destination unknown, but it 
proved to be Philadelphia via Delaware 
river. 

Paoli Massacre. — Sept. 20, 1777, 
Gen. Wayne attempted to surprise Gen. 
Howe, but being betrayed by tories, was 
himself surpised and lost 300 men, the 
British losing only 7. 

Howe's Strategy.— Dec. 4, 1777, he 
left Philadelphia in an attempt to draw 
Washington into battle, but he was fore- 
warned by Lydia Darrah, at whose house 
Howe arranged his plan, and the scheme 
failed. 

Valley Forge.— Dec. 11, 1777, Wash- 
ington's army went into Winter quarters 
here. Many soldiers were barefooted, and 
but little straw could be obtained for 
their huts. Their sufferings were ex- 



52 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



treme. Howe luxuriated in Philadelphia, 
and Franklin said, "Howe did not take 
Philadelphia, so much as Philadelphia 
took Howe." 

If't/oni ht(/ Valley 3Iassftcrf'.—]u\y 
3, 177S, Col. John Butler, with 1,000 tories 
and Indians cruelly murdered the de- 
fenceless inhabitants of this Pennsylvania 
valley, the able-bodied men being in the 
patriot army. 

Suffolk Co., Virahiia was raided 

May 9, 1779, by 2,500 British tro jps. They 
captured 3,000 hogsheads of tobacco, 
burned over 100 vessels, and devastated 
the region. The damage caused amoun- 
ted to over $2,000,000. 

Tpi/oh Again Baided Connecticut 
July 5, 1779. He destroyed New Haven, 
East Haven, Fairfield and Norwalk. 

Major Henrif Lee. Aug. 19, 1779, 
with an American force, got into the fort 


service, and was made a iSIajor General 
of the American army. 

Col. Williams 0/ Ninety-Si.r, rout- 
ed a British Garrison of 500 men at Mus- 
grove's Mills, S. C, Aug. iS, 17S0. 

Gen. Marion Surprised the Brit- 
ish guard at Nelson's ferry, on the Santee 
River, Aug. 20, 17S0, and recaptured 150 
prisoners taken at Camden. 

Virginia Baided.— Benedict Arnold 
and Cornwallis, with a British force, 
raided Virginia Jan. 2, 1781, destroying 
|;i5, 000,000 in property and carrying off 
30,000 slaves. 

Xew London. Conn.. Burned, on 
Sept 6, 1781, by Benedict Arnold, with a 
British force. He also captured Fort 
Griswold and massacred the garrison in 
cold blood, after its surrender. 

Last blood shed in the Berolu- 
fion. Sept. 1782, at Somes Ferry, where 
Capt. Wilmot was killed. 


Harrisburg, "2^,.— Continued. 

Undertaker and Funeral Director. 

Hawkins, J. D., 1319 K Third St. 


SAMUEL W. FITZGERALD, 

Watches, Clocks, Jewelry, Silver and Plated Ware. 
Repairing of Fine Work a Specialty. A Fine Line of 
Fishing Tackle. 

«38 Broad Street, Harrisburg;, Pa. 


Kline, Wm., Agt., 413 IMarket St. 

Wines and Liquors. 

Fromm, Joseph G., Race Cor. Hanna Sts. 


Upholsters and Cabinet Makers. 

Griest, Frank, 140 South Second St. 


Watchmakers and Jewelers. 


HENRY FINK'S 

KEYSTONE BREWERY, 

POITEI. All @ LAGEl BEEl. 

1 312-318 Forster St., Harrisburg, Pa. 


CHAS. A. BOAS, 

DEAI.EK IN 

Diamonds, Watches, Jevslr; and Sihervare, 

No. 7 Market Square, Harrisburg. Pa. 


Winters, Geo., 109 South Second St. 


at Paulus Hook, (now Jersey City) N. J., 
through mistake of the sentinel, and cap- 
tured 159 of the garrison. 

Wyominq and Cherry Valley 
Areuf/ed Aug. 29, 1779. Generals Sul- 
livan and Clinton fought the Indians of 
Western New York at Chemung, now 
Elmira. They whipped 800 tories and 
Indians, and burned numerous villages 
and stores, scattering their inhabitants. 
The Indians received a terrible retribu- 
tion. 

Washington at Morristown, N. J. 
in Winter quarters in 1779. The winter 
was one of the coldest of the century, and 
the troops suffered more than at Valley 
Forge. 

liaron John DeKalh was mortally 
wounded at the Battle of Camden, Aug. 
16, 1780. He was born in Alsace, June 
29, 1721. He had been in the French 


NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS, ETC., OF THE 
REVOLUTION. 

The "Gaspee" burnt June 10, 

1772.— She was an 8 gun Briti.sh Schoo- 
ner, under Lieut. Wm. Duddingston,sent 
into Narragansett Bay to prevent smug- 
gling. Sixty-four Providence men board- 
ed and burned her at night. Lieut. Dud- ' 
dingston was wounded by the only shot 
fired. The plot originated with John 
Brown, a Providence merchant. The 
British government offered /i,ooo for 
the leader, but could obtain no evidence 
against him, although the actors were 
well known in Providence. In 1775, Sir 
James Wallace blockaded Narragansett 
Bay and wrote to the then known leader 
as follows : "You, Abraham Whipple, on 
the loth of June, 1772, burned his Majes- 
ty's vessel, the Gaspee, and I will hang 
you at the -lard arm. James Wallace." 
To which was replied, "Sir, always catch 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



53 



a man before you hang him. Abraham 
Whipple," 

First Naval Victor ff for Americans 
was won in May, 1775. A bold company 
from New Bedford and Dartmouth, Mass. 
sailed in a small vessel and retook a ves- 
sel from the British sloop Falcon ; also 
15 prisoners. 

Schooner ^'Margaretta"' was cap- 
tured June II, 1775, by some young Maine 
lumbermen headed by Jeremiah O'Brien. 
Loss of 20 killed and wounded. 

Naval Commfsston. — The first one 
was issued by Washington to Nicholas 
Br- ^ghton, of Marblehead, Mass., Sept. 
' ^775> with orders to cruise upon the 
rflfgh seas in the Schooner "Hannah.'' 

United States Navij. — Congress on 
Oct. 13, 1775, voted to fit out two vessels, 
one with 10, another with 14 guns, to cap- 
ture British supply vessels. Within the 
month two more were authorized, and a 



over 200 killed and wounded. The Ame- 
ricans lost 10 killed and 29 wounded. 

Naval Battle on Lahe Clunn- 
plain, between Benedict Arnold and 
Gen. Carleton of Canada, Oct. 11, 1776. 
This was a desperately contested fight, 
in which Arnold lost all his vessels and 
part of his crew. By running his own 
vessel ashore he escaped with most of 
his force. 

Capture of the Hancoch.—A 32 gun 
vessel under Capt. Manley, was captured 
June I, 1777, by the British 44 gun frigate 
Rainbow The Boston, of 24 guns, com- 
manded by Capt. Hector McNeil, was in 
company of the Hancock, but before the 
action she sailed off. Both were subse- 
quently courtmartialed. Manley wAs ac- 
quitted and McNeill dismissed the ser- 
vice. 

Disastrous Naval Enf/af/ement, 
occurred March 7, 1778, between the 



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FLE.A-SE SElSriD FOTl I>mCE LIST. 



ISAAC TYLER & SON, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Pumps, Hjdrants, Wood Water Pipes, 

SILOFE I^OILLEIIS, 
Baltimore Street <>pi)osite L. ami S. Repot, 

WILKESBARRE, PA. 



G. A. EDWARDS, T. PARKER, G. S. KIPPARD. 

Wilkesbarre Iron Fence and Screen Mf^ Co, 

«<; Xorth (Unial Strrof, If llh'-.shnrrc. Pa. 

Makers of all kinds of Iron Fences, Fire Escapes, 
Counter Railings and Window Guards. Also Iron 
Wire Coal Screens and Edward Pakut Wrought Iron 
Coal Screens. 



"Marine Committee" was appointed to 
execute the orders. 

Capt, jyianlej/, commanding a 4 gun 
vessel commissioned by Washington, 
captured a British supply ship in Nov. 
1775. There were 2,000 muskets, 100,000 
flints, 30,000 round shot, 30 tons musket 
balls, II mortar beds, a 13-inch brass 
mortar, and other stores, all of which 
were sent to the American forces besieg- 
ing Boston. 

JEsek Ilopkins. of Rhode Island, was 
made commander-in-chief of the Navy 
Dec. 22, 1775. 

Battle in Charleston, S. C, Har- 
bor. June 28, 1776. The fort, now Fort 
Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island, garrisoned 
by 400 men under Col. Moultrie, was at- 
tacked by the combined fleets of Sir 
Henry Clinton and Admiral Sir Peter 
Parker. It was so gallantly defended that 
the shattered fleet departed, after losing 



"Randolph," an American, and tne 
"Yarmouth," an English vessel. The 
"Randolph's" magazine exploded, kill- 
ing all her crew of 315 men but 4. 

J^aul Jones' Great Naval Vic- 
tory, Sept. 23, 1779, over the Serapis 
and Scarborough, two English men-of- 
war in charge of a fleet of merchantmen. 
Commodore Jones had 5 vessels, one of 
which, the Bon Homme Richard, of 42 
guns, he commanded in person, and 
fought the Serapis, of 50 guns, at close 
quarters, lashed side by side. During the 
dreadful conflict Com. Pearson cried out 
to Jones, "Has your ship struck," who 
replied, "I hav'nt begun to fight yet." 
At last Pearson surrendered. During the 
fight one of Jones' own vessels, the Alli- 
ance, Capt. Landais, fired a broadside 
into the stern of the Bon Homme Rich- 
ard. The Scarborough surrendered to 
the Pallas, Capt. Cottineau. Com. Pear- 



54 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



son was knighted for his bravery. Com. 
Jone.s remarked, "Well, he deserved it, 
and if I meet him again I will make a lord 
of him." 

SURKKXDERS, CAPTURES, ETC., DIRINC, 
THE REVOLUTION — ALPHABETICALLV 
ARRANGED. 

Etii a II Alien , \v\th a small force, was 
captured near Montreal October, 1775. 
He was sent to England in chains and 
closely confined for three years. Was 
finally exchanged. 

AtiffKsta, 0(i,, takenjune 5, 1781, by 
Americans under Lee and Pickens. 

Boston Besieffed. April 20, 1775, by 
tiiC "'INIinute Men," who poured in and 
immediately invested the city. The 
news of the battle of Lexington swept 
through New England like wild fire and 
twenty thousand men were soon in the 
intrenchments. Israel Putnam, of Con- 



goyne surrendered to Gates 5,791 troops, 
1,856 prisoners, 42 brass cannon, 4,600 
muskets and other supples. The British 
were to leave the country and not again 
engage in war against the Americans. 
Burgoyne was humorously known as 
"Elbow Room." When entering Bos- 
ton harbor in 1775, a packet was met 
coming out. Burgoyne inquired the 
news. Being told that Boston was sur- 
rounded by 10, GOO country people, and 
there were 5,000 regulars in the city, he 
exclaimed: "What! 10,000 peasants keep 
5,000 King's troops shut up! Let us get 
in and we'll soon find elbow room!" 
After his surrender he was conveyed to 
Boston. As he stepped off the Charles- 
ton ferry boat an old lady perched upon 
a shed above the crowd called out in a 



wav 



shrill voice: "Make way! Make 
Give the General elbow room!''' 
Camden Evacuated by the Brit- 



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HOXJSE 



RICHARD C. CLYDE, 

PRINTER and STA.TIO]SrER, 

DEALER IN 

TOBACCO, CIGARS, TOYS, &e. 

168 WEST NORRIS STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



necticut, left his plow in the field and 
rode one hundred miles in eighteen 
hours. John Stark, of New Hampshire, 
shut down his saw mill and started for 
Boston in his shirt sleeves. 

Baylov's American, LiffJtt-Jiorse 
were surprised asleep in barns in New 
Jersey, the night of August 30, 177S, and 
were bayoneted without mercy by Brit- 
ish troops under General Grey. 

Boston, JSi-acuated. Mcivch 17, 1776. 
General Howe, with the whole British 
army, accompanied by 1,100 loyalists, 
sailed for Halifa.x. Several vessels were 
captured by American privateers. Gen. 
Washington made a triumphant entry 
into Boston the day of the evacuation. 
Congress voted him thanks and a gold 
medal — the first one in America. 

Bui'f/oi/ne's Surrender. — October 
I7> 1777. finding it equally impossible to 
join Howe and to safely retreat, Bur 



ish, May 10, 1781. Nelson's Ferry, Fort 
Motte and Orangeburg surrendered to 
the Americans immediately afterward. 

Charleston, S. C, was surrendered 
I\Iay 12, 17S0, by General Lincoln to a 
British land and naval force under Gens. 
Clinton and Cornwallis, after a forty 
days siege. The city was given up to 
plunder. Tlie British evacuated Charles- 
ton December 14, 1782. 

CJterrif la/tet/, X. Y.. JTassacre. 
A band of Tories under Walter N. But- 
ler, and Indians under Brant, devastated 
the valley with fire and scalping-knife on 
November 10, 1778. 

Fortfi Fort, in AVyoming Valley, 
was taken July 4, 1778, by the British 
under Col. John Butler. The entire re- 
gion was burned and desolated. 

Fort Galniu, Ga., surrendered to 
Americans, May 21, 1781. 

Fort Lee evacuated by Gen. Greene, 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



55 



Nov. 20, 1776, because the British began 
to cross the Hudson. Then began the 
famous retreat through New Jersey, in 
which the British were constantly on the 
heels of the Americans. 

Fort JJ'afilihtgf oil .Harlem Heights, 
was captured by the British November 
16, 1776. They lost 1,000 men. The 
Americans 100 killed and wounded and 
2,500 prisoners, many of whom were 
confined in loathsome prison ships. The 
British were aided in taking Fort Wash- 
ington by a letter from Wm. Demont, a 
traitor in the American army. 

Fort Watson, at Wright's Bluff, S. 
C, was captured from the British April 
26, 1781, by Gens. Marion and Lee. 

Long Island Evacuated. — August 
29, 1776, Long Island was evacuated by 
General Washington and his troops at 
midnight under cover of a heavy fog. 

Montreal was Taken November 



who fled July 19, r7Si, on the approach 
of Lord Rawdon, but turned and offered 
battle, which Rawdon refused. Greene 
captured 48 British dragoons. 

Fensarola, Florf<l<( . captured May 
9, 1781, from the British by the Span- 
iards. 

PJiiladelphia Occupied by the 
British under General Howe September 
26, 1777, and was evacuated by the Brit- 
ish June 18, 1778. Under orders from 
England the entire army, 14,000 strong, 
started across New Jersey. 

Siege of Quebec liaised I\Iay i, 
1776, on account of the approach of a 
British fleet. Upon their retreat the 
Americans attempted to take Three Riv- 
ers, but lost 225 of their little army. 
They reached Crown Point in June with 
a British force at their heels. 

Rhode Island Evacuated by Geii. 
Sullivan Aug. 30, 1778. The British then 



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Special Attention Given to Construction of Buildings, 

707 kast Twelkxh street. 



Letter Press. 



C'OXKLIX BliOTHEBS. 



1118 CHRISTIAN STREET, 
' PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



W. C. CALLAND, 

Printer and Stationer, 

No. 932 Gray's Ferry Road, 

J^HIT.ADELI'HIA, PA. 



13. 1775' by General Richard Montgom- 
ery, and Colonel Robert Prescott and the 
garrison, with a large quantity of sup- 
plies, were captured. 

New Jersey Evacnafed, June 30, 
1777. General Howe failing to entrap 
Washington, evacuated New Jersey and 
crossed to Staten Island with his army. 

Xeir York Occupied by thj British 
September 15, 1776. While the British 
army was crossing to New York at Kip's 
bay, the Americans under Putnam hurri- 
edly retired along the North river to 
Harlem Heights. Gen. Howe stopped to 
lunch with Mrs. Murray, on Murray Hill, 
who entertained him so delightfully that 
he failed to observe the Americans 
marching by within a short distance. — 
New York was evacuated by the British 
November 25, 1783. It was their last 
foothold in the United States. 

Xinety-Six was besieged by Greene, 



ravaged the coast, including Martha's 
Vineyard, New Bedford and Fair Haven, 

Savannah, Georgia .captured Dec. 
29, 1778, by British under Lieut. Colonel 
Campbell, who lost 24 men. The Am- 
ericans lost half their troops, baggage 
and guns. 

Savannah, Ga.. Surrendered, on 
October 9, 1779, to the Americans under 
General Lincoln, and the French fleet 
under Count d' Estaing. It had with- 
stood a siege of several weeks, but suc- 
cumbed to a bloody assault in which the 
Americans lost 400 and the French 600. 
Count Pulaski was also killed. 

Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by 
the British, July 11, 1782. 

St. John's, Canada, commanded by 
Maj. Preston, Nov. 2, 1775, surrendered 
to 1,000 Americans imder Gen. Richard 
Montgomery. Valuable military stores 
and 600 prisoners were taken. 



56 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



Ticoiulerofia Captured on May lo, 

1775, by Ethan Allen and Benedict Ar- 
nold, with 83 men. Allen demanded the 
surrender of the fort "in the name of the 
Great Jehovah and the Continental Con- 
sjress." Over 100 cannon were taken, 
some of which were hauled on ox-sleds 
to aid in the siege of Boston. 

i'inceinkes, IikIhihh, was surren- 
dered and recaptured December, 1778. 
The British Governor at Detroit, with a 
force of 500 whites and Indians, marched 
against Vincennes. Approaching the 
fort thev were halted by Captain Helm, 
who stood in the open gate prepared to 
discharge a loaded cannon. Governor 
Hamilton demanded the surrender of 
the garrison. Captain Helm replied: 
"No' man shall enter here until I know 
the terms." Hamilton granted the hon- 
ors of war and drew np his army to re- 
ceive the garrison. They were astonished 



the news caused people to weep with 
delight, and the doorkeeper of Congress 
actually died from joy. In England Lord 
North was greatly agitated, and wildly 
exclaimed: "Oh, God, it is all over!" 
The House of Commons voted that 
"whoever advised a continuance of the 
war was a public enemy." The war was 
virtually ended. 

INCIDENTS OF THE REVOLUTION. 

JJhert]f Hell was imported in 1752 
from England. It was cracked shortly 
after its arrival and was recast in Phila- 
delphia and the inscription "Proclaim 
liberty throughout all the land, unto all 
the inhabitants thereof. Lev. xxv, 10," 
was then cast thereon. When Henry 
Clay visited Philadelphia it was again 
cracked by violent ringing. 

T>P('laration of Jml ependeu re . — 
This important document was foreshad- 



IMPORTER AND DEALER IN 

FIIE WIIES Ali LIQUOIS. 

Also VitK' OUl It'll ish-it:s mill I'iijiir.s, 

S. £. Ccr. Ersad and South Sts.. Philadelphia. 

Baltimore and Woodland Aves., West Philadelphia. 

N. B. — Fine Bottled Wines and Liquors for Medici- 
nal and Family use a Specialty. 

J AME S MILLER'S 

Fu[nitufe i Dndertakiog [stablisliment, 

Hector Street Above Poplar, 

CONSHOHOCKEN, PA. 

We mean to sell and have fixed prices to Suit 
purchasers. 



M. Mcdonald, 

KNIGHTS OF LABOR 

And dealer in Cigars and Tobacco, Pipes. &c. 
Blue Seal Cigars a Specialty. 

3664 KENSINGTON AVENUE, 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



FRANK H. SMITH. 



SALOON 



No. 144 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 



to see Captain Helm and one private 
march out of the fort, they being the 
only troops in the place. Colonel Clark 
now being separated from the East took 
immediate steps to recapture Vincennes 
before the British could reinforce it in 
the spring. Raising a force, on February 
5 he began his march across the country, 
which was flooded, and his men were in 
frequent danger of drowning. He finally 
reached and besieged the fort, which 
surrendered in a few days. Col. Clark 
thereby saved the Western country to 
the United States, which would have 
been lost but for his remarkable energy. 

Yorkfoivn. V<i., Hesief/ed. — Tlie 
siege began Sept. 30, 17S1, by the com- 
bined French and American forces. 

Yofhtotm, !'((. — Cornwallis surren- 
dered Yorktown, October 19, 17S1, with 
12,000 prisoners, 8,000 muskets, 235 can- 
non and 2S standards. At Philadelphia 



owed in 1773, at a convention held at 
Mendon, Worcester county, Mass. Reso- 
lutions were passed including statements 
"that all men have an equal right to life, 
liberty and property; that ell just and 
lawful government must originate in the ; 
free consent of the people; that a right \ 
to liberty and property, which are natu- 
ral means of self-preservation, is abso- 
lutely inalienable, andean never lawfully 
be given up by ourselves, or taken from 
us by others." 

Ur. Adams, a. tory, of Arlington, N. 
Y., who gave offense to the patriots in 
1774, was tied and exposed upon "Land- 
lord Fay's sign-post, upon which was 
fixed a dead catamount." 

Patriotic CarjteHters, who were 
employed on soldiers' barracks by Gov- 
ernor Gage, (juit work on September 26, 
1774, and no other carpenters in Boston 
would build them. After a long time he 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



57 



got some from New York. Merchants 
refused the trade of soldiers. 

*' Yankee Doodle'' was introduced 
or composed in America in 1775. Its 
origin is obscure. The verses were com- 
posed in derision of the Americans The 
tune was used in England in the reign of 
Charles I. 

The 3IecMenbiirfi Declaration of 
Independence was issued INIay 31, 1775, 
by a convention at Charlotte of the in- 
habitants of Mecklenburg county, N. C, 
chiefly Presbyterians of Scotch-Irish de- 
scent, in which they asserted that their 
loyalty to the King was ended. 

General Gage, in an insolent procla- 
mation, June 12, 1775, offered pardon to 
all rebels who would lay down their 
arms, except Samuel Adams and John 
Hancock. 

Continental Currency amounting 



army at Cambridge by Washington, on 
Jan. 2, 1776. 

British Theatre in Boston was sup- 
ported by the officers and troops during 
their occupation. On the evening of 
January 8, 1776, the " Blockade of Bos- 
ton " was being performed. Washino-- 
ton was caricatured by an actor with a 
large wig and a long, rusty sword, and 
was attended by a rustic with a rusty 
gun. Suddenly a sergeant cried out: 
"The Yankees are attacking our works 
on Bunker Hill." It was a false alarm, 
but Gen. Howe ordered his officers to 
their duty, and the audience was thor- 
oughly frightened. 

Hessian Troops sailed from Eng- 
land to America April, 1776. England 
had vainly applied to Holland, Russia 
and Prussia for aid, but finally succeeded 
in purchasing seventeen thousand Hes- 
sians of some of the small German prov 



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BURLINGTON, 



Established 1864. 

WILLIAM R. BISHOP, 



DEALER IN 



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to $2,000,000, was voted by Congress on 
June 22, 1775. Paul Revere, of Boston, 
erigraved the notes on copper. 

FaUnouth, now Portland, Maine, was 
burned October 16, 1775. Thomas Coul- 
son, a tory, imported sails and rigging 
in defiance of a law of the "Merchants' 
Association." It was ordered reshipped. 
Coulson refused and procured the aid of 
a British force under Captain Mowatt, 
which burned the town. 

First Traitor. — Dr. Benj. Church, a 
supposed patriot and a member of the 
"Provincial Congress," was tried Oct'r 
27, 1775, and expelled and imprisoned 
for communicating with the enemy. Re- 
leased on parole in May following, he 
sailed for the West Indies and was never 
afterward heard from. 

First Union Flag, composed of 13 
stripes, with the British "union" in the 
corner, was unfurled over the American 



inces at fc6 per head. They became no- 
torious for cruelty in Amerfca. 

Leaden Statue of George ill., in 
Bowling Green, N. Y., pulled down by 
excited citizens July 9, 1776. It was sent 
to the family of Gen. Wolcott, at Litch- 
field, Conn., whose daughters and friends 
moulded it into 42,000 bullets. 

Declaration of Independence was 
signed August 2, 1776, by 54 delegates. 
President John Hancock wrote his name 
first and said to the others: "We must 
be unanimous; we must all hang to- 
gether!" "Yes," rejoined Franklin, "or 
we shall all hang separately." 

Caj}t. Nathan Hale executed as a 
spy, September 22, 1776. Disguised as 
a farmer he entered the British camp, 
but was recognized by a tory. He died 
bravely, exclaiming: "I only regret I 
have but one life to give for my coun. 
try." 



5S 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



Mdvqnret f'ovhhi. — During the cap- 
ture of Fort Washington, Nov. i6, 1776, 
the husband of this woman was killed 

1 while she was aiding him to serve a gun. 
She immediately took his place without 
a murmur and continued with extra ex- 

j ertions. 

General Howe issued a proclama- 
tion of pardon. November 30, 1776, to 
all who would lay down their arms. A 
large numliertook the oath of allegiance 
to Great Britain. 

liobert Moi'i'is spent New Year's 
Day of 1777 in borrowing funds upon his 
own cretlit from liis Quaker friends to 
aid the revolutionary cause. He raised 
and sent $50,000 to Washington. With- 
out his aid the cause must have failed. 

Fi'eueh Aid amounting to 2,000,000 
livres was granted by the French govern- 

: ment to America in January, 1777. Per- 

: mission to purchase supplies was also 


Lafayette Arrived ]v\y 2)^,1777, ?^n^ 
tendered his services to Gen. Washing- 
ton without pay. His sympathy for Am- 
erican liberty had been aroused by the 
Declaration of Independence. He left 
France in a vessel purchased by himself, 
and accompanied by Baron De Kalband 
other officers, entered the American 
army. Congress commissioned him a 
Major-General. 

fTane 3IeCrea, murdered on July 27, 
1777, by two Indians, who were escort- 
ing her to her lover, a British officer. 

Depreciation of Federal Lionel/, 

January i, 177S, was so great that one 
dollar in gold was equal to seven or eight 
in paper. 

Baron Stenhen. of Russia, arrived 
at Valley Forge in February, 1778. He 
had served seven years under Frederick 
the Great. He was appointed Inspector 


THOMAS H. SPRAGUE, 

IBoots ^^ SliLoes, 

325 HIGH STREET, 

BURLINGTON- N. J. 

JOHN B. HORN, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 

PROVI S ION DEALER, 

Smoking, Curhg and Packing Estal3lishment. 
Front Street. Bridgeport, Pa. 


^ THE DAVID S. BROWN 

Coffee Hoise ani Mi\% Rooms 

OF THE 

^^^ w. c. T, u.^^; 

t'ofitrr Hiutsoit mill M'illitir Sfri-i-t.s. 

GLOUCESTER CITY, ^. J. 

1 


HARRY GILBERT, Jr. 

South St. Market, Phila. 

G-reen c3-rocer, 

Aud Dealer in all kinds of 

FRESH COUNTRY PRODUCE. 

Ki-sifhuii; U-Hi J'hii St. 


given. American independence was not, 
however, recognized. 

Spanish Aid. — 1,000,000 livres was 
secretly granted by Spain in 1777. 

Boiinff/ Jtunpers.— In Feb., 1777, 
Washington issued an order sentencing 
to death those who, having enlisted in 
one regiment and received the bounty 
allowedby Congress, shouldbe convicted 
of desertion and enlistment into others, 
recovering new bounties therefor. 

Exclmntje of l*risoners. — In April, 
1777, a correspondence occurred between 
Washington and General Howe. Early 
; in this year Howe had sent 3,000 into the 
American lines who were so disabled by 
confinement and maltreatment in prison- 
ships and crowded buildings that many 
died on their way home. Washington 
claimed that it was unjust to return an 
equal number of able-bodied men, and 
refused to do it. 


General of the army and brought it to a 
state of great efficiency. 

British Berelrj/ at Philadelphia. — 
May 18, 1778, on the' eve of Gen. Howe's 
departure for England a great peagent 
was given in his honor under the direc- 
tion of Major Andre. It was called "The 
Meschianza," and consisted of a regatta, 
a tournament, a ball and a banquet. 

Genl, Joseph Beed.'m June, 1778, 
was offered / 10,000 by the British peace 
commissioners if he would use his influ- 
ence for reconciliation His famous re- 
ply was: " I am not worth purchasing, 
but such as I am the King of England is 
not rich enough to buy me!" 

Midlie I'iirher assisted her husband 
in loading a cannon at the battle of Mon- 
mouth. June 28, 177S, until he was killed. 
Washington granted her a sergeant's 
commission and half pay for life. 

Gen. Fat nam's remarkable escape. 



REVOLUTIONARY AVAR. 



59 



April 26, 1779. Ex-Govcrnor Tryon was 
raiding Connecticut with 1,500 Britisii 
and Hessians. A small force of Ameri- 
cans had gathered at Greenw ich to resist 
them, but fled on their approach. The 
dragoons chased Putnam toward Stam- 
ford meeting-house, which stood on the 
brow of a steep hill. He dashed reck- 
lessly down a number of stone steps, 
which faced the declivity, and escaped. 
Tryon destroyed some property and re- 
turned to Kingbridge, followed by Put- 
nam and his men, who recovered some 
of the plunder and captured thirty-eight 
prisoners. 

Sfratageui of Col. White, near Sa- 
vannah, Ga., Oct. I, 1779. During the 
siege Capt. French, with some regulars, 
had charge of five British vessels on the 
Ogeechee, about 25 miles from Savan- 
nah. White, with 4 men, kindled numer- 
ous fires in the surrounding woods, and 



daughter, employed over 2,200 sewing 
w omen to work for the American troops 
in 1780. 

lioberf Mori'is, of Philadelphia, in 
June, 17S0, sent 3,000.000 rations to the 
American army, which was so destitute 
as to nearly break up its organization. 

Major AniU'e was condemned and 
executed as a spy October 7, 1780. Great 
efforts were made for his release, and 
Washington was at first censured in Eng- 
land for tlie sentence, but was afterward 
held justified by the laws of war. 

Geu. 3Iarioii was gaining frequent 
victories over the British, and in Novem- 
ber, 1780, he invited a British officer, 
who had come to negotiate an exchange 
of prisoners, to a dinner of sweet pota- 
toes. "Is this your ordinary fare?" ex- 
claimed the astonished Briton. "Yes," 
said Marion, "and we are fortunate in 
having more than usual to-day." Upon 



f 



BOOTS J^NJD SHOES 

AT 



The Largest Stock and Greatest Variety of Boots and Shoes in Mount Holly can 

be found at Parker's, 

MILL STREET, MOUNT HOLLY, N. J. 

J. T. SEVERNS, J. P. SEVERN'S, A. L. SEVERNS. 

J. T. SEVERNS & SONS. 

AND 

MANUFACTURERS OF MILL "WORK, 

:E3XJ:E=LILjI3SrC3-TOKr, 3sr. J". 



rode about giving orders to an imaginary 
army. He then demanded and obtained 
the surrender of the British, who thought 
they were surrendering to a large force. 
White started the prisoners off with a 
guard of 3 men, and raising a force of 
militia overtook the captives before they 
had gone far. 

P(fpc}' 3/0 ««'// depreciated in i7Soto 
$40 for ^i of specie. This was a bill for 
goods January, 17S1: i pair boots, fSoo; 
6 yards chintz, @ 1:150 per yard, $900; i 
skein thread, |io. 

Kaarij Harf, of Georgia, in 17S0, 
captured 6 tories who had ordered her 
to set dinner for them. When they were 
eating she seized one of their stacked 
guns and threatened to shoot the first 
one that stirred. Her little son ran for 
help and all were captured. 

3Irs. Sarah Bachc, Dr. Franklin's 



his return the officer resigned his com- 
inission, saying that "Such a people 
cannot and ought not to be subdued." 

Pine Log Cannon. — Col. Washing- 
ton in 1781, with a few light horse and a 
cannon made of a pine log, captured 
Col. Rudgeley and 112 tories in a barn. 

Mevolt of Penna. Tyoo^As. January 
I, 17S1, at Morristown, N. J. Thirteen 
hundred unp5»id and suffering troops 
marched to Princeton, accompanied by 
General Wayne, who had vainly tried to 
prevent them, and demanded redress of 
Congress. 

Pntifi/ Creif/ei', a messenger from 
Greene to Marion, was arrested July 19, 
1781, by tories, but swallowing Greene's 
letter, nothing was found on her, and 
she was j-eleased. 

Col. Isaac Hai/ne was hung with- 
out trial by Lord Rawdon, Aug. 4, 1781. 
He had taken the oath of allegiance to 



6o 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



England, conditioned upon tlie assurance 
that he would not be required to fight 
against his countrymen. Being ordered 
to do so he considered himself absolved 
from his oath, and raised a patriot force 
and was captured and executed without 
mercy. 

Mannhif/, one of "Light Horse Har- 
ry " Lee's troopers, at the Eutaw Springs 
fight, September 8. 1781, dashed reck- 
lessly after the retreating British and 
found himself alone amid the enemy. 
Snatching tiie sword of an officer and 
seizing him by the collar, he retreated, 
keeping the officer between himself and 
the foe. The frightened Briton began to 
enumerate his title. "I am Sir Henry 
Barry, Deputy Adjutant General, Cap- 
tain in the 52d Regiment, and — " "En- 
ough," said ^L^nning, "You are just the 
man I was looking for." 

French Fleet of 25 vessels, under 
Count de Grasse, arrived in Chesapeake 
Bay September 5, 17S1, and drove off the 
English rieet. 

French Aid. — In 17S1 Colonel John 
Laurens was sent by Congress to France 
and negotiated a ioan, obtaining also a 
subsidy of |i, 200,000. 

Hohert Morris helped the army 
tlirough its summer campaign in 17S1 by 
giving his notes for |i, 400, 000. 

A Tory Farsou was ducked at 



York, Pa., in 1776, by his indignant 
townsmen because he persisted in pray- 
ing for George IIL 

Xf(th<in, Coffin, was offered, by the 
commissioners from England to concili- 
ate a peace, in 1778, a position in the 
royal navy. He said: "Hang me. if you 
will, to the yard-arm of your ship, but 
do not ask me to become a traitor to 
my country." 

Citizen Gf'Wf'f. Minister from France, 
arrived in the United States April Sth, 
1793, 3"d began to fit out privateers to 
prey upon English commerce, and at- 
tempted to raise men and supplies for 
France, His conduct created great ex- 
citement, and at the request of the United 
States France recalled him. 

Bunker HUl Monument. — In De- 
cember 2, 1794, it was a plain wooden 
pillar 28 feet high on a brick pedestal, 
erected on the spot where Warren fell. 
In 1S25 it was presented to the "Bunker 
Hill Monument Association." 

Prifion -Sh ip Tictims.—In 1S08 the 
remains of 10,000 soldiers, who had per- 
ished on British prison-ships in New 
York harbor during the revolution, were 
dug out of the sa;-id on the shore and 
placed in a vault in Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Major Andre's Hem a ins were re- 
moved from the United States in 1S21 
and interred in Westminster Abbey. 



JOHN S. RUHLMAN, 

Wholesale «nd Retail Dealer in 

Pianos. Organs and Small Instruments. 

*<li«?et Music, ^lusic Books, Violin, Guitar and Banjo Strings, anil all Kinds of Musical 
Merchandise. Importer of Fine Music Boxes, 

36 East State Street, Under First National Bank, 

XREXTOJi, N. J. 

SEKTID FOI^ C.A.T-A.IjOG!-XJES. 



DR JOHN STULL, 



S. GASAWAY, 



DEALER IN 




COK. STATK AM> t HANCKY ST.S. 

Ti^Eisrxoisr, tvt. j-. 



COAL AND WOOD 



COAL OIL and HEAD LIGHT OIL, 



318 North Willow Street, Trenton, X. J. 



FREE DELIVERY OF .M.I. ORDERS. 



PEACE MEASURES OF THE REVOLUTION. 



61 



PEACE MEASURES OF THE REVOLUTION 

Itiflejtendeure of the United States 
announced by George III. in a speech to 
the House of Commons, Dec. 5, 1782. 

If'ffs/ihif/foii liesk/netJ his commis- 



sion to Congress December 23, 17S3, and 
refused any compensation save for actual 
expenses. 

If'aslthtf/fon's Farewell to his offi- 
cers December 4, 17S3, at Fraunces tav- 
ern, corner Broadway and Pearl streets. 
New York, w\as a touching scene. His 
farewell orders to the army were issued 
November 2d, 17S3. 

Aviuy J)i.sban(Je(J Kor. 3, 17 S3. 



The entire number of troops furnished 
by the states was 231,791. The war cost 
5130,000,000, exclusive of state and pri- 
vate losses. 

Iiidependence of tlie United States 
acknowledged by Holland, April 9, 17S2; 
by Russia, July, 17S3; by Sweden, Feb. 5, 
1783; by Denmark, Feb. 25, 1783; and by 
Spain, March 24, 1783. 

SoldicfS Dischufffed by Congress 
October 18, 17S3. 

Cessation of'Hosfiliffes proclaimed 
by Washington to the army April 19th, 
1783, on the eiglith anniversary of Lex- 
ington and Concord. 



ISAIAH VANSANT. 

Wholesale Manufacturer of 

Ladies^ Misses Shoes, 

211 N. WARREN STREET. 



SECOND FLOOR, 



C'oi: Jtinih ami Wavrt-ii Stu. 



, Irentos, N. J. 



CHARLES STAICER. 

7 N. Warren St., Masonic Temple, Trenton, i\. ,). 

DEALER IK 

UMBBELLAS. VALISES. CABAS, CANES, &:. 
AGENT for MILLER'S CELEBRATED HATS. 



WM. BAKER & SON, 

Importers and Dealers i)i 

Dry Goods and Cloaks, 

LADIES AND CHILDREN'S MUSLIN 
UNDERWEAR. SUITS, &c. 

23 E-A^ST? STT^^rTE ST. 

TRENTON, N. J. 



Mrs. Mo M. Hsiir^ey, 

(Widow of late Joseph Harvey). 



MANUFACTURER OF 



HARVEY'S CHbRRY BALSAM, 

For Coughs. Colds, and Whooping Cough. 

Also Dr. Harvey's Pile Mixture, warranted to cure. 

1017 I'asNiniinih Art:. I'Jtilitfh-l t>)iin, I'n. 



THE TEXAS REVOLUTION. 



Itei'olufion in Texas against Mexi- 
co was organized in 1832. The following 
3'ear a Constitutional Convention was 
held to make laws for the government of 
the Republic. 

Jiaffle of Gonzales, Texas, was 
fought October 2, 1S35, between 600 Tex- 
ans and 1,000 Mexicans under Santa 
Anna. The latter was defeated. 

A Provisional Government was 
organized in Texas November 12, 1S35, 
and Henry Smith was selected as Gov- 
ernor. 

fndependenee of Mexico was de- 
clared by Texas March 21, 1836. 

Fort Alamo 3Iassaere was com- 
mitted March 6, 1S36. Santa Anna, with 
4,000 Mexicans, captured Fort Alamo, 
and massacred the garrison of 172 per- 
sons, except one man, a woman and a 
child. Sixteen hundred Mexicans were 
slain by the heroic defenders. 

Constitution of Texas was adopted 
March 17, 1836. Slavery was established, 
and David G. Burnett was chosen iirst 
President of the Republic. 

Colonel Farmin and 357 Texans. 
who had surrendered to Santa Anna, 
were cruelly murdered by his order, on 
^larch 27, 1836 



Battle of San Jae into was fought 
April 21, 1836, by Texan volunteers un- 
der Gen'l Sam Houston and 1,600 regu- 
lar troops under Santa Anna. The Mexi- 
cans were routed in a single charge, los- 
ing 630 killed, beside prisoners. The 
war cry of the Texans was "Remember 
the Alamo!" 

Independenee of Texas was secured 
by treaty with Santa Anna Apr. 26, 1836, 
who >vas captured in disguise by General 
Houston. 

General Sam Houston inaugurated 
President of the Republic of Texas Oct. 
22, 1836. 

HejHiblic of Texas applied for ad- 
mission to the United States in 1837. It 
was not granted. 

Santa Fe Expedition. — In 1S42 
Texas sent a force of 300 poorly equip- 
ped men under Gen. McLeod to capture 
Santa Fe from Mexico, but the Mexi- 
cans captured them, marched them 2,000 
miles barefoot to the City of Mexico. 
Thirty-five died, four were shot, and the 
survivors were imprisoned, but Santa 
Anna finally liberated them upon his 
birth-day. 

Austin Jones, in 1S44, served as the 
last President of the Republic of Texas. 



62 



INDIAN WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC. 



INDIAN WARS, 

JPope Paul III. issued a decree in 
1537 declaring native American Indians 
to be rational beings and entitled to the 
privileges of Christians. 

fTiKin, Ortiz, one of Narvaez's men, 
met De Soto shortly after he left Tampa 
Bay. He had been captured by the In- 
dians and lived with them until now — 
1539. He proved valuable as a guide 
and interpreter to the expedition. When 
first captured chief Ucita, condemned 
him to be burnt at the stake, but his life 
was saved by the daughter of the chief, 
who represented to her father that it 
would be a great honor to the tribe to 
possess a white captive. 

Lord Hofntoke was an Indian chief 
named JManteo, who was baptized Aug. 
13, 15S7, by an English minister, and 
created a peer with the above title. Tins 



INCIDENTS, ETC. 

April I, 1 62 1. It remained unbroken 
over 50 years. 
IiidifiH JIassftcre in Virfffnia. — 

I\Iarch 22, 1622, the Indians suddenly fell 
upon the white settlements near James- 
town and killed 347 persons. A con- 
verted Indian gave warning in time to 
save Jamestown and a few neighboring 
plantations. The University estate was 
abandoned, the glass and iron works de- 
stroyed, and the colony had no settled 
peace for 14 years. 

Peqnod M'tw in 1636-7 resulted in 
the extermination of the tribe by the 
Connecticut colony. 

Massacre of Indians near New 
Amsterdam was instigated in 1643 by 
Governor William Kieft. It caused great 
trouble to the Dutch colonists after 
ward. Mrs. Hutchinson, who had re- 



GEO. W^ KAFER, 

PRACTICAL 

Plumber, Gas and Steam 

FITTER, 

14 South Warren Street, 

TRENTON, N J. 



DEALER IN 

FINE CIG ARS9 

CHOICE BRANDS OF 
SMOKIXG niKJ CHEniXG TOBACCO, 

Siiiiff. I'ijtfM. Stotioiirrif, Efr. 
No. 2(i W. Hanover St.. Trenton. X. .1. 



.rORHISa I'ROMPTLV .tTTE\OEO TO. 



LofipE House and Resiaiirail, 

No. 6 S. Warren St., Trenton, N. J. 

T. J. AVKST, Proprietor. 

MEALS AT ALL HOURS. 

OYSTEKS IX EVEKY STYLE. 

A GOOD MEAL FOR 25 CENTS. 



is the solitary English peerage created 
in America. 

Poc/ia/toiifas and Captain John 
Smith. — In December, 1607, the latter 
was captured by Indians and condemned 
to die. His life was spared by the chief- 
tain Powhattan at the solicitation of his 
favorite daughter, Pochaliontas. This 
circumstance has been discredited of late 
years, but the evidence is in favor of its 
truth. 

•• ff'elronie Enf/IisJuncn /"was the 
salutation of the Indian Samoset, who 
entered the little settlement at Plymouth 
jSIarch 16, 1621. This was the tirst Indian 
the settlui-s had seen. Samoset had been 
acquainted with English fishermen on 
the coast of Maine, and he gave them 
valuable information. 

Indian Fidel it if. — A league was 
formed between the Plymouth colonists 
andMassasoit, chief of the Wampanoags, 



moved into New Netherland, was killed 
in one of the Indian attacks. 

Massacre of Indians by the Dutch 
near Greenwich, Conn., occurred in 
February, 1644. 500 perished. The 
Dutch had 15 wounded. 

Second Indian Massacre in Vir- 
ginia, April 18, 1644. The Indians, in- 
stigated by Opechancanaugh, attempted 
the extermination of the colonists and 
killed 500 whites, but after a short war 
were entirely defeated and tiie aged chief 
captured and shot by a vindictive guard. 

King J'hilip began war in New Eng- 
land June 24, 1675, by killing some of tlie 
citizens of Swansea, who were returning 
from a meeting. This bloody war ended 
only with King Phillip's death in 1676. 

Penn's Treaty with the Indians was 
made Nov., 16S2, under the old treaty 
tree at Shakama.xon. A monument has 
been erected upon the spot. 



INDIAN WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC. 



63 



Indian War broke out in Eastern 
Maine in 1689. 

JIaior f f ahl ran. who made slaves 
of 300 Indians in 1676 was hewn in 
pieces in 16S9 by Indians, who captured 
him at Dover, N. H., by strategy. 

Schenertadi/ N. Y., was burned on 
February 8, 1690, and the inhabitants 
massacred by the French and Indians 
during a violent snow storm. 

Salmon Falls, K. H., was burned 
by Indians March 27, 1690. 

HaveHll, 3Lass., was, attacked by 
Indians in March, 1697, and 40 persons 
were butchered. Mrs. Hannah Dustan, 
her nurse and a lad were taken captives. 
The week old babe of Mrs. Dustan 
was dashed against a tree. Their cap- 
tors, 12 in number, took them to an 
island in the Merrimac, and while asleep 
at night the 3 prisoners arose and with 
tomahawks quietly dispatched 10 of the 


captured their fort and Soo prisoners, 
who were given to the allies and sold by 
them into slavery. The remainder of the 
tribe left their country and went north 
and were admitted into the confederacy 
of the Five Nations, thus forming the 
sixth nation. 

Indian Leafjae in South Carolina. 
In 1715 the Yemassees, Catawbas, Chero- 
kees and Creeks, being enraged by gross 
provocations from persons trading with 
them, united in hostilities against the 
whites. After massacreing over 400 
persons they were defeated and driven 
into Florida by the energy of Governor 
Charles Craven. The damages inflicted 
by this war amounted to /ioo,ooo, be- 
sides a debt incurred in bills of credit 
for nearly an equal sum. 

Srnnsirirk, 3Iaine, was burned by 
the Abenaki Indians in 1722. Thus be- 


BOATIM and IISE gREAM RESORT. ! 

1 

341 Fair Street, Trenton, N. J. 

Below the P. K. K. Bridge. 


S . H . MATHEWS . 

DEALEK IN 

STAPLE AND FpCY GROCERIES, 

243 ALLEN STREET. 
TRENTON, N. J. 


J. WESTENBURGER'S 

W NE, L QUOR AND 4GER BEER SALOON, 

ALSO POOL ROOM, 

. .-32 t=.. ^vV^^:E=LI=LE!:i><r ST., TI^LEIMTOlSr, JNT. J 


12, two escaping by flight. Mrs. Dustan 
carried home a bag containing the scalps 
of her neighbors. The government of 
Massachusetts paid them ^50. 

An, Expeditioit Against Indians 
friendly to Spain, in 1703, was made by 
the Governor of South Carolina, who 
burned villages and took 800 prisoners. 

Indian Settlements of East Maine 
were burned in 1704, and many prisoners 
taken by Col. Benjamin Church, with a 
force of 500 men, in retaliation for dep- 
redations on the whites. 

3Iassaeve in North Carolina in 
Oct'r, 171 1. The Tuscaroras attempted 
the extermination of the whites and 
butchered 137 in one night. They were 
driven off after three days outrages. 

^'SiJc Nations."'— \n 1713 the Tusca- 
roras renewed the war upon the whites 
in Carolina. Moore, of South Carolina, 
with 40 militia and 800 friendly Indians, 


gun the third Indian war in New Eng- 
land. 

Fryeburf/, Maine, was the scene of 
a severe fight May 8, 1725, between a 
company of whites under Captain John 
Lovewell and the Pequawkett Indians 
under Sachem Paugus. Both leaders 
were slain and the Indians went further 
north to live. 

Natchez Indians Mass€icred the 
French on the present site of Natchez in 
1729. 

Natchez Indians were exterminated 
in 1730 by the French in retaliation for 
the massacre of the Rosalie colonists. 

Great Pedestrian Feat. — In 1737 
a dispute arose between the Pennsylva- 
nia and Delaware Indians. It was to be 
settled by as much land as could be de- 
termined by the walk of a day and a 
half. Three men were selected for the 
walk. In consequence of over-exertion 



34 



INDIAN WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC. 



one died, another permanently injured 
his health, but the third, Edward Mar- 
shall, walked 86 miles within the time, 
and lived to be 90 years old. 

(hff'ii of the Cift'k Inflians.— In 
1749, Mary Musgrove, a half-breed, who 
claimed to be Queen of the Creeks, at- 
tempted to secure for herself the prov- 
ince of Georgia. She had a large num- 
iaer of Indian followers, and intended to 
use lorce in accomplishing her design. 
She was foiled by the vigilance of the 
whites. 

Missioitffrifs Sfffht.—'^ov. 24, 1755, 
12 Moravians fell ,in an Indian attack 
upon Mahoney, Penn. 

Cltefokee Jmlians, with whom the 
whites had always been at peace, in 1759 
became involved in a quarrel, which be- 
came a war through the arrogance of 
Governor Littleton, of South Carolina. 

Detroit was occupied Nov. 29, 1760, 



.soldiers and hunters were under arms, 
and his plot discovered. Pontiac there- 
fore retired 

Fort at Detroit besieged May 9th; 
1763, by Pontiac, he having failed to 
massacre the garrison on the 7th. 

Fort fit S(f n flush ff, on Lake Erie, 
under Ensign Paul, was captured by the 
Indians May i6th, 1763. 

Kitf/Jish GftrHsftn massacred at the 
mouth of the St. Joseph river, May 25th, 
1763. 

Mich illimffckiti fir was taken by 
massacre, June 2d, 1763, at a signal given 
during an Indian game of ball. 

Presfjne Isle, now Erie, Pa., under 
Ensign Christie, was taken by the In- 
dians June 22d, 1763; also Forts Le Boeuf 
and Venango. 

Hlooiljf Sriflf/e. near Detroit, where 
Pontiac had camped, was attacked, but 
being betrayed and ambushed the party 



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by a party of rangers. Pontiac then be- 
gan a plot for exterminating the whites. 

Clierohee If'fir.—ln 1760, Col. Mont- 
gomery, with 1,200 Scotch Highlanders 
and some provincial levies, invaded and 
ravaged the Cherokee country. The In- 
dians gathered in large force, and after a 
severe battle Montgomery retired to 
Charleston. 

Foiifiae's War. — In March, 1763, 
Ensign Holmes discovered that Pontiac 
was plotting with the Western Indians 
to exterminate the English, and a Great 
Indian Council was held l)y Pontiac on 
April 27, 1763, at which it was agreed to 
begin war by an attack on Detroit. 

litiliint r/ftt Jierffiled.— May 6th, 
1763, Major Gladwyn, commanding ai; 
Detroit, learned that the IncHans intend- 
ed to attack him the following day, and 
when Pontiac, with 300 warriors, entered 
the fort at Detroit, he found that the 



was almost wholly destroyed, July 31st, 

1763- 

Fefice was sued for l)y most of the In- 
dians, who submitted to English author- 
ity, October 12th, 1763. 

The Oftfiifiis also sued for peace, 
October 30th, 1763, but the siege of De- 
troit was continued until the following 
summer. 

Fontifir, Ilfiriuff F'ailefl in his 
desperate efforts to rouse the Western 
tribes, gave in his formal submission to 
Sir William Johnson in 1766. 

Bushi/ Jv«i*.— August 5th, 1763, an 
English force under Boquet, for the re- 
lief of Fort Pitt, encountered and de- 
feated the savages at Bushy Run. This 
victory destroyed the Indian power in 
the Ohio Valley, and discouraged all the 
Western tribes, who lound that they 
could not depend on France for aid. 



INDIAN WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC. 



65 



/loo reward was offered for killing Pon- 
tiac by General Amherst. 

ConeMof/a, Peniid.. 3Iassacre.— 

A few Indians living at Conestoga, Pa., 
were massacred by a party of whites 
from Pa.\ton, near the Susquehanna, on 
December 14, 1763, and on the 27th of 
December, some who had escaped the 
previous massacre were murdered by the 
Pa.xton men in the jail where they had 
been lodged for safety. 

Va.rtoii Men at Philadelphia. — 
On February 4, 1764, these men under- 
took an expedition to Philadelphia to 
seize the remnant of converted Moravian 
Indians, who had been sent there for 
safety at the time of the Conestoga mas- 
sacre. The Indians were sent first to 
New York and afterward to New Jersey, 
but refuge in both provinces was denied 
them. They were returned to Philadel- 
phia, and when the "Paxton Boys" ap- 



Gen. Anthony Waijne was appoint- 
ed commander of the army against tlie 
Western Indians, April, 1792. 

'" 3Iad Anthon tj Wai/ne'' won a 

victory over "Little Turtle" on the Mau- 
mee river, O., August 20, r794. General 
Wayne, with 2,000 men, so completely 
routed the Indians that they never ral- 
lied from their defeat. Their loss was 
unknown. Wayne's loss was 139. The 
fight occurred near a British fort, and 
the savages were aided by Canadians. 

Jacksonville, Ala. — Creek Indians 
were defeated, Nov. 3, 1813, near Jack- 
sonville, Ala., by the Americans under 
General Coffee. 

Talladefja, Ala. — General Jackson 
defeated the Creeks at Talladega, Ala., 
November 8, 1813. 

Lonndes County, Alabania. — 
General Claiborne, with one thousand 
men, defeated the Indians in Lowndes 



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peared they found that preparations had 
been made to give them a warm recep- 
tion, which influenced them to abandon 
their enterprise. 

Indian It'ar in t7te Carolina^. — 
In September, ,1776, instigated by British 
agents, an Indian war raged in the Caro- 
linas for a short time, but was speedily 
ended by the activity of the patriots. 

Chillieothe, i>. — An Indian fight oc- 
curred near this place October 17, 1790. 
General Harmer, with a poorly equip- 
ped, undisciplined force was defeated. 
They, however, crippled .the enemy by 
burning their villages. 

Defeat of Gen. St. Clair, Novem- 
ber 4, 1791. He had succeeded Harmer, 
and with a force of ^,500 was encamped 
near the Wabash. He was surprised 
and routed by " Little Turtle " with a 
large force of Indians. He lost half his 
army. 



county, Alabama, on the 23d of Nov., 
1813. 

Tallapoosa Birei: — General John 
Floyd, with 900 men, defeated the In- 
dians November 29, 1813, at Antossi, on 
the Tallapoosa river, on a .spot the sav- 
ages deemed "holy ground," upon which 
no white man could live. 

Horse-Shoe Bend.— The battle of 
Horse-Shoe Bend occurred March 27, 
1814, between General Jackson and the 
Creeks, who had assembled in a fortified 
camp on the Tallapoosa river. Until 600 
of their warriors were slain they refused 
to surrender, then their chief, Weathers- 
ford, suddenly a]:)peared in Jackson's 
tent and exclaimed: "I am in your pow- 
er; do with me wh'at you please. I have 
done the white people all the harm I 
could. My warriors are all gone now, 
and I can clo no more. When there was 
a chance for success I never asked for 



66 



INDIAN WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC. 



peace. There is none now, imd I ask it 
for tile remnant of my nation." He was 
spared and humanely treated by Jack- 
son. This was the death blow to tlie 
Creeks. 

Tippecanoe. — General Harrison was 
attacked early in the morning of Nov. 7, 
iSrr, at Tippecanoe, by the Indians led 
by the Prophet. A severe battle lasting 
until dawn resulted in the repulse of the 
savages, who were driven off by succes- 
sive bayonet charges. 

3I(issacre at Fort 3Ihtiins, Ala.. 
August 30. 1813, by Creek Indians under 
Chief Weatherford. The British had 
offered $5 for each scalp. 300 persons 
were slam. 

Seminole IJ'ai: — In 1817, the Creeks 
and Seminoles, with bad negroes, made 
frequent raids upon United States Gov- 
ernment property, then, after complet- 
ing their destruction, hid in the Florida 



were surprised at dinner, murdered and 
scalped by Osceola, and a band of war- 
riors. The war thus begun lasted four 
years. 

Ci-eek Indians were subdued in 
1836 by Gen. Wintield Scott, and many 
of them removed beyond the INIississippi. 

liattle between the Senti notes and 
500 Georgians under Gen. Call, Nov. 25, 
1836, was severe but not decisive, and 
resulted in continued warfare during the 
whole winter. 

Colonel Zaeha vif Tafflov, with 600 
troops, defeated a large force of Indians 
at Macaco Lake, Dec. 25, 1837. 

CheroKee Indians were removed 
from Georgia to West of the Mississippi 
in 1838, by Gen. Scott. They felt greatly 
agrieved at being violently torn from 
their homes. 

Seminole War Ended in 1842 by 
the complete capture, death and removal 



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Swamps. Gen Gaines commanding a 
post on Flint river, made several unsuc- 
cessful efforts to stop them. Gen. Jack- 
son, in the following year, with 1,000 
riflemen from Western Tennessee, over- 
ran the hostile Indian country and cap- 
tured St. Marks and Pensacola. He sent 
the Spanish authorities to Havana, and 
hung Arbuthnot and Ambrister, two 
Englishmen, for inciting the savages to 
depradations. 

Second Wet r with the Seminoles. 
The United States government attempt- 
ed to remove this tribe, West of the Mis- 
sissippi, in 1835, which they resisted. 
Gen. Clinch commanded a post in Flor- 
ida which was threatened by the Indians. 
Major Dade, with 117 men, was sent to 
his relief, but on the way his command 
was ambushed, and all but one man mas- 
sacred by the Indians. The same day, 
Dec. 28, Gen. Thompson and five friends 



of the tribe. It had lasted seven years. 
One thousand five hundred whites had 
been slain and ten millions of dollars 
expended. 

Massacre of Capt. Gunnison and 
his party was committed Oct. 26, 1853, 
by the Utah Indians. His was one of 4 
expeditions to explore routes for a rail- 
way to the Pacific. 

Sioii.JC W(tr. — In the fall of 1862 bands 
of .Siou.x Indians commanded by Little 
Crow, being incited by Confederate em- 
issaries, committed horrible massacres 
upon the whites of Minnessota and Da- 
kota, murdering over 700 of them. Gen. 
H. H. .Sibley routed Little Crow at Wood 
Lake and took 500 prisoners, of whom 
300 were sentenced to death by court- 
martial. President Lincoln pardoned 
all but 39 who were hung at Mankato, 
Minn., February 28, 1863. 

Fort Kearney Massacre. — The In- 



INDIAN WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC, 



67 



dians massacred one hundred United 
States troops at Fort Kearney Decem- 
ber 21, 1866. 

Indian Oufrfff/cs. — In 1S71 the Apa- 
che's murdered about 200 whites and de- 
stroyed much property. 

Indians Massacred hi/ the Set- 
tlers. — x\pril 30, 1871, at Camp Grant, 
Arizona, 100 Apaches, captives, were 
murdered by settlers who had suffered 
from their atrocities. 

Hed Cloud and a delegation of Sioux 
Indians had a reception June 7, 1872, at 
Cooper Institute, N. Y. 

Lee Fain ill/ Mitrtfered. — June 9th, 
1872, Comanche Indians murdered the 
Lee family consisting of 7 persons, near 
Fort Griffin, Texas. 

Modoc 3Iassacre, — April 11, 1873, 
the attempt of the United States govern- 
ment to remove the Modoc Indians of 
Oregon to their reservation culminated 



Lieut. James H. Bradley were killed. 
Gen. Gibbons, Capt. Williams and Lieut. 
Coolridge, English and Woodruff were 
wounded. 

Cli ief Joseph and his band of Nez 
Perces Indians surrendered to General 
Miles on Snake Creek in the Northwest 
of the United States, Oct. 5, 1877. 

Sitfinf/ Hull and his Sioux warriors 
were offered full pardon for past offenses 
by a United States Commission under 
Gen. Terry, Oct. 8, 1877, at Fort Walsh, 
Canada, upon condition of returning to 
their reservation and future good beiia- 
vior. The overtures were scornfully re- 
jected. The British government prom- 
ised to locate them on Red Deer river in 
a fine game country, and they remained 
subjects of Queen Victoria. 

Indian, Chief Gall, and 150 of Sit- 
ting Bull's warriors surrendered to Uni- 
ted States troops May 7, 1878. 



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in the murder of Gen. Canby and Rev. 
Dr. Thomas, and the almost killing of the 
Peace Commissioner Col. A. B. Mea- 
chem, among the Lava beds, to the 
strongholds of which they had retreated. 
A peace council had been arranged with 
the Indian leader Capt. Jack when the 
treacherous murders took place. The 
Indians were finally hunted down and 
Capt. Jack and others were hung Oct. 3, 
1873, at Fort Klamath. 

Custer 3Iassacre. — Gen. Custer and 
300 soldiers were massacred June 25, 

1876, by Sitting Bull and his Sioux war- 
riors on the Little Big Horn river, near 
Montana territory, in an attempt to cap- 
ture a large Indian village. They were 
ambushed by an overwhelming force. 

Indians of the JS'orth west were 
beaten in a severe battle July 12, 1877, at 
the mouth of the Cottonwood by a force 
under Gen. O. O. Howard. 

Xez Perces Indians and General 
Gihhons' Coniniand fought August 9, 

1877, on the Big Hole river, M. T. 
The result was indecisive and loss heavy 
on both sides. Capt. William Logan ancl 



CJieijenne Indians were beaten in 
a fight with LTnited States troops Sept. 
27, 1878, 250 miles south of Denver, Col- 
orado, but shortly afterward they raided 
Northwest Kansas, committing depre- 
dations and horrid murders. 

Sitting Bull returned to UnitedStales 
territory from the British possessions 
June 7, 1879, with 800 lodges. 

Ute Outhrealx. — Sept. 29, 1879, a 
United States Cavalry escort of a wagon 
train was attacked by the Utes near Milk 
river. Major Thornburg, commanding, 
and II men were killed, the balance were 
afterward rescued by Gen. Merritt. The 
Indians also butchered Mr. Meeker, the 
Indian Agent at White river and carried 
his wife and daughter into captivity, 
whence they were restored after suffer- 
ing horrible outrages. 

Tlie Apaches Hutchered twenty- 
one whites at Silver City, New Mexico, 
Oct. 19, 1879. 

Siou.r Indians Surrendered Aug. 
19 and 20, 1880, to United States troops 
at Fort Keogh, Montana. They num- 
bered 800. 



68 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN 

3Iaj. SrJiHt/lrr, of Albany, N. Y., de- 
feated a French force of 800 men, with an 
English force and 300 Mohawks in 1691. 

Dccfficlil, Mass, was surprised Mar. 
I, 1704, by Frencli and indians who mur- 
dered 47 and carried 147 captives to 
Canada. 

Hiirei'hill, 3/ffss. was burned liy 
French and incHans Aug. 29, 1708. 

Kitt((nnin</, an Indian village in 
Western Pennsylvania, was destroyed 
by 300 whites Oct 7, 1756, in revenge for 
depredaljons committed. 

KxpedifioH Af/ahtst IjOitisbtn'f/. 
under the Earl of London, sailed June 
20, 1757, from New York. He had a fine 
army of 10,000 men, but learning at Hal- 
ifax that the French had a few more ves- 
sels tlian he had, lie returned to New 
York. 



WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC 

defeated by the French, who killed and 
ciiptured nearly all. 

Fort I'itt, so named in honor of Wm. 
Pitt, was erected by Washington upon 
the site of Fort Du Quesne, wliich the 
French destroyed and evacuated Nov. 25, 
1758, upon his approach with a detach- 
ment from Gen. Forbes' army. The city 
of Pittsburg is now located there. 

Ouehrr Captiwed, Sept. 13, 1759. 
The English troops under Gen. James 
Wolfe had besieged the city for two 
months. Wolfe and part of the army 
climbed the heights during the night and 
defeated the French under Gen. Mont- 
calm. Wolfe and Montcalm were both 
mortally wounded. 

Conquest of (ktnada. by the Eng- 
lisli, was consummated in 1760 by the 
surrender of Montreal and all other 



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Rvitish Ai-nn/. under Abercrombie, 
in 1758 had twenty-two thousand Regu- 
lar and twenty-eight tliousand Provincial 
troops, or more than the entire male 
population of new France. 

Lord Howe was killed July 6, 175S, 
in a skirmish with the French during the 
advance by Abercrombie on Fort Ticon- 
deroga. 

Fort Tieoncleroffa was assaulted 
July 8, 175S, by 1,600 English troops un- 
der Abercombie. He was defeated with 
a loss of 2,000, and was retired for Gen. 
Amherst. 

Lonisbtirg Co pttrred ]u\y 2y, 175S, 
from the French. The English comman- 
ders were Gen. Amherst and Admiral 
Boscawen. By this victory England 
gained control of alt the country on the 
Gulf of St. Laurence. 

Battle Xear Fort Du Quesne. — 
Sept. 14, 1758, a British detachment was 



I French ports, to Amherst's army by the 
Governor. 

Georf/e Washiufjtou. 21 years old, 
was sent Oct. 31, 1753, across the Alleg- 
hanies to the French posts, by Gov. Din- 
widdle ofVirginia,' to demand the release 
of English traders captured by them, and 
an explanation of their warlike prepara- 
tions. He reached the Venango post — 
distant 400 miles — in 41 days. He had 
but four or five attendants and had to 
traverse dense forests through heavy 
snows. loncaire, the commander sent a 
sealed message to Dinwiddle, but the 
French officers made no secret of their 
intention to permanently occupy all that 
country. On their return, Washington 
nearly lost his life in crossing the Alleg- 
hany upon a ruft mid floating ice, and 
they were shot at by indians, but reached 
Williamsburg safely. 

tf'<is/un{jton's Jleport.]an. 16, 1754, 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS, INCIDENTS, ETC. 



69 



induced the Assembly to vote ^"10,000 
toward the defense of the frontiers. A 
small party was sent to build a fort on 
the present site of Pittsburg, Penn., and 
a regiment of 600 men followed, under 
command of Col. Frye and Lieut Colonel 
George Washington. 

ForfDii QiiesiK'. — April 17, 1754, the 
French drove off the party who were 
building the fort, finished it, and named 
it after the Governor General of Canada. 

If'a.shhif/foK, with a detachment sur- 
prised and defeated a French party under 
Jummouville (who was killed) at Red- 
stone, May 28, 1754. Frye also cUed, and 
Washington in command pushed forward 
to Great Meadows, and constructed a 
stockade which they called Fort Neces- 
sity. 

Fort Necessitff capitulates July 4, 
1754, to a superior force of French and 
Indians after nine hours severe fighting. 

Geii.Bi'a(J(forh-, commissioned Com- 
mander-in-Chief, arrived from England 
with two regiments. At a convention of 
Colonial Governors at Alexandria, Va., 
held April 14, 1755, four expeditions were 
planned — one against Fort Du Ouesue, a 
second against Forts Niagara and Fron- 
tenac, a third against Crown Point, and 
a fourth against Nova Scotia. 

Brdd (loch's CamfHtif/n. — The ex- 
pedition against For^ Du Ouesne started 
from Foit Cumberland on Wills Creek 
June 7, 1755. It consisted of 2,200 men, 
Washington, by Braddock's invitation, 
acting as Aid-de-Camp. 

Bi'addoc'Jx's Def'e(tt.—\u\y 9, 1755, 
after traversing the rough ridges of the 
Alleghanies for a few miles, Braddock 



impatiently pushed forward with 1,300 
picked men. When within five miles of . 
Fort Du Ouesne he fell into an ambush 
of 200 French and 600 Indians, who pour- 
ed in a deadly and continuous fire, crea- 
ting a panic among his British regulars, 
who were unaccustomed to indian war- 
fare. Braddock had five horses shot un- 
der him and was finally killed ; 60 of his 
officers were killed or disabled, and the 
entire loss was 700. A flight ensued, 
which was partially covered by Washing- 
ton at the head of some provincials. This 
defeat was the result of Braddock's con- 
tempt for the warnings given by Wash- 
ington and others of the character of in- 
dian warfare. Gates, Gage, Morgan and 
Mercer, all afterward Generals in the 
Revolution, were engaged in this con- 
flict. 

Ileiidrif'Ix, a famous 3Ioh(nrh 
Chieftain, in 1755, and Gen. Wm. John- 
son, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 
were good friends. Seeing some fine 
clothing which Johnson had received 
from England, he greatly desired a fine 
suit. Shortly after, the Chief told John- 
son that he had dreamed that he had pre- 
sented him with it, which the General 
accordingly did. Soon after, Johnson 
told Hendrick that he had dreamed that 
the Chief liad presented him wifh 500 
acres of the finest land in the Mohawk 
Valley. Hendrick gave the land, but 
concluded not to dream any more with 
the Englishman. Hendrick and his war- 
riors were influenced by Johnson to aid 
the English in the French and indian 
war. He was slain in the battle of Lake 
George. 



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70 



THE WAR OF l8l2. 



THE WAR OF 1812 



If'fW l^oJffi/ inaugurated in 1811, in 
tlie Democratic-Republican party, under 
the leadership of William H. Crawford, 
of Georgia, and John C. Calhoun, of 
South Carolina. Until now this party 
liad been a peace party, but over 900 
American vessels having been seized by 
France and England since 1S03, induced 
a change of sentiment. 

*' Henri/ Doeaincnts'' were bought 
in March, 1812, of John Henry, for I50,- 
000, by President Madison, out of the 
secret service fund of the United States. 
Henry claimed to have been an agent of 
the British government, to induce lead- 
ing New Englanders to renounce the 
United States government and join the 
Eastern States to Canada. Great public 
indignation prevailed and increased the 
war feeling. 



killed. Col. Brooks assumed command. 
A severe battle followed in which the 
British received a check. Meantime the 
fleet bombarded Fort McHenry for 25 
hours, which was gallantly defended by 
Major Armisted. Tiie British re-em- 
barked on the 14th and sailed away on 
the 15th of September, having under- 
taken more than they could accomplish. 
They lost nearly 700 in these engage- 
ments 

Ifl(K7ensJnfrf/. — Battle of Bladens- 
burg, 4 miles from Washington, D. C, 
occurred August 24, 1814, resulted in the 
defeat of the American militia. 

lirifish E.ritt'dltion to Destroy 
Scituate, Massachusetts, in 1812, was 
frightened away by two girls — Rebecca 
Bates and Sarah Winsor, who, with 
drum and fife, marched behind a head- 



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tl'a r Dec! a red. —On ]une 4, 1812, the 
House of Representatives passed a bill 
declaring war against England. It passed 
the Senate June 17th, and two days af- 
terward the President proclaimed war. 
Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was 
made the commander-in-chief. Congress 
voted to raise 25,000 regulars and 50,000 
volunteers, and the states were request- 
ed to call out 100,000 militia. 



ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 

Haltiiuore. — The British attempted 
to capture Baltimore, on September 12, 
1814, with an army and fleet, whicli was 
defended by General Samuel Smith and 
ten thousand militia. The British army, 
under General Ross, landed at the 
mouth of the Patapsco, but when about 
half way to the city encountered the 
Americans under General Strieker. A 
skirmish ensued and General Ross was 



land. The soldiers, ceasing their work 
of destruction, hurried to their boats 
and pulled for the ship, believing an 
army was after them. 

Battle of Chrt/sler's Field, fought 
near Williamsburg, Canada, November 
II, 1S13. It grew out of an attempt to 
capture Montreal. Neither party was 
victorious, but tlie British had the ad- 
vantage, and the Americans lost 300. 

CJiijijteu'd. — Battle of Chippewa, 
fought July 5, 1S14, between the Ameri- 
can Generals Scott and Ripley, and the 
British General Riall. The latter were 
driven to their entrenchments with a loss 
of over 500. The Americans lost 338 
men. 

.Vort Tiotrifer (now Morgan), at the 
entrance of Mobile bay, successfully re- 
pulsed a British attack, September 15, 
1814. 

FreneJttowii, near Detroit, Jan'y 22, 



THE WAR OF l8l2. 



71 



1813, was the scene of a battle between a 
British and Indian force under Gen. Proc- 
tor, and the Americans under Gen. Win- 
chester. After a severe fight the Ameri- 
cans capitulated under Proctor's pledge 
of protection, but he shamefully gave 
the wounded to the scalping-knife of the 
savages, and dragged the other prisoners 
to Detroit, wliere they were ransomed 
at an enormous price. 

Fort StephenHOU, at Lower San- 
dusky, was bravely defended August i, 
1813, by Major George Crogan, a strip- 
ling 21 years old, and 160 men, with one 
gun, against Proctor with his British and 
Indian force. Proctor accompanied his 
demand for surrender with the threat of 
massacre. Crogan replied that when 
taken nobody would be left alive to mas- 
sacre. Proctor was repulsed with a loss 
of 120, the Americans losing one man. 

Ltniflf/'s La lie, the hardest of the 


American loss was only S killed and 13 
zuouiided. This was the final land bat- 
tle of the "War of 1812." 

Ogdensbarg, N. Y. — A small force 
of Americans was overpowed here by 
800 British, who crossed tlie St. Law- 
rence on the ice, Feb. 22, 1S13. 

Oxicef/o, N. W, defended by three 
hundred Americans and a small flotilla, 
was attacked IMay 5, 1814, by a British 
squadron and three thousand men. It 
was held two days and then yielded to 
the superior force of the British, after 
inflicting a loss of 235 against 69. The 
object of the British was to destroy a 
large quantity of stores at Oswego Falls, 
but this fight caused them to abandon 
the attempt. 

JPensecoIa. Tioritla. having per- 
mitted the British to use its forts and 
harbor, was stormed by General Jack- 
son, November 7, 1814, who drove out 


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war, was fougnt July 25, 1814. It began 
at sunset and lasted until midnight. The 
British force was 5,000 strong and the 
American 4,000. The advantage was 
with the latter. Generals Brown and 
Scott were wounded, also the British 
General Drummond, and Gen. Riall and 
his staff were captured. The British 
lost S78 and the Americans 858. 

New Orleans. — The Battle of New 
Orleans was fought on January 8, 1S15, 
between 12,000 British under General 
Packenham and 6,000 militia under Gen. 
Jackson. The latter were protected by 
earth-works, sand-bags and cotton-bales. 
The British advanced at daylight and 
were received with heavy cannonading 
and successive deadly volleys from the 
American riflemen. Before 9 o'clock 
the British were defeated, Packenham 
and 700 of his troops being slain, 1,400 
wounded, and 500 taken prisoners. The 


he British and compelled the Spanish 
authorities to surrender the town and 
sue for mercy. 

Plattshurff. K. T.— On September 
II, 1814, a battle was fought here. Gen. 
Prevost, with 14,000 British, attacked 
General Macomb's small army, which 
was posted on the south side of the Sara- 
nac, and for 4 days successfully resisted 
every effort of the enemy to cross. Pre- 
vost retreated at night, abandoning his 
wounded and a large quantity of military 
stores. His loss was 2,500 men and 12,- 
500,000 in property. 

Oaeeiisfo'rii Ilek/Iifs. — This battle 
occurred October 13, 1812. Col. Van 
Ransselaer, with a force of Americans, 
crossed the Niagara river at Levvistown, 
and although he was wounded the Brit- 
ish batteries were carried. The British 
under General Brock attempted their re- 
capture, but were repulsed and General 



72 



THE WAR OF l8l2. 



Brock was killed. They were reinforced, 
however, from Fort George, and the 
American militia, refusing to cross the 
river to aid their comrades, Colonel Van 
Rensselaer was obliged to surrender af- 
ter losing 1,100 men altogether. 

Sarhi'ff's Harhof attacked May 28, 
1813, by the British, who were repulsed. 

Stouhiffton, Conn. — Sir Thomas 
Hardy, with a British squadron, bom- 
barded Stonington, Conn., from the 9th 
to the 1 2th of August, 1814. It was suc- 
sessfully defended and the fleet driven 
away. 

Tltamrs. — Battle of the Thames, 
near Detroit, was fought between the 
American Gen. Harrison and the British 
commanded by Proctor, October 5, 1813. 
The latter being a coward fled early in 
the conflict. Harrison was aided by 
Col. Richard M. Johnson and the British 
by Tecumseh and 1,500 Indians. The 



ing small, and ignorant of the war, was 
surprised, 

Ma'tor Van IToi^t, having been sent 
from Detroit by Hull to meet a supply 
party, was ambushed August 5, 1812, by 
a British and Indian force. Col. Miller, 
also sent out August 8, 1812, to relieve 
the supply party, met and defeated the 
British and Indians, and was recalled by 
Hull. 

i<V>rf Tteai'hoi-n, situated on the 
present site of Chicago, waa evacuated 
August 16, 1812, and the garrison massa- 
cred by a body of treacherous Indians. 

Gen, Wni, Henvy Harrison was 
appointed to command the Northwest- 
ern army, September 24, 181 2. 

The Americans captured a British 
force at St. Regis, Oct. 22, 1S12. 

Detroit Snrrenf1ere<J, August 16, 
1812, by General Hull, to the British 
under Brock, without a contest, to the 



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Americans were victors and Tecumseh 
was slain. This battle ended the West- 
ern campaign. 

If ashington^ D. C, captured and 
burnt, August 24, 1814, by General Ross. 
The capitol being defenceless, President 
Madison and his cabinet fled. Mrs. 
Madison saved a portrait of Washington 
and the Declaration of Independence. 
Ross, acting under orders from his supe- 
riors, burned the White House and all 
the public buildings, except the Patent 
Office, together with many residences. 
The national loss was about jg2, 184,282. 



SURRENDERS, CAPTURES, ETC., OF THE 
WAR OF 1812. 

FJntbarf/o for ifO J}a//s was laid 
on all British shipping in the United 
States by Congress, from April 4, 1S12. 

MachiiKdv Surrendered to the 

British July 17, 1812. The garrison be- 



amazement of botii fiiend and foe. The 
whole country was humiliated at this 
cowardly surrender. The United States 
government exchanged 30 prisoners for 
Hull and then court-martialed him upon 
charges of treason and cowardice. He 
was convicted of the last and sentenced 
to be shot, but was saved by the clem- 
ency of President Madison. 

Itussia offered to act as mediator 
between the United States and Great 
Britain in 1S13. The former accepted, 
but the latter refused the offer. 

York, now Toronto, Canada, was 
captured by the Americans under Gen'l 
Zebulon M. Pike, April 17, 1813. The 
British were driven out of their fort, but 
exploded the magazine with a slow 
match, just as the Americans entered, 
causing great loss among them. Gen. 
Pike was mortally wounded, but lived 
long enough to request that he might 



NAVAL ENGAGEMENS AND EXPLOITS. 



73 



die with the captured flag under his 
head. 

Fort Meigs Besief/ed. May i, 1813, 
by British and Indians under Proctor 
and Tecumseh. Gen'l Harrison, com- 
manding, witlistood the siege success- 
fully. He was reinforced by 1,200 Ken- 
tucicians under Gen. Clay, who attacked 
the enemy, but lost a detachment by im- 
prudent pursuit. The siege was renewed, 
but the desertion of his Indian allies 
compelled Proctor to withdraw to Mai- 
den. 

Iitrasion of Norfolk. 17^., was at- 
tempted by the British, June 22, 1813. 
'They were successfully repulsed. 

Hearer Dam was surrendered by 
the Americans June 24, 1813. A woman 
walked 19 miles and informed the Brit- 
ish commander of the intended capture 
of this post by 600 Americans. Securing 
the aid of the Indians he turned the ta- 



bles against the Americans, and com- 
pelled them to surrender the post. 
Neirarh; Canada, burned Dec. 10, 

1813, by Americans. This cost Northern 
New York dearly. The British captured 
Fort Niagara, and burned Youngstown, 
Lewistown, Manchester, Black Rock and 
Buffalo. 

Foi't Erie. Canada, surrendered to 
Generals Scott and Ripley, wlio crossed 
the Niagara river at night, July 3, 1814. 

Fort Frie iras Hesieged by the 
British August 4, 1814. On the 15th the 
British attempted to carry the works by 
assault, but failed, losing 962 men. The 
British again besieged the fort on Sept. 
17, 1S14, but they were defeated and re- 
tired to Fort George. On November of 
the same year the Americans destroyed 
and abandoned the fort. 

Peace Negotiathms began in Aug., 

1814, but were fruitless. 



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compounding, and if the medicine is used according to 
directions, and fails to produce relief, or if these pow- 
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money. 

Letters l\y 3Iail to reeeive Medicine One Dollar. 
Consultation Free. 

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1619 Tuompson Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Office Hours, 7 to 10 A. M., 3 to 5 P. M. 

NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS AND EXPLOITS, 

From 1800 to 181^. 

terms he sailed to Tripoli. In the har- 
bor one of his squadron, the Philadel- 
phia, struck on a rock, and was captured 
with her crew by the Tripolitans. On 
the evening of February 15, 1804, Lieut. 
Decatur, with only 75 men, boarded, re- 
captured and burnt the frigate Philadel- 
phia in the harbor of Tripoli without 
losing a man. 

Tripoli was bombarded by Com. 
Preble repeatedly during August, 1S04, 
with great effect. 

Fire Ship, laden with powder and 
iron, sent into Tripoli at night, Sept. 2, 
1804, exploded prematurely, annihilat- 
ing two boats' crews in charge of it. 
Congress erected a monument to their 
memory west of the capitol in Washing- 
ton, D.'C, 



Gtiadafoiipe. — A naval conflict oc- 
curred near Guadaloupe, W. I., between 
the American frigate Constellation, Com. 
Truxton, and the French frigate La Ven- 
geance, with 54 guns and 500 men. Af- 
ter fighting five hours the former was 
victorious, but owing to the fall of her 
main mast her enemy escaped. The 
Americans lost 39 men and the French 
frigate 150. 

Naval Engagement between the 
United States schooner Experiment and 
a Tripolitan cruiser, August 6, 1801. The 
latter was captured after 3 hours hard 
fighting, with a loss of 50 killed and 
wounded. The Americans lost none. 

Com. Preble was sent, in 1803, to 
humble the Algerine pirates. After 
bringing the Emperor of Morocco to 



J 



74 



NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS AND EXPLOITS. 



Urifisli Shff) Leopar(7.Cnpt. Hum- 
pliries, attacked the United States frigate 
Ciiesapeake, Com. Barron, June 22, 1S07. 
The Leopard fired several broadsides 
into the Chesapeake, kilHng and wound- 
ing 20 of her crew. The Ciiesapeake, 
being unprepared for action, fired but 
one gun. The cause was an attempt to 
search for alleged deserters, of whom 4 
were afterward taken by the Leopard. 
Com. ]?arron was tried and suspended 
for 5 j-ears without pay. 

yaral Arthm between the United 
States frigate President and the British 
sloop Little Belt, olf the coast of Virgi- 
nia, May 16, 1811. The latter was prey- 
ing upt>n American merchantmen. Be- 
ing hailed by the President she replied 
with a cannon shot, and received a 
broadside in return, killing and wound- 
ing 32 of the crew of the Little Belt. She 
tlien made answer and sailed for Halifax. 



lenges to American vessels to come out 
and fight. After mancL'vering awhile the 
Constitution closed with her antagonist, 
and at half pistol shot poured in a terri- 
ble broadside, killing and wounding 68 
of the Guerriere's crew. The American 
loss was 1 ; killed and wounded. Dacres 
surrendered, and the Guerriere, being 
unmanageble, was blown up. 

fifflit at jVif//tti\mong tiie Thousand 
Islands, occurred July 31, 1812, between 
two British vessels and two American 
bt)ats. The latter were successful in 
taking 6 British schooners at Ogdens- 
burg, to be converted into American ves- 
sels of war. 

U. S. lifff/ Xanfil US was captured 
by a British squadron July, 1812. 

Hi'ifLsh I'leet repulsed from Sack- 
ett's harbor, on Lake Ontario, July 29, 
1S12, by the Oneida and an old thirty- 
two pounder stationed on shore. 



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j Frames of every desciipiiou n\ade to order. Re- 

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J^epreddtious hi/ liriffsJt I'essefs 
were carried on along the New England 
coast in June, 1S14. Towns and property 
were destroyed. 

Huinptoit, I'd., overpowered by 
Admiral Cockburn, June 25, 1S13, who 
made his name infamous by permitting 
atrocities upon the defenceless inhabi- 
tants. 

AUwandriti. ^fr.. being threatened 
by a British fleet, August 27, 1814, was 
saved from destruction by a ransom of 
21 ships, 16,000 barrels of flour and 1,000 
hogsheads of tobacco. 

('. S. Fritjate Constitution, Cap- 
tain Isaac Hull, escaped from a British 
scjuadron, July 19, 1812, after a 60 hours 
cliase. Captain Hull, commanding the 
same frigate, captured the British frigate 
Guerriere, Capt. Dacres, Aug. 19, 181 2, 
ofl" the coast of Massachusetts. Dacres 
had been boasting and sending chal- 



U. S. Frii/dtc I'Jsse.r captured the 
British brig Alert, August 13, 1S12, ofl' 
the Banks of Newfoundland, in an eight 
minutes fight. 

JJt'Ht. Elliott surprised and captured 
two British vessels on Lake Erie, Oct'r 
8, 181 2, by rowing across the Lake in 
small boats from Black Rock, near Buf- 
falo. 

American Sloop of War Wasp, 
18 guns, on iSth October, 1S12, captured 
the Britisii brig Frolic, oft" the coast of 
North Carolina, after a severe engage- 
ment in wliich only 4 out of S4«of the 
Frolic's crew remained unhurt. The 
same day tiie Wasp and its prize was 
captured by the British seventy-foi;r gun 
ship Poictiers. 

{'. S. Friijtttc Vnitetl States. Com. 
Decatur, captured the British frigate 
Macedonia, October 25, 1S12, after two 
hours fighting, in which the British loss 



NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS AND EXPLOITS. 



75 



was over one hundred and the Ameri- 
can loss twelve. 

Com. Bdinhi-iflge, commanding the 
United States frigate Constitution, cap- 
tured the British frigate Java, Decem- 
ber 29, 1812, off San Salvador, Brazil, 
after two hours hard fighting. Every 
mast was torn from the British ship, and 
she was reduced to a wreck before she 
struck, when she was burned at sea by 
her captors. 

CaptcUii Chfiuncey, on November 
8, 1812, with 6 armed schooners, block- 
aded Kingston harbor on Lake Ontario, 
disabled the British flagship and cap- 
tured several merchantmen. 

ZT. S. Sloop JJoriiet, Captain Law- 
rence, sunk the British brig Peacock, in 
a 15 minutes fight at the mouth of the 
Demarara river, Feb. 24, 1813. 

''Don't Give Up the Ship." was 
the famous utterance of Captain Law- 



sels carrying 63 guns. Perry had never 
been in a naval battle. Barclay was a 
veteran. Perry, on the ship Lawrence, 
led the attack on Barclay's flagship De- 
troit. They fought for 2 hours, when the 
Lawrence, being disabled, Perry trans- 
ferred his flag in an open boat to the 
Niagara. Li 15 minutes after he won the 
victory and returned to the Lawrence to 
receive the surrender. He then sent 
his famous despatch to Gen'l Harrison: 
We have met the enemy and they are 
ours — 2 ships — 2 brigs — i schooner and 
one sloop." 

LaJ,e Ontario. — The American fleet 
on Lake Ontario, under Com. Chauncey, 
fought the British fleet commanded by 
Sir James Leo, September 18, 1813, and 
forced them to retreat to Kingston. 

Com. liof/ei's, commanding the LTni- 
ted States frigate President, captured 
the British brig Highflyer, by stratagem, 



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rence, commander of the United States 
frigate Chesapeake, who was mortally 
wounded in an engagement with the 
British ship Shannon, June i, 1813, off 
Boston harbor. The Chesapeake was 
captured after a furious conflict, in which 
she lost 146 killed and wounded, the 
Shannon losing 99. 

Ti'. S. Brif/ Argus captured by the 
British brig Pelican, Aug. 14, 1813, after 
she had taken 20 merchantmen. 

British Brig Boxer, Capt. Blythe, 
surrendered to United States brig En- 
terprise, Lieut Burrows, after a 40 min- 
utes fight, in Portland harbor, Maine, on 
September 5, 1S13. Both commanders 
were slain and buried side by side at 
Portland. 

Berry's Great Victorg over Com. 
Barclay, on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813. 
The American fleet was composed of 9 
vessels with 54 guns, the British 6 ves- 



on September 23, 1813. In her cruise 
the President had captured eleven mer- 
chantmen and three hundred prisoners. 

C". S. Frigate Constitution. Capt. 
Stewart, captured the British brig Picton 
oft' the coast of Surinam, February 14, 
1S14. 

"Old Ironsides.'' otherwise the U. 
S. frigate Constitution, Com. Stewart, 
captured two British brigs, the Cyane, of 
36 guns, and the Levant, of 18, on Feb. 
20, 1S14, off cape St. Vincent. 

U. S. Frigate Fsse.c, commanded 
by Captain Porter, was captured in neu- 
tral harbor of Valparaiso, Chili, Mar. 28, 
1S14, by British frigate Phoebe and sloop 
of war Cherub. After fighting until he 
lost 154 men Capt. Porter surrendered. 

Z''. S. J'essel Beaeoek, Capt. War- 
rington, commander, captured the Brit- 
ish ship Epervier and $118,000 in specie 
April 29, 1814. 



76 



RELIGIOUS SECTS, INTOLERANCE, ETC. 



r\ S. I'rssfl If'dsjt captured and 
burnt British sloop Reindeer on June 28, 
1S14. The Wasp also captured the Avon, 
September i, 1S14, but was compelled to 
relinquish her prize by the Avon's con 
voy 

MrT>ouoiiffh's 1'icfort/ on Lake 
Champlain, over Downie's British fleet, 
September 11, 1S14, was complete and 
glorious The engagement lasted two 
hours and forty nunutes. Com. Downie 
and 193 men were killed. American loss 
116. 

U. S. TrssrI Horn ft . Capt. Biddle, 
captured the British ship Penguin, off 
Brazil, March 23, 1S15. 

AUjU'i's. — Com. Decatur, command- 
ing an American squadron, sent by the 
United States against the North African 
powers, captured two Algerine war ves- 
sels and 600 prisoners in the straits of 



Gibraltar, June 17, 1815. Witliiu a few 
days he dictated a treaty to the Dey of 
Algiers, who was compelled to release 



all his 



without ransom, and 



pledge 



more aggressions on Ameri- 



pnsoners 
no 
can merchantmen. Decatur next pro- 
ceeded to Tripoli and Algiers, from 
whom he exacted similar treaties and 
large sums for past outrages. 

Last yaral Kiif/(ff/rnienf with Eng- 
land occurred June 30, IVS15. Tlie Brit- 
ish vessel Nautilus was captured by the 
United States vessel Peacock, in the 
straits of Sunda. Hearing of peace the 
prize was relinquished the following 
day. The Americans had captured one 
thousand six hundred British merchant- 
men in three j^ears. 



The War of 1S12 cost the United States 
5180,000,000. 



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RELIGIOUS SECTS, 

Jii(/nisithtii was established in Ame- 
rica in 1570 by Philip IL 

JIass icds l-^iisf Cclcbi'otcd in 
C<fn<f(l<( in May, 1615, by four Francis- 
can friars who came from France to Con- 
vert New France, at the solicitation of 
Champlain. 

J*Hfjrhns, were a company who came 
to America, not to enrich themselves, 
but for "freedom to worship God" in 
their own way. They had been driven 
from England to Holland by persecution, 
but did not feel at home there. They 
obtained a grant from the London Com- 
pany to settle in their territory of Vir- 
ginia. A portion of John Robinson's 
congregation in Leyden, Holland, sailed 
from Delft Haven in 1620, in the May- 
flower and Speedwell. The latter being 
leaky, returned 

Ji'elhjious Df/priiffies. — In 1624, 
John Lyford came from London as a 



INTOLERANCE, ETC. 

minister for the Colonies. Claiming the 
right to administer the sacrements by 
virtue of his Episcopal ortlination, he, 
with his adherents, John Oldham and 
Conant were expelled, and established 
themselves at Nantasket. 

lic/'ormctf ]>ufr/i Cli tirrJi. — In 1628, 
Rev. Jonas Michaelis — the tirst minister 
of this church in America — came to New 
Amsterdam. 

Conf/i'cf/afionfdfsni was established 
in Salem, Mass., Aug. 6, 1629, by the or- 
ganization of a church w ith the counsel 
and fellowship of delegates from Ply- 
mouth. Samuel Skelton was apjiointed 
Pastor, and Mr. Higginson teaclur. Two 
brothers — John and Samuel Browne — 
malcontents — instituted a Church of Eng- 
land service in opposition, and were ac- 
cordingly .shipped back to England. 

Jiosfon. — In 1632 the first church was 
erected near the present corner of State 



RELIGIOUS SECTS, INTOLERANCE, ETC. 



77 



and Devonshire streets. It had mud 
walls and a thatched roof. 

Erclesiastuufl J uvisfJiction over 
all the British Colonies was conferred 
upon the Bisliop of London in 1634. 

Jioniffn f'dfhoite 3Iis.sion among 
the Indians of Maryland was established 
by Andrew White in 1634. 

JRof/er IJ'iffianis was banished from 
the Colony of Massachusetts Bay in Oct. 
1635, because of his persistent opposition 
to church and masjistrates. 

EccIesiastirnJ St/nod convened at 
Newtown, Massachusetts, August 30th, 
1637, before which was laid a list of 
eighty-two "false and heretical opin- 
ions," nine "unwholesome expressions" 
and "divers perversions of Scripture " 

3Irs. Anne Hutchinson was ban- 
ished from Massachusetts Colony and e.\- 
communicated from the church m 1637, 



JBaptisfs icei'e Han fsJied from Mas- 
sachusetts, by law, Nov. 13, 1644. 

Indian Missionary. — In 1646 Tho- 
mas Mayhew, Jr. began preaching with 
great success to the Indians of JIartha's 
Vineyard. 

Petition to the General Court of Mas- 
sachusetts, in 1646, that other English 
subjects, besides church members, might 
have civil rights, was adjudged a con 
tempt, and the petitioners were fined from 
^10 to ^250 each. 

Maryland passed an "Act of Toler 
ation" in 1649, giving the rights of liberty 
to all Christian sects. 

Helif/ions Jntofei'anre in Vir- 
gin ia.— In 1649 a Puritan Congregational 
Church of iiS members was obliged to 
leave the Colony, and most of them loca- 
ted in Maryland, not far from the present 
site of Annapolis 

tTesuits.~\n 1649 Massachusetts passed 



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COAL, FIRE CLAY, BRICK, LIME AND CEMENT, 

205 ISrOIiTH EILIS^ STREET, OIL CIT^ST, F-A.. 

MCGUIGAN & STUBLEIR ~ 

IlYERY, i^LD/lND r?EE}D St^BLD. 

Board.i3n.g- Horses Tla.cro'u.g'ri.ljr Oared. iF'cr. 

CARAIAGES AT EVERY TRAIN. 
I«ORTH SEXECA SIREET. KEAK OIL. EXCHAXGF, OIL CITY, PA. 



for holding and disseminating hetrodo.x 
opinions. 

First Baptist Chnrch in America 
was founded at Providence, R. I. , in 1639, 
by Roger Williams. 

Selif/ions Intolerance. — In March, 
1643, the Virginia Assembly ordered non- 
conformists with the Church of England 
"to depart the Colony with all conveni- 
ency." This broke up the labors of the 
three ministers from Massachusetts Bay, 
for whom 70 Puritan settler, in Mrginia, 
had sent for in 1642. 

For Heretical Opinions, the set- 
tlement ofSamuel Gorton, at what is now 
Warwick, R. I., was broken up by mili- 
tary force, sent by Massachusetts magis 
trates, in 1643. 

Second liajdist CliiireJi in Amer- 
ica was founded in 1644, at Newport, 
R. I. 



a law against them. Death was the pen- 
alty for them to return to the State the 
second time. 

Seventh Day Haptist Church was 
established at Newport, R. I. in 1651. 

Baptist Persecutions in 3Iassa- 
rJiusetts.— In 1651 John Clarke, Obadiah 
Holmes and Mr. Crandall were arrested 
for disseminatmg Baptist doctrines. Be- 
ing tried and fined, Clarke and Crandall's 
fines were paid, but Holmes, refusins; to 
have his paid, received 30 lashes. Two 
other sympathizers were fined and im 
prisoned. 

3IassacJtu setts passed a law in 1654 
requiring each town to support a min- 
ister. 

lieligious Troubles in 3Iarf/land. 
A battle was fought in Maryland Mar. 25, 
1655, between the Catholics hnd Protest- 
ants, for tiie possession of the govern- 
ment. The former were defeated with 



78 



RELIGIOUS SECTS, INTOLERANCE, ETC. 



heavy loss and the Piotestants remained 
in power. 

OKdheVfi Pei'srvutctl (tit (7 Tiiipt'f- 
soiirtf in JBitstfut. — hi July, 1656, Anne 
Austin and Mary Fisher, two Quakers 
from Barbadoes, and eight more from 
England were tried, imprisoned and 
shipped hack from whence they came. 
In 1657, two more Quakers named Mary 
Dyer and Anne Burden arrived in Bos- 
ton and were imprisoned. The first was 
sent back to England, the other was taken 
to Rhode Island by her husband. Mary 
Clarke, another Quaker went to Boston 
and was wiiipped. 

Ottfther's Af/ahi. — In July, 1657, two 
Quakers arrived in Salem, Mass., and 
began efforts for the extension of their 
faith. Qthers arrived and located in dif- 
ferent Colonies. They were arrested, 
imprisoned, whipped and banished. 
They were dreaded as the authors of re- 



cuted. They were repeatedly whipped 
afterward, and their persecutions never 
ceased until royal commands forbade it. 
While the liarsh treatment of this sect is 
inexcusable, yet their repeated interrup- 
tions of Divine Service, and the march- 
ing of young Quaker women through the 
streets of Salem, naked, as a testimony 
against its sinfulness, was an outrage up- 
on strict Puritan feelings. 

lirfff/ioits Iittolevttnce in Tirt/i- 
iiitt. — In 1661 theChurchof England was 
re-established, and non-conformists were 
subjected to a penalty. Quakers were 
not tolerated. 

Politiful PriviJf'f/es in Massa- 
cliiisefts. — In 1662 Charles 11 demanded 
the repeal of tlie law wliich restricted 
the privilege of voting and tenure of 
office to church members ; he also de- 
manded the complete toleration of the 
Church of England. 



Books and Newspapers. 

Presswork for the Trade. 

Estimates Cheerfully Given. 



THE STEWART ACADEMY, 
i.-t SOI TH FIFTH STKEKT. 

Kcadins. Pa. 



Kelalitusa Pftuiliin Maiti^c ^^ ^JiS'isli Uatheniitical ii? Classical Scliool 



GOV s-A.]srso]Sd: st., 

IM\ila<Ulphi:i. Fa. 

New Designs. Good Work. 

FATKNTS. FKXSION8. BOIXTIKS. 

J. BRUCE WEBB, Esq., 

s:li:itc?., 

/'. O. Ho.r •■i4J. }yASHI\OTO.\\ It. C. 

.■\merican and Foreign Patents. Trade Mirks, Ccpy 
Rights, Reissues. Designs. Prints. Labels. &c. Send 
description of yo'.ir Inventions. For Inform-^tion or 
prompt adjudication a> above. June ist, iSSj. 



J'or Koth .S<:>-r.s. 
For Terms, Address, 

•lOHN A, STKWAKT, Print-ipal, 

READING, PA, 

Co-Partser^hiys and Business Engagements Negotiated. 

REAL ESTATE and LOAN AGENCY 

Cor. CHARLES and LEXINGTON ST3,, 



p. O. BOX 772. 



B^^nLTIIvIOI^E. 



ligious contention and ruin to all the 
Colonies. 

Dctith to Oiiaher.x was threatened in 
Massachusetts in Oct. 165S, as a penalty 
for their return after being once ban- 
ished. 

Ttco Otmhcrs treve JIniif/ in Bos- 
ton Oct. 27, 1659, named William Rob- 
inson and Marmaduke Steplienson, and 
in March, 1660, Mary Dyer suffered the 
same fate. 

Pii'st Intlifin Churvlt in America 
was established in i659on Martha's Vine- 
yard, by Mr. Mayhew. 

Second Iitdittn C/iiii'ch in America 
was founded in 1660 at Natick, Mass., by 
John Eliot. This zealous man was in- 
strumental in the conversion of 1,100 who 
were known as "Praying Indians." 

Oiitiher E.eecitfioit. — William Led- 
dra, a Quaker, was hung on Boston Com- 
mon in 1661. He was the last one exe- 



=1 



Saptisf Chiii'ch in Sosfon. — ]May 

28, 1664, Thomas Gouland and eight as- 
sociates secretly organized the first Bap- 
tist Church in Boston. The leaders were 
fined and banished by the authorities. 

ijtuthei's trei'c Otiffatred in Rhode 
Island in 1665 for refusing to bear arms. 

Oltl South Chtn'fU was organized 
in Boston in May, 1669, by tlie separation 
of a minority from the Boston Church, 
because of the "Halfway Covenant'' by 
which tiiose who were not church mem- 
bers were admitted as a means of grace. 
In 1729 the biulding known as the Old 
South Church was erected. 

Xetr Eitt/Uiitd St/nod was held in 
1679. The subjects of its deliberations 
were "public calamities," and how to 
"promote reformation of manners" in 
tiie Colonies. 

Ktumin ('(ttlttdira were disfran- 
chised in Maryland in 16S1. 



RELIGIOUS SECTS, INTOLERANCE, ETC. 



79 



Oldest Church in Xen^ EntflatuJ. 

In i6Si, a church styled the "Old Ship" 
was built and is still used by the Unita- 
rians of Hingham, Mass., as a place of 
worship. 

Catholics Tolerated. — The General 
Assembly of Pennsylvania met Dec. 4, 
1682. It was called by Penn, and lield at 
Chester. Laws were passed and Roman 
Catholics tolerated. 

Friends First "'Yearly 3Ieetiufj" 
was held in Philadelphia in July, 1683. 

JPresbf/teriaii Church. — The first 
founded in America was at Snow Hill, 
Md., in 1690, by Francis Mackenzie. 

C<t tholics Disf't -a n ch ised. — Lord 
Baltimore, in 1691, was deprived of the 
administration of Maryland because he 
was a Papist. The Church of England 
was established by law and Catholics 
were disfranchised. 

Hugenots were Enfranchised. 



Church of England was establislied 
by law in Carolina in 1703. 
First Presbt/terif in America w as 

organized at Philadelphia in 1705 by 
seven Presbyterians. 

Sayhrooh Flatforni. — In 170S the 
cinirches of Connecticut held a conven- 
tion at Saybrook and adopted the West- 
minster and Savoy Confessions, and the 
39 articles as a basis of belief. 

Fresbyterian. Church.— The first 
in New England was built at Derry, N. 
H. in 1718, by Irishmen. They also man- 
ufactured linen by the foot spinning 
wheel. 

^'Xew Born-^ was the name adopted 
by a sect of Perfectionists, founded at 
Oley, Berks Co., Penna., in 1719, by a 
German named Mathias Bourman. 

JJunkers. — This sect came from Ger- 
many in 1719 and located at Germantown , 
Penn. They called themselves "Breth- 



Importer and Dealer in 

CUNI. GLISS. QUEEHSWME. 

LAMPS AND LAMP FIXTURES. 

Kohf miaii Colored Glassware a Specialty. 

WM. RODGERS' SIL\ ERWARE S;c. 
22 South Main Street, Bethlehem, Pa. 

KNAUSS & WINTERSTEEN, 

A3ENT,?, DEALERS AMD EEPAIKEE3 CF 

ALL KINDS OF SEWING MACHINES. 

Steam, Gas and Water Fitters, Machinery and 

Tools of every Description Repaired. Working 

^Iodels and Experimental Machinery a Specialty. 

The only Bicycle Repairing Shop in Lehigh Valley. 

14.5 .S. Main St., Bethlehem, Pa. 



:m'M.Mmj^Mm, 



VICTORS. JONES. D. D. S. 

NITROUS O^IDE GAS 

Administered for Extractinjj. 

Market, Cor. Main Sts., Bethlehem, Pa. 




142 S. Main St., Bethlehem. Pa. 



and Catholics disfranchised in South 
Carolina in 1691. 

Episcopalians, Baptists and Qua- 
kers in Massachusetts were no longer 
compelled to contribute to the support 
of the Congregational Church after 1692. 

Church of England Ministei's 
were settled in New York in 1693 through 
the influence of Goveror Fletcher. The 
act of settlement embraced the counties 
of Westchester, Queens and Richmond. 

Papist Friesfs were not permitted 
to enter the Province of New York under 
penalty of being hung, by a law passed 
in 1700. 

^Jesuits and PopisJi Priests were 
declared incendiaries and subject to per- 
petual imprisonment by acts passed by 
New York and Massachusetts in 1701. 

Ejtiscopal Church was first estab- 
lished in New Jersey and Rhode Island 
in 1702. 



ren," and part of their religious cere- 
mony consists in the practice of washing 
of feet, the kiss of charity, threefold im- 
mersion, and annointing the sick with 
oil. They number about 50,000. 

Danish Mission fu-ies to the If'est 
Indies. — In 1732 Dober and Nitschman 
went from Denmark to St. Thomas to 
impart religious instruction to the ne- 
groes. Their joint capital consisted of 
twelve dollars, yet they established a 
successful mission. 

Jews Emigrate to Georgia.— Forty 
Jews came to Georgia in 1733 and erected 
a Synagogue. The prejudice against 
them was so strong that they would have 
been driven out but for Oglethorpe. 
They proved to be good citizens. 

Sch wenchfclders. — A sect defying 
the efficacy of the Scriptures settled in 
Pennsylvania in 1734. 

German Lutherans from Salzburg, 



■So 



RELIGIOUS SECTS, INTOLERANCE, ETC. 



Austria, fled from persecution and in 1734 
founded Ebenezer, Georgia. 

3£or<fri(in Colon if in Ocortiiii. — In 
1735 a settlement of tliese pious people 
was made upon the Ogeechee. 

John and Charfes JVesleif cawe 
to Geot'f/fa Feb. 1 73(i. — In the same 
ship was a company of Moravians, who, 
in a dreadful storm on Sunday calmly 
continued their worship, while the other 
passengers were in great terror. "When 
the storm ended John Wesley asked one 
of them, "were you not afraid?" "I 
thank God, no. " "Were not your wo- 
men and children afraid ?" "Our women 
and children are not afraid to die," was 
the response. 

Jlorai'itnts, of Georgia, emigrated 
to Pennsylvania in 1738, to avoid bear- 
ing arms against the Spaniards. 

Jir/t(fiotis lieciral. — In 1740 a great 
revival of religion began in New Eng- 



Embury was the first Methodist preacher 
in America. He was formerly a local 
preacher in Ireland. In 1766, at the so- 
licitation of a woman named Barbara 
Heck, he preached to a company of six 
Irish Methodists in his own house in 
New York. Later, he was aided by 
Captain Thomas Webb, who had been 
ordained by Wesley as a local preacher, 
and in 1767 they worshipped in a rig- 
ging loft in William street. 

Sluihors. — Nine in number, led by 
"INIother Ann," arrived from England, 
August 6, 1774, and settled at Watervleit, 
near Albany, N. Y. 

Free littptist Chiwrh, the first in 
the world, was organized in 1780 at New 
Durham, N. H., by Rev. Benjamin Ran- 
dall. 

CnirersaJisf Church, the first in 
America, was organized in 1780, at Glou- 
cester, Mass. , by Rev. John Alurray. 



Cj 



J. HEALY, 

731 Passyunk Avenue, 

nilLAJit: Ll'HIA, I'A. 



^ 



E, THOMAS, 

Choice Wines. Liquors, Cigars and Tobacco, 

607 B.A-I^CIL^A.^S' ST., 
yniLA liJiLl^HIA. I'A. 



HEPDINC & WALKER, 

Architectural and Ornamental 

SCULPTORS 

REAR 914 WALNUT STREET, 

PHILADKLPHIA. PA. 



,■ E.sthmifrs J'roiiiptl >/ yiirni-slirtl,- 



JACK WELCH. 

Th: WeU-En;Tn Pugilist of Philaielphia. 

Proprietor POLICE GAZETTE PALACE, 

102s liinDG-E j^'VEDN'TJE, 
PHILAl-ELPHIA. PA. 



Singing:. Clog Dancing and Glove Contests 
JSverj" Night. Admission Free. 



land under the powerful preaching of 
George Whitetield. 

('nfrerfifilism was first preached in 
America by Dr. George de Benneville, 
in 1741. 

3Ioravfans Expelled from New 
York in 1746. settled in Nazareth and 
Bethlehem, Penn. David Zeisberger here 
began his missionary work among the 
Indians, which he continued for sixty- 
two years. He composed an Onandaga 
grammar and dictionary. 

United Jirethren in Christ was a 
sect established in Lancaster county, 
Pa., by Otterbein, in 1760. 

Sandeniaiuans. — In 1764 Rev. Rob- 
ert Sandcman, established a religious 
colony at Danbury, Conn. They had 
separated from the Scotch Presbyterian 
church in Dundee, Scotland, under the 
name of Glassites. 

Methodist Congregation. — Philip 



First American Episcopal Bishop 
was Rev. Samuel Seaburg.D. D., of Con- 
necticut, who was ordained at Aberdeen, 
Scotland, Nov. 14, 17S4, 

Methodist Episcopal ChnrcJt was 
first organized at Baltimore, Md., Dt-c'r 
24, 1784. Rev. Thomas Cooke, L.L. D., 
who had been ordained by Wesley, and 
Frances Asbury, were elected Bishops. 

First I'nirersalist Con rent ion in 
the United States was held in 17S5. 

lioman Catholic HeirarcJttf was 
first established in the United States by 
the appointment of John Carroll as Vicar 
General, in 1786. 

Snndag School was first organized 
in Hanover county, Va., in 17S6, by Bish- 
op F^rances Asbury, of the M. E. Church. 

•• The Societjf J'or I'ropagating 
the Gospel among the Indians and oth 
ers in North America," was founded in 
Boston in 1787. 



RELIGIOUS SECTS, INTOLERANCE, ETC. 



8i 



First Bointin Catholic JiisJtoft in 

the United States, Vicar General John 
Carroll, was appointed Bishop of Balti- 
more in 17S9. 

Sir< ileuhorf/ian Cliiirrhes were 
organized in 1794 by Rev. William Hill, 
from England. 

"Disripfes." — otherwise known as 
"Christians," "Chnrch of Christ." and 
"Campbellites." They were organized 
in 1S09 by Thomas and his son Alexander 
Campbell, who were originally Presby- 
terians, but adopted "immersion" as the 
onlv baptism. They claimed that the 
Bible was their only creed. 

SuuiJay Schools. — In 1S09, changes 
were made by which \olunteers were 
substitnted for paid teachers, and instead 
of instructions being confined to the low 
and ignorant, it began to embrace all 
classes for continued Bible study. At a 


the Mormons settled in Kirtland, O. in 
Jan. 1831, where they lived seven years, 

liriiflunn Young joined the Mor- 
mons in 1832. 

MoriHoiis having been expelled from 
Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, Ills, in 1S39, 
and here Joseph Smith announced his 
pretended revelation instituting polyg- 
amy. 

J'tah Scffle(7 bf/ Jlorwons. — Brig- 
ham Young, with 16.000 Mormons en- 
tered Deseret, now Utah, in Jan. 1847, 
and founded Salt Lake City. They were 
two years crossing the plains. 

Oneida Coninttiniti/ was founded 
in 1847, near Syracuse, N. Y., by John H. 
Noyes. 

Yotinf/ ]}Ien's Christian Associff- 
fion. — The first in America was orga- 
nized at Montreal in 1851. 

Boman Catholic Chinch held its 
first plenary council in the United States 


HEN RY JOHNSON, 

Odorless Excavator 
AJfD SIjYK CLEAJSEB, 

Carpet Shaken ^ Cleaned with Care. 

All orders will be promptly attend<;('i lo by ad- 
•dressing a Postal Card to 

No. 330 E. Allen St., Trenton, N. J. 

PIANOS MOVED WITH ORRAT CARE 


GEORGE COOK, 

Practical Cooper, 

HIANUFACTURER OF 

BARRELS, TUBS AND CASKS, 

9 1 3 Broad Street, Trenton, N. J. 

ALFRED DARRAH, 

DEALER IN 

Moving and Jobbing of All Kinds 

PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 

OmCE, 5 TliOlSdl^^S ST., 

^Between Feeder and Allen Streets,) 

1 TRENTON, N. J. 


gREAT IMPERIAL TEA GO., 

166 Broad Street. Trenton, N. J. 
FINE TEAS AND COFFEES 

At Wholesale and Retail. 

Valuable Presents given away with each 

purchase of Tea and Cott'ee. 

CORBETT & HAYES. Propr's. 


later day similar changes were made in 
England. 

Bible Sociefij. — The fin t in America 
was organized at Piiiladelphia in 1808. 

Oranf/cineii.—ln 1829, "The Loyal 
Orange Institution" of Protestant Irish- 
men was introduced into British Amer- 
ica. 

3Iorinonisni. — April 6, 1830, Joseph 
Smith organized the first INIormon church 
at Manchester, N. Y. He claimed to 
have found the Book of Mormon, an ap- 
pendix to the New Testament, and the 
Urim and Thummim by which he could 
translate the unknown tongue in which 
it was written into English. It has since 
been proven to be an unpublished manu- 
script written by Solomon Spaulding, 
containing a pretended history of Amer- 
ica from the dispersion of the nations at 
the tower of Babel. Under Joe Smith, 


at Baltimore. Md., in May, 1852. Arch- 
bishop F. P. Kenrick presided. 

Great Berival of lSo7-S.—Sept. 
23, 1857, a noon-prayer meeting for bu- 
siness men was established in the old 
Fulton St. Church, New York, by J. C. 
Lanphier, the City Missionary of the 
church. After praying alone for half-an- 
hour five persons came in. A week after- 
ward twenty were present. In two weeks 
forty came. A daily noon-meeting was 
then appointed, which has never been 
discontinued. About the same time a 
similar meeting was established in Ply- 
mouth Church, Brooklyn, and shortly 
they were held in numerous churches. 
A powerful revival spread all over the 
land, resulting in the conversion of thou- 
sands. 

Catholics held immense meetings 
Jan. 6, 1871, in Boston, Mass. and Cleve- 



82 



RELIGIOUS SECTS, INTOLERANCE, ETC. 



and. Ohio, to protest against the Italian 
occupation of Rome. 

Morinoits. — Chief Justice McKean of 
Utah decided against Mormons serving 
as grand jurors in federal Courts Sept. 
27, 1S71 

Bi'ff/Itain Yontifi was arrested Oct. 
2, 187 1, by the United States Marshal for 
Mormon proclivities. He secured his 
release and fled from the authorities. 
He returned to Salt Lake City Jan. 2, 
1872, and surrendered to the officers of 
the law under an indictment for the mur- 
der of Richard Yates. 

Mai/or Daniel H. Wells, of Salt 
Lake City, a Mormon Bishop, was ar- 
rested Oct. 3, 1S71, for Mormon pro- 
clivities. 

"Tools of the De HI. "— The Mor- 
mons held a special conference Oct. 5, 
1871, in their Taiiernacle at Salt Lake 


1 
organized under Bishop George D. Cum- 

mings in 1S73. 

Archbishop McCloshet/ was made a 

Cardinal at Rome March 15, 1874. 

E.recation of >T'ohn T>. I^ee, Mor- 
mon bishop. Mar. 23, 1877, convicted of 
being the leader in the Mountain Mea- 
dows massacre in 1857. Tliis massacre 
was one of the most attrocious fanatical 
religious murders of the last thousand 
years. One hundred and fifty men, wo- 
men and children were assaulted, and all, 
save seventeen infant children, were 
murdered. Lee was shot to death by a 
file of United States soldiers, on the same 
spot where the massacre was committed. 
Lee's allies were Mormons and Indians. 
It is generally believed that Brigham 
Young was the instigator of this bloody j 
deed. 

Jnti-3Iormonism—ln 1S79 thepub- 


SHKRMAM'S 

HIG-H STREET, BAINBRIDGE'S OLD STAND, 

MOUNT HOLLY, N. J. 

BOOTS, SHOES, RUBBERS, TRUNKS, VALISES 

CALX, AND EXAMINE OUR STOCK. NO TKOUBLE TO SHOW CiOODS. 


T. F^. CANDLER, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 

Flour, Feed, Grain, Hay, Etc., Etc. • 

SCREENINGS A SPECIALTY. 

No. 912 Carpenter Street, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Goods J)el ivpveil to «// pa rt.s of tJi e City free. 


THOS. O'NEILL, 

Dealer in Imported and Domestic 


Smoking and Chewing Tobacco, 

A\ W. Cor. Sixth arid South Sts., 
PHILABELPHI.4, PA. 


City, and denonnced the Federal Autho- 
rities as "tools of the devil." 

Mormons CItair/efl with, Mitrder. 

Oct. 28, 1871, Mayor D. H. Wells, Ex- 
Attorney-General Hoza Stout and Wil- 
liam Kimball were arrested on a charge 
of murder in Salt Lake City. 

IrchbisJiojt Bailet/ was installed as 
primate of the Roman Catholic Church 
in the United States, at Baltimore, Oct. 
13, 1872. 

Mennonites. — Aug. 16, 1873, a band 
of 100 Mennonites from Russia arrived in 
New York. They are Baptist-Quakers, 
and were compelled by the Government 
to choose between giving up their reli- 
gion or their homes. They chose the 
latter and became settlers in the Western 
States of America. 

Reformed Episcopal Church was 


lie sentiment against Polygamy began to 
be strongly manifested. President Hayes 
issued a message against it, and Elder 
John Taylor instructed the Mormons to 
obey "God's law," no matter what the 
United States Government might do 
about it. 

Salvation Arm}/.— March 10, 1S80, 
an advance guard of S members arrived 
in New York. The army was organized 
by a minister in London in 1865, who held 
open-air meetings for the purpose of con- 
verting those who attended no place of 
public worship. 

Mormon Delegate to Congress 

was denied a certificate of election Jan. 
8, 1881, by Gov. Murray, because he liad 
never been naturalized and was living in 
polygamy. A. G. Campbell, the Gentile 
nominee received the certificate, al- 
though he had the fewest votes. 



TERRITORIAL ACQUISITION AND GOVERNMENT. 



83 



TERRITORIAL ACQUISITION AND GOVERNMENT. 



Massachusetts purchased the Prov- 
ince of Maine from the heirs of Gorges, 
in 1677 for ^1,250. This defeated the 
King's plan to buy it himself in order to 
get it out of the jurisdiction of Massa- 
chusetts. 

JVeiv Hampshire was made a royal 
province in 1679, and John Cutts ap- 
pointed Governor. 

Xew York and New Jersey were 
annexed to New England in 1688, with 
Sir Edmund Andross Governor of the 
whole territory. The present boundary 
line between New York and Connecticut 
was now located. 

Carolina was Sold to the English 
Government in 1729 by the proprietors 
of the province, for ^8,000. North and 
South Carolina were made separate pro- 
vinces. 

Georgia became a Royal Province in 



the Miami region, because the United 
States Courts had not yet been set up 
under the ordinance for governing the 
Northwest Territory. They were super- 
ceded in August by the United .States 
Courts. 

'' Maxn^ell Code-' was the title given 
to a body of laws adopted in 1795 by the 
Governor and judges of the Northwest 
Territory, for its government, because 
they were printed at Cincinnati, Ohio, by 
William Maxwell. 

General Asseniblt/ of the Northwest 
Territory first met at Cincinnati, O. Feb. 
4, 1799. W. H. Harrison was elected to 
Congress. A law was passed forbidding 
the sale of whiskey to Indians. 

Louisiana Purchased by United 
States from Napoleon I. for $15,000,000, 
April 30, 1803. It extended from the 
Mississippi river to the Rocky Mountains, 



THOMAS J. MeNALLY, 

PRACTICAL HORSE SHOER, 

1030 Columbia Ave.. Philadelphia, Pa. 

Special attention paid to Horses Interfering. 
Stumbling, Overreaching. Quarter Cracks, Corns, 
Contracted Feet, etc., without the use of a Bar Shoe. 

TBACS AND ROAD HOESES A SPECIALT?. 

EDWARD BRENNAN^ 

Manufacturer of and Dealer in 



Chewing and Smoking TobaccOi 

No. 5600 Vine St., West Philadelphia. 



R. LA^A/'RKNCE. 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 



■I" 



^ 



OF ALL KINDS, 

O^-^T ^iid-gre -A.-ve., I^alls, 

PHIL,ADEI.PHIA, PA. 

HENRI CACOND, 

REPAIRER OF MUSICAL BOXES, 

Clocks, Musical Birds, Albums, Etc., 
8 NORTH SKVF.NTH STREET, 

[Above Marl<et] 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

I am the actual workman from factory, and having 

20 years' experience, can guarantee the best work at 

low prices. Postal Cards will receive prompt atten 

tion. 



1752. The restrictions upon rum and 
slaves were removed. 

Paris Treaty of Peace. — This 
treaty was made February loth, 1763, by 
which England received certain West 
India islands, Florida, and Louisiana as 
far as the Mississippi River, except the 
island of New Orleans, Acadia and Can- 
ada. France retained two small fishing 
islands on the banks of Newfoundland, 
and got Guadaloupe and Martinique in 
the West Indies. Spain received New 
Orleans, all of Louisiana West of the Mis- 
sissippi, and Havana, Cuba. 

First Governor of "Northwest Ter- 
Territory." — Arthur St. Clair was elect- 
ed to this post by Congress, Oct. 5, 1787. 
He was instructed to treat with the In- 
dians and adjust the relations between 
them and the Government. 

Irreyular Courts were Orya- 
nized in May, 1788, by the Emigrants in 



and from the British possessions to the 
Gulf of Mexico. It contained 899,575 
square miles and more than doubled the 
area of the United States. Napoleon ex- 
claimed, "that this accession of territory 
to America strengthens forever the 
power of the United States. I have just 
given England a maritime rival that will, 
sooner or later, humble her pride." 

Florida and adjacent islands were 
ceded by Spain to United States Feb. 22, 
1819, for $5,000,000, and the relinquish- 
ment of Texas. 

Texas was annexed to the United 
States March i, 1845, and the Legislature 
of Texas ratified its annexation to the 
United States July 4, 1845. 

Xew Me.eico was annexed to the U. 
S. Aug. 22, 1846. 

Gen. fTohu C Fremont was ap- 
pointed Governor of California by Com. 
Stockton, in January, 1847. 



84 



COLONIAL GRANTS AND C:HAKTERS 



(irn. KenrtK'U proclaimed himself 
Governor of California, Marcli i, 1847. 
Col. Fremont refused ol)edience and was 
courtmartialed for it at Wasliiiiiiton. 

iimlsilrn I'nn-ltasc. — A dispute 
arose about the boundary line between 
New Mexico and Chihuaiiua in 1853 The 
diilunilty was adjusted by the pu.'-.iase 
from Mexico of tlie disputed territory, 
whicli fmally became the territory of 
Arizona. 



I'aticou rev's Isftnidwds taken pos- 
session of July 9, 1859, by Gen. Harney, 
in behalf of tiie United States. 

.tfffsh((. — The treaty for the purchase 
of tiiis territory from Russia was ratihed 
by the United States Senate May 20, 
1867. It contains 500,000 square miles 
and 60,000 inhabitants. The price paid 
was 1:7,200,000. 

Ill (I r It' llifls were ceded to the United 
vStates by the Indian owners Sept. 20th, 
1S76. 



MIRROR PRINTING HOUSE. 

HARRY SLEP, Prop. 

PRINTING, PUBLISHING Q. BOOKBINDING 

101s EIL.E"VE]NrTP3: .A."V"En>CrTJE, -A-X^TOOUNT-A., F.A-. 

We carry in stock a complete line of Legal Blanks. The reputation of our 
series of Legal Blanks is well established and when ever used are acknowl- 
edged to be Superior to any in the market. Blanks to order by the hundred, 
at list prices. All manner of Printing for the fraternity executed in the 
highest Style ot the Art at competing prices. Send for Catalogue and Price 
List. Extra special discount to large buyers. 



COLONIAL GRANTS AND CHARTERS. 



Sir Walter lidh'h/Jt obtained a pat- 
ent from Queen EHzabeth for territory 
in America in March, 15S2. On the 7th 
of !\hirch, 1589, he ceded part of his 
rii;hts, under his \'ir.<;inia patent, to a 
company of London merchants. 

Liomlon and J'h/inotit/t Compa- 
nies were chartered by King James I. of 
England in 1606. The first was autho- 
ri/A-il to colonize between the 31st and 
38th degrees North latitude, and the lat- 
ter between the 40th and 45th, e.\tending 
Westward to the Pacific. No colony had 
the right to self-government granted, 
and the Church of England was the only 
form of religion tolerated. 

I'ort Koffal .thainloned.-DeMonts 
patent having been aniuilled, the Colon- 
ists all returned to France, in 1607. 

\etr Charter for Jamesfoirn. — In 
May, 1609, the London Company ob- 
tained a new charter for this Colony. 
The local conncil, which was appointed 
by the King, was abolished, and power 
was given to the stockholders to elect 
their own. Lord Delaware was appointed 
Governor for life, with almost absolute 
power. Nine vessels and 500 Colonists 
were sent out. Sheep and swine were 
also sent. 

Third Charter for f'iri/inia was 



granted March 12, 161 2. It empowered 
the stockholders to manage the affairs of 
the Colonist instead of the council, and 
the limits of the Colony were extended 
300 leagues from the main land to include 
the Bermudas. 

flesaifs. in 1612, obtained from the 
French King a grant of all North Amer- 
ica, from the St. Laurence to Florida. 

Charles Calrert. a Roman Catholic 
and afterward Lord Baltimore, obtained 
a grant from King James of Avalon, on 
the S. E. Coast oJ Newfoundland where, 
in 1621, he began a little Colony called 
Ferryland. 

Marf/laud. — ^June 20, 1622, Lord Bal- 
timore received a grant of lands West of 
the Delaware river which he named Ma- 
ryland in honor Oueen Henrietta INIaria. 

I'atrooits. — In 1629, the Dutch "West 
India Comjiany issued a decree called 
the "Charter of Liberties" authorizing 
any one to purchase large tracts of laiul 
in New Netherland, and upon forming a 
Ct)lony of 50 persons within the same, to 
govern it. This was the foundation of 
the feudal tenure which existed so long 
in New York. 

"\l*rorideiiee Via ntatioDs." — Un- 
der this title Roger Williams received a 
royal charter Mi»rch 14, 1644. The Pro- 



GOLD, SILVER, PETROLEUM, ETC., WHEN DISCOVERED. 



85 



videnceand Rhode Island Colonies were 
separate before, were now united by this 
charter. The government was a pure 
Democracy. 

tfiyhiHt was assigned, in 1673, by 
Charles II. to Lords Culpepper and Ar- 
lington for 31 years. The citizens were 
troubled by this injustice. 

I*rniisf/fr(fiu(f granted to William 
Penn, Mar. 4, 16S1, by Charles II. in sat- 
isfaction of a debt of /"i6,ooo due him as 
heir of his father !-">lr William Penn, from 
the English Government. Penn appoint- 
ed Capt. William Markham Governor. 

East fJei'sf'ff. — William Penn was 
one of twelve persons who, in 1682, 
bought East Jersey, which was sold to 
pay the debts of .Sir George Cartaret, 
deceased. Penn thus became one of the 
owners of the whole province of New 
Jersey. 

DcUiirare was deeded by the Duke 
of York to William Penn in 1682, who 
re(]uested it that Pennsylvania might 
have access to the Atlantic ocean. 



Virffinift again became a royal prov- 
ince in 1684, by the King's revocation of 
the grants made to Lords Arlington and 
Culpepper. 

Jlass(K-h tisetfs' charter was revoked 
by the King in 16S4. 

\<'it> Eiif/faiiff Charter's were all 
aimulled in 1686 by the King, who ap- 
pointed Sir Edmond Andross governor 
of the entire territory. 

•• C/ufffer of Lihcrffrs " was the 
title of a new constitution adopted for 
Pennsylvania in 1701. The qualification 
for a voter was 50 acres unincumbered 
land, or personal property worth ^50. 
A new charter was also given to Phila- 
delphia. 

iieorf/ia. — The thirteenth colony was 
founded by James Edward Oglethorpe 
and other philanthropists. They ob- 
tained a charter June 9, 1732, for the ter- 
ritoiy between the Saviumah and Alta- 
maha rivers for 21 years, to be held in 
trust for the poor. Compensation or land 
for themselves was forbidden. 



VISIT VALENTINE'S VARIETY BAZAAR. 

When you come to Burlington, N. J. If you do not sec what you want, ask for it 
and Valentine will surely show it to you, for he has 

G:=5=B00TS and shoes, -^::0 

for men, boys, women and girls. 

ALL SORTS OF CLOTHING, NOTIONS AND TRIFLES 

-AT LESS r'ToxT^s^s TTi-i.A.iT .A.iT-irTX7-iiE:ssE: 331.se:. 
318 E.A.SX BI^O-A-ID STIIEET, BXJR,3Li:iSrOTO:iNr, KT. J. 

°Soi'^°- JOHN S. VALENTINE, ^^?o\^'^- 



Ksrx n /> /,v n /•; /> / s.i.i. 

THOMAS MILNOR &. SON, 

DEALERS IN 
AND MANUFACTURERS OF 

Cor. St. Mary and Pearl Streets, Burlington, New Jersey. 




G-OLD, SIL.VER, PETROLEUM, Etc —When Discovered. 



Gold wan Disrorered Jan'y, 1494. 
Alonzo de Ojida, with an explorint;: com- 
pany sent out liy Columl)us, returned 
from the interior of the country with 
specmiens of gold ore and dust. Gold 
was discovered in the coast range of 
Veneznla, S. A., in 1540, 

VojtiK'i' was mined in Cuba in 1515. 

Mc.icican Silrcf Mines of Zacate 
cas were discovered in 1532. 

Silver. — The Potosi .Silver Mines in 
Bolivia were discovered accidentally in 
1545 by an Indian named Hualpa, who, 
in ciiasing wild goats, ])ul](d a bush up 
by the roots and uncovered the ore. The 
mountain containmg the mines rises, 
cone-like, 16,000 feet above the sea. 
Five thousand mines have been opened 



in this cone, and in two hundred and 
forty-four years after discovery |;i,ooo,- 
000,000 was taken out. 

<>uir/,silr*'i- JMiiU's of Huancavelica. 
Peru, were discovered in 1564. They 
yielded largely up to the end of the last 
century. The mines at Santa I'arbara, 
Peru, began to be worked in 1566 by 
Spaniards. Native Peruvians Iiacl worked 
them before tiie Spauiartls came. 

(i<»ld was discovered in Brazil in 1699. 

DnhiHiiu' Lead Mines were discov- 
ered in 1700 by Le Sueur, but were not 
worked until i7<S8, and tlien by Julien 
Dubu(iue. 

Diamonds were discovered in Brazil 
in 1710. 

Lead Mines in Missouri were dis- 



86 



GOLD, SILVER, PETROLEUM, ETC., WHEN DISCOVERED. 



covered and worked by Renault and La 
Motte in 1720. 

The Bidf/anza Dhimoud. weigh- 
ing 16S0 carats, was found in Brazil in 
1741. It is now owned by Portugal. 

Ail flira rite VoaJ was first used in 
176S by two Pennsylvania blacksmiths 
named'Gore. Because it was difficult to 
kindle it was only used in forges. 

Lr(((l MhtiiHi in Jo »•« was begun 
in 17S8 by Julien Dubuque, a French 
Canadian, who settled upon the site of 
the present town of Dubuque. 

Anthracite Coat was discovered in 
Carbon county, Pennsylvania, by Philip 
Ginter, while hunting, in 1791. The same 
coal was sold in 181 2 in Philadelphia. 
The purchaser, a manufacturer, tried for 
half a day to make it burn. In disgust 
he shut the furnace door and went to 
dinner. Returning he was amazed to 
find the furnace door red hot and the 



Authvaritf Coal was first burned in 
iron furnaces, with the hot air blast ap- 
plied, by Dr. Geessenheimer, in New 
York, in 1S33. 

Copper F'ever. — In 1845 the extent of 
the Lake Superior copper mines became 
known. A great excitement ensued. 
Land was sold at enormous prices, ficti- 
tious companies were organized, and for 
two years speculation was rampant. The 
bubble burst in 1847. 

" Kerosene " was the name given in 
1846 to Oil, which was made from coal, 
by Abraham Gesner. 

Qtfichsilrer Mines were worked in 
Santa Clara County, Cal., in 1846, by the 
Mexicans. 

California Gotd Ferer. — Feb. 9th, 
184S, a little daughter of a man named 
Marshall, overseer of John A. Sutter's 
mill, on the Sacramento river, picked up 
a piece of gold in the race. This created 



LiA Floi^ (Subana ©iGAr^ Pagtoi^y. 

Thess Sig-ars are warranted to k njade froni ttjs Best Tobaccos. 

Skilled workmanship in Cuban hand-made, and free from Artificial Flavors. 

M. J- LEHMANN, 

!29 :B^^:E=L3SrES ST?I=LEET?, TI^LEIsTTOlXr, IST. J". 

MRS. J. D- CRUSKN, 




isr. J. 
Oysters, Clams, Came, Ice Cream, «&,c., in Season. Meals at all Hours. 

TOBACCO AJN'D CIGARS, BREAKFAST ROL,L.S, &c . 

ORDKRS DELIVERED IN ALL PARTS OF THE CITY- 



coal burning finely. This revealed the 
secret. 

Minint/ in JTissoin-i. — Moses Aus- 
tin, of Virginia, sunk the first shaft and 
built a furnace and shot tower in Mis- 
souri in 1798. 

Stone Coal was first used for fuel in 
a fire place in iSoS by Judge Fell, of 
Wilkesbarre, and Obtidiah Gore, of Wy- 
oming. Valley, Pa. 

l*etroleiini was discovered in Ohio in 
1820, and it was struck on the Alleghany 
river, above Pittsburg, in 1S45. In both 
instances the parties were boring for 
salt. It had before been gathered in 
limited quantities from the surface of 
streams, and used by the Indians tor 
medicinal purposes, under the name of 
"Seneca Oil." 

Tin was First Diseorered in Am- 
erica in 1829, at Goshen, Conn., by Prof. 
Hitchcock, of Amiierst Collegt- . 



an excitement which caused an immense 
emigration to California, and the perma- 
nent prosperity of that country. 

I^alufibfe Diamond weighing 23.7 
carats was found in 1856, at Manchester, 
Virginia. 

Gold Discovered in "Western Kansas 
in 185S, caused great emigration to that 
country. Washington and Oregon ter- 
ritories also had their gold e.xcitements 
this year. 

J*i/,e's Peak' was discovered to be 
rich in gold deposits May 6, 1859. Great 
excitement and emigration followed. 

Conistock Lode. — This great Nevada 
Silver mine was discovered in 1859 by 
James Fennimoreand Henry Comstock. 
So little did they know the value of their 
"lind," that Fennimore sold his interest 
to Conistock for a mule and a pinch of 
gold dust. Comstock afterward sold the 
whole for a moderate sum. By 1866, 



PRINTING PRESSES, PUBLICATIONS, ETC 



87 



170,000,000 had been taker, from this 
lode. 

Oil Fever, — CoL Drake, of New Ha- 
ven, Conn., bored the first oil well near 
Titusville, Penn., in 1S59. It produced 
160 barrels per day from a depth of 71 
feet. Other wells were bored, some of 
which flowed from 1,000 to 3,000 barrels 
per day. In 1865-7 immense fortunes 
were made and lost. Refineries were 
built — Railroad tank cars constructed — 
pipe lines laid, and the business soon 
grew to enormous proportions. 



Phosphate Mhiiiiff Compain/ was 

organized in 1S67, upon the discovery of 
extensive beds of bone by Professor S. 
F. Holmes, in South Carolina. 
Black inilfi Gold Fa-citenieuf. — 

In August, 1S75, an immense immigra- 
tion began to this section. As the In- 
dians owned the country, United States 
troops were sent to drive out the gold 
hunters. The Indians finally ceded their 
rights to the United States, since which 
the mineral resources have been devel- 
oped. 



DR. CHAPMAN'S DENTAL ROOMS, 
212 South Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 

(Formerly Fifth and Pine Sts.) 

BEAUTIFUL, DURABLE pD LIFE-LIKE SETS $5, $8 pD $10. 

FEFIFECX no? a-XJ^A.IlA.lSrTEEID. 

New Patent Suction Plates on Gold, >Silver, Rubber and Celluloid. 

-VO SETS ALLOWED TO LEAVE OFFICE THAT YOU CANNOT EAT WITH. 

15 Years Practice. Filling 50 cts. and Upwards. Extracting 25 cts; with Gas 50 cts. 
XO CHARGE FOR GAS WHEN SETS ARE ORDERED. 

212 South Eighth Street, below Walnut Street, 

PHILiiDELPHIil, PA. 



PRINTING PRESSES, PUBLICATIONS, ETC. 



Pi'inthtff til JMexico. — In 1545 the 
first book book printed in America was 
a school manual entitled "The Spiritual 
Ladder," published under the direction 
of the Viceroy. Ninetj'-three other books 
were printed in Mexico during this cen- 
tury, and seven in Peru. 

''Sin and Drntf/er of Self-Love,'" 
was the title of the first American ser- 
mon ever printed. It was preached in 
Plymouth December 12, 1621. 

Pi'iiitiiif/ Press at Camhridge, 
31<tss.^ was set up by Stephen Daye, in 
March, 1639, who received 300 acres of 
land from Massachusetts because he was 
the first printer in the North American 
Colonies. 

TIte Baij Psalm Pooh was prepared 
by Eliot and others, and published at 
Cambridge, Mass., in 1640. In 1S76 a 
copy of it sold for 11,025. 

Concordance of the Bible. — In 
1658 Rev. Saml. Newman, of Rehoboth, 
Mass., published a massive concordance 
of the Bible. 

Indian Xeiv Testament. — In 1661 
John Eliot published his translation of 
the New Testament into the Indian lan- 
guage. Saviour is written on its title 
page "Nuppoquohwussuaeneumun." 



Licensers of the Press were ap- 
pointed by the Legislature of Massachu- 
setts in 1662. 

Pliot's Indian Bible. — In 1663 John 
Eliot published his translation of the Old 
Testament into the Indian tongue, at 
Cambridge, Mass. This, with the New 
Testament published in 1661, completed 
his Bible. 

Printinff Presses in Virginia were 
forbidden by the English government in 
i68r, and no printing was done in the 
province till 17S9. 

In Poinsi/lrania a printing press 
was set up in 1686, at Shakamaxon, 
by William Bradford, whose first publi- 
cation was an Almanac. 

*' Xews Placard" issued in Boston 
in 1689. It was the pioneer of newspa- 
pers. 

Xe}('spaper. — In 1690 Benjamin Har- 
ris published the first number of a news- 
paper called "Public Occurrences, both 
Foreign and Domestic," in Boston, Mas- 
sachusetts. 

In. New I'or/i' the first printing-house 
was established by William Bradford, of 
Philadelphia, in 1693 He was allowed 
;^40 a year by the government for under- 
taking tiie enterprise. 



88 



I'UINTING PRESSES, rUHLlCATlONS, ETC. 



Kmiift'tttioti I*atiipJilf'f was issued 
in Boston in 1699, setting forth iiuliice- 
nicnts for New Englanders to settle in 
Panama. 

•• ll«>stini Xcit'S Lt'fff'i'" was estab- 
lished April 24, 1704. It was in existence 
forty years before it had 300 subscribers. 

Pi-hiffnf/ in J.oiusfniKi was intro- 
duced In- the French in 1704. 

In Conntrtiriit Thomas Short set 
up the lirst printing press at New Lon- 
don in 1709. 

27t(' Antrviran ItrcJ^lt/ llrrrtnf/ 
was issued at Philadeljilua December 22, 
1719, by Andrew Bradford and John 
Capson. 

" T/te liosfon Ouzetti- " was the 
second newspaper in the Colonies. It 
was published December 21, 1719, by 
James Franklin, a brotlier of Benjamin. 

'Uto Xrn' Knfilaml dnirunt w.is 
established in Boston in 1721 by James 



The I'h'f/inat Gazette was issued 

at Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1736. 

Jirnjontin Vi-<(nhlin. in 1741, pub- 
lished tiie fust literary niagaznie in Am- 
erica. It was the "General Alagazine and 
Historical Chronicle," and lasted only 
6 months. 

Luther's German Jiihfe was re- 
printed in i743by Christopher Sower, the 
type-fountler, ai Germantown, I'enna. 

•• Dhuetians Jhtw tit J>rrss anf/ 
Connnon Dish'' was the title of the 
hrst American Cook Book, pul)lished in 
Boston in 1747. 

Vitif Dirertori/. — The first in Am- 
erica was publishcii in IJaltimore in 1752. 

Ililtle, — In 1752 Kneeland and Green 
of Boston, published the first in English 
in America. 

German J^rintint/ "Press was set 
lip at Philadelphia in I755by the London 
Society of Religious Knowledge. 



GEO. W. BIDDLE, Jr., 




Ev Jinj)vgIG/^vp/lI/NiEF(, 



Orqai-qental Paintirjg a Specialty 



864 North Tenth Street 



I^IillL^A.IDELFIil.A., :E»J^. 



Franklin. He was impriscined because 
of the free criticism permitteil in its col- 
unms. It lastetl about six years. Ben- 
jamin Franklin set type and wrote some 
articles for it. 

T/w Xen' I'ork Gazette wi\sef^U\b- 
lished by William Bradford in New York 
in 1725.' 

First ISeu'spaper in M<trfiland 
was issued at Annapolis by William 
Parks in 172S. 

Tlie lla rbadoes Gazette was issued 

at Barbadoes in 1731 by Samuel Keimer. 

The South Carolina Gazette was 

issued at Charleston 1732. 

The Ik h ode J stand Gazette was 

issuetl in Rhode Island in 1732 by James 
Franklin. 

•• l*(tor liiehard's Alnianae" was 
issued in 1732 by Benjamin Franklin. Its 
wise sayings became very popular. 



I*rintin(/ in Te.ras, in. 1760, was be- 
gun by the Spaniards. 

The Conneetivnt dun-ant is the 
oldest newspaper of continuous publica- 
tion in the country. Thomas Green es- 
tablished it at Hartford, Conn., in 1764. 

First Ihii/i/ J*ajnr in America -was 
established in Philadelphia in 17S4. It 
was called "Poulson's Daily General Ad- 
vertiser." 

First J^rinting l*ress west of the 
AUeghanies was set up in Kentucky in 
1786'. 

The Federalist was a serious of pa- 
pers published in 17SS by Hamilton. Jay 
and Madison, over the signature of J'u6- 
/itis, for the purpose of explaining and 
defending the new Constitution. 

'• The Centinel of the yorthirest 
Territort/ " was the title of a newspa- 
per issued at Cincinnati, Ohio, by Wil- 
liam Maxwell, Nov. 9, 1793. 



TREATIES WITH FOREIGN POWERS AND INDIANS. 



89 



M('<lir<tl fToiiriKtI. — The first in the 
United States was issuetl in New York 
in 1797. 

"The Goxcttr*' was the title of a 
paper issued by the students of Dart- 
nu)Uth Colle.ire, N. H., in 1800. 

In St. Jjoius.in iSdS, Jacob Hinkle 
set up the first printing- press ever used 
beyond the Mississippi river. 

In J}[fssfssijtjtt. — Tlie first printing 
press was set up in 1809. 

I'riiitfnf/ J'rrss was first introduced 
in ]\Iichig:an in 1810. 

T/tc Anieriron Farmer, an agri- 
cultural newspaper, was first established 
in 1818, by John S. Skiiuier at Baltimore, 
Md. 

.tiiff-Sfffrerf/ VvriodicdJ. issi ud 
by Renjamin Lundy, in 1821. He called 
it the " denius of Universal Emancipa- 
tion," and was one of the pioneers in 
publishing- anti-slavery periodicals and 
lecturing- against slavery. 

PrhitiiKj J'rrss. — Richard M. Hoe 
made the first cylinder press in America 
in 1830. 

WilUant TJofftI Garrison began to 
publish the " TJIierator," an Abolition 
pa]K'r, in IJoston, in 1831. 

'' Thr San/' the first penny newspa- 
per in America, was issued in New York 



Sept. 3, 1833. It was sold by newsboys, 
and soon had a circulation of 60,000. 

Mcrc/Kmfs' Maf/azfnf was estab- 
lisiied July, 1839, by l''reeman Hunt. It 
became an important and influential 
journal. 

Xrtr V<tr/,- Trihnnr founded Aj^ril 
TO, 1841, by Horace Greeley. It started 
with 500 subscribers. 

It/oonH'i'tsnt. — January i, 1849, Mrs. 
Amelia Hloonii-r, of Seneca Falls, N Y., 
estal)lislied tiie "Lilly," a newspaper ad- 
vocating women's rights and the adop- 
tion of a peculiar female costume de- 
vised and worn by Gerritt Smith's daugii- 
ter, afterward known as the " Bloomer" 
dress. 

•• Illustrated Nen's." published by 
P. T. Barnum and Beacli Bros., January 
I, 1853. It had a sale of 150,000 copies 
the first issue. 

Associated I'i'efts organized in New 
York* in 1855 by the daily j^apers, for 
gathering and distributing news more 
e.xpeditiously. 

T/w Grafthie Coni/tani/ was or- 
ganized in New York in 1873, issuing a 
daily paper illustrated by the process of 
photo-lithography, by which engravings 
can be reproduced upon .stone in half an 
hour. 



WILLIAM F. ROCHE, 

Proprietor of "Roche's Tar Pectoral" 

FOU COITGHS, coigns, Ktc, 

S. E. Corner Fifteenth and Soutli Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. 

H. McLaughlin, 

^GROCERIES> 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Milk. 

—.■>/« Soiitli Tirriitf/-Sc<'itii(l Strrrt, — 

Philadelphi.\, Penna. 



WIVI. L. COMOTT, 

OATKHKU. 

oonsr3r'ii!OTnxoisrEi=L'y, 

No. 1817 Lombard Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Entert.Tinmcnts Kuniisliccl and served on Reasonable 
Terms. Terrapins. CriKjiietts, Sweet lireads, Boned 
Turkey, Chicken and Lobster Salads, Jtc. Oysters 
in Every Style. Fine and Fancy Ponnd and Fruit 
Cakes, MaranRues, ifcc. .\11 orders attended to at 
the Shortest Notice. 



e7. U .KVERICir, 

Livery, 

Sale I Exchange 

StiK-k of lliir.ti'.v )ili)-in/.s 
f'tir Siitf. 

East Union Street, BUKLINGTON, IT. J. 




TREATIES WITH FOREIGN POWERS AND INDIANS. 



Offlethorpe and the Indians. — 

By Oglethorpe's invitation a conference 
was held in Georgia May 29, 1733, v\ith 
the chiefs of tlie neighboring iribe.s. Mu- 
tual presents were made and friendly re- 
lations established. The fame of C)gle- 
thori^e's humanity spread far and wide 
among tlie Red men. 

J'eaee with tlie Indian tribes dwelling 
between the Ohio and the great lakes 
was made in 175S. 



France acknowledged the independ" 
ence of the United States in a treaty of 
alliance and conmierce, which was con- 
clutled between the two nations Feb. 6, 
1778. 

i'oinntissioners of Peace. — Sept., 
1782, Congress appointed John Adams, 
John Jay, Dr. I>^ranklin, ami Meiiry Lau 
reus to treat with Mr. Oswald, who iiad 
full power from the British government 
to negotiate for peace. 



90 



TREATIES WITH FOREIGN POWERS AND INDIANS. 



Holland. — Treaty of amity and com- 
merce was concluded between the Uni- 
ted States and Holland October 7, 1782. 

Einjh(n<J . — Preliminary treaty of 
peace between England and the United 
States signed at Paris Nov. 30, 17S2. 

Tfeatjf of l*eace of a definite char- 
acter was signed between United States 
and Great Britain Sept'r 3, 1783, with 
Canada and Nova Scotia as Northern 
and Eastern, and the Mississippi river 
as Western boundaries. 

First 3IhifKter to Etif/hnid. — 
John Adams was sent, Feb., 1785, to try 
to adjust the standing difificulties in con- 
nection with the fulfillment of the treaty 

of 17S3. 

tT(n/'s Treat)/ with Great Britain, 
Nov. 19, 1794. This was a treaty of com- 
merce and navigation, rendered neces 
sary by alleged violations of the treaty 
of 1783. It caused great indignation, as 



ries between Florida and the United 
States, and opened the navigation of the 
Mississippi to both powers. 

Treffti/ irit/i France was tempora- 
rily made September 30, 1800. 

Tripoli. — A treaty of peace with 
Tripoli was concluded June 3, 1805, by 
which prisoners were e.xchanged and 
^60,000 paid to the Dey for an excess of 
200 held by him. It provided that no 
further ransom should ever be exacted 
by the Dey. 

Treaty trith Great Britain was re- 
jected by President Jefferson, Dec, 1S06, 
because it conceded to her the right of 
search and seizure. 

Great Britain. — A treaty of peace 
between Great Britain and the United 
States was signed at Ghent, Belgium, 
December 24, 1814. None of the dis- 
tinctive issues of tlie war of 1812 were 
settled or named. The principal arti- 



C. A. BECKER, 

MANIFACTURER OF 

FireBnckforall makes of Stoves^^Raoges 

Terra Cotta Garden Vases, no\ver Pots, 

STONE and EAETHENWAEE of every Description, 
FANO? WARE A SPECIALTY. 

Canal St., near XortIiami)ton,Wilkes-Barrp, Pa. 

VOSBUROH BROS. 

MANUFACTrKES OF 

Fine Carriages and Wagons, 

I'll i iiti iiij. Trim III i nil iiiiil Jli'jm irhii/ 

Sone in all Their Branches. 

ALL WORR GUARANTEED FIRST-CLASS. 

yortli Canal Street. Above Market, 

WILKES-BARRB, PA. 



A. WHITAKER, Propr- 

Opposite Court House, 
PUBLIC SQUARE. 

T . A . IVIU R PHE Y , 
STEAM CRACKER BAKERY, 

Bread, Biscuits, Cakes, Crackers, 

AND ICE CREAM, 

At Wholesale and Retail. 
No. 71 Hazel Avenue, AVilkes-Barre, Pa. 



it contained no provision for stopping 
impressments. Washington was threat- 
ened by the anti-Federalists if he signed 
it, but he did it notwithstanding, and the 
result justified his wisdom. 

Jf'ai/ne's Intlian Treat t/ was coii- 
cluded at Greenville, O., August 3, 1795. 
A council with 1,130 Indians was held, 
who agreed to refuse British influence, 
and to make peace. This ended the In- 
dian war and opened up the great North- 
west to white immigration. 

Alf/iers. — Treaty with Algiers was 
concluded September 5, 1795. The Uni- 
ted States was compelled to pay |8oo,- 
000 for captives then living, give the Dey 
a frigate worth |;ioo,ooo, and submit to 
an annual tribute of |523,ooo to secure 
future peace. 

SjHiin. — A treaty between Spain and 
the United States was concluded Oct'r 
20, 1795, which determined the bounda- 



cles related to a few unimportant bound- 
aries. The chief feature of the treaty was 
that Great Britain and the United States 
agreed to be at peace. 

Massia. — A treaty between Russia 
and the United States was made in 1S24, 
by which the latter relinquished all claim 
to territory south of latitude 54° 40"^^, 
leaving England and the United States 
to settle their own boundaries. 

JVajtles. — A treaty with Naples was 
concluded in 1831, by which that govern- 
ment agreed to pay the United States 
one million seven hundred and twenty 
thousand dollars for sequestration of 
American property under King Joachim 
Murat. 

France. — A treaty with France was 
made in 1831, by which 25,000,000 francs 
were to be paid the United States for 
depredations on American commerce by 
Napoleon I. 



TREATIES WITH FOREIGN POWERS AND INDIANS. 



91 



lieU/iinn paid the United States, in 
1839, for damages to American property 
during the siege of Antwerp. 

Hoflaud paid the United States for 
spoliations on American commerce dur- 
ing the war of 1812, 162,692 in 1839. 

Trraff/ Bet ween Sardinia and the 

United States was made in 1839. It was 
the first treaty with any country ever 
made by tliat government. 

^ Webster- Ashhitrtou Treatif be- 
tween the United States and England, 
defining the boundaries between the 

; United States and British America, for 
suppressmg the slave trade, and surren- 

1 dering fugitive criminals, was signed in 
August, 1S42 

Einbass}/ to CJtiua. — In 1S43 Con- 


fornia were ceded to the United States ; 
the Rio Grande river was made the west- 
ern boundary of Texas, for which the 
United States was to pay Mexico $15,- 
000,000 and to assume debts of INIexico 
to American citizens not to exceed three 
million five hundred thousand dollars. 
This was the result of the Mexican war, 
which cost the United States |i6o,ooo,- 
000 and 25,000 lives. 

Treat}/ Between fjapan and the 

United States was concluded March 23, 
1854. 

Beriproeit]/ Treatt/ between Cana- 
da and the United States was signed 
June 5, 1854. By this treaty agricultural 
aroducts were made articles of free trade 
setween the States and Canada. 

Japavese Etnhassy to the United 




EDWARD ACKERMAN, 

DEUTSCHES GASTHAUS 

AND LUNCH ROOM, 

1304 Callowhill St., Philadelphia. Pa. 

Beer, Wines, Liquors and Cigars. Rooms by the 

Day or Week. Oysters in Every Style.' 

Meals at all Hours. 


WASHINGTON HOUSE. 

7. K Lazm//, Prop. 
Best TMcrttion in Toirti, Sfrirh-li/ I-'ir.st-Cliiss. 

Newly Refitted with Pool Room and Latest Improvements. 

Telephone Connections. 

MAIN, Cor. garrison STREET, 

Rates, $1.50 Per Day. Bethlehem, Pa. 




BODIES PKESERVEI> WITHOUT ICE. 

JHME3 J- 3WEENEY, 

FUNERAL DIRECTOR, 

834 80VT1I EIOHTH STREET, 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 


J03EPP IiIEBERMHN ^ C0., 

LAGER BEER BREWERS, 

EAGLE BREWERY. Sixth, Cor. [Jnion Sts. 
ALLENTOWN, PA. 




gress appropriated 1140,000 to send a spe- 
cial envoy to China to adjust our trade 
relations with that Empire. In 1844 
Caleb Cushing negotiated a treaty be- 
tween the United States and China. 

M^p.r/co.— President Polk asked Con- 
gress for an appropriation of $3,000,000 
August 8, 1846, for the purpose of nego- 
tiating a treaty with Mexico. 

Oregon Boirndarf/ Controrersij 

between Great Britam and the United 
' States was definitely settled by treaty 
1 June 15, 1846. The forty ninth parallel 
was established as the international 
boundary. Every point in the contro- 
I versy was yielded to England. 
i 

Treatjf Between United States 
and Me.rieo, Feb'y 2, 184S, at Guada- 
loupe, Hidalgo. New Mexico and Cali- 


States arrived at San Francisco INIarch 
28, i860. It was composed of Nobles of 
the Empire, and was the first ever sent 
by that nation to any power. Its errand 
was to ratify the treaty between the two 
nations. President Buchanan gave them 
a reception at the White House in May. 

San J'nan Boundarf/. — In the con- 
troversy between Great Britain and the 
United States, October 21, 1S72, the 
German Emperor decided in favor of 
the claim of the United States to several 
islands between Washington and Van 
Couver islands, including San Juan. 

Chinese Treati/ made at Shanghai 
November 18, 1880, It conceded to the 
United States the right to control Chi- 
nese immigration, but not to prohibit it 
altogether. Opium could not be carried 
into either country. 





92 



MONETARY AND FINANCIAL EVENTS 



MONETARY AND FINANCIAL EVENTS. 



for coining 



legal 



Mint in Mexico. — The first mint on 
the continent was established in Mexico 
silver in 1535. 
it Lima, l*erti. a mint was estab- 
lished in 1565. It is still in operation 

Mnshet Jiif/fets were made 
tender in IMassachnsetts in 1635, in lieu 
of farthings, in order to keep them in 
the country in view of anticipated trou- 
ble over the charter of the colony. 

Odd Financial Crisis. — In 1641 
Indian money, consisting of sea shells 
strung together and known as "Wam- 
pum" or "Seawant,"' was the chief cur- 
rency of New Netherland. The New 
Amsterdam City Council complained 
"That a great deal of bad Seawant, nasty 
rough things imported from other places, 
was in circulation, while the good, splen- 
did Manhattan Seawant was out of sis:ht 



signed by tlie officials, was issued in 16S5 
by the Intendant of Quebec. Others is- 
sued it also, until in 1714 it amounted to 
2,000,000 livres and ruined trade. 

Hills of Credit to the amount of 
^40,000 were issued in 1690 by Massa- 
chusetts. This was the first paper money 
ever seen in the English colonies 

Paper Monei/ to the amount of 
126,000, was issued by South Carolina 
in 1702. 

Pennstflrania issued paper money 
to the amount of ^45,000 in 1722. 

Lcffal Tender in Mart/land. — 
Corn at 20 pence per bushel and tobacco 
at one penny per pound was legal tender 
in 1732. 

Maryland issued paper money in 
1733 to her great injury. 

The Hank of Penitsylrania was 



PETZELT, KEYSEH El HANCE, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 



isr. 



'9 

1925 PINE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



VS^. D. ROBERTSON'S 



A. O. SMITH, - - Proprietor. 

DYEING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES, 

Special Attention Given to Fine Fabrics, Such as Silks, Satins, Fine Laces, Ac. 



or exported, which must cause the ruin 
of the country." 

" Wftntpnni" h&c^mQ valueless as 
currency in 1651 in Massachusetts, in 
consequence of an order that it should 
no longer be received in payment of 
taxes. It continued current in New 
Netherland for a long time after. 

Mint at lioston. — June 10, 1652, the 
general court of IMassachusetts estab- 
lished the first mint in the English colo- 
nies, under charge of John Hull, gold- 
smith. Silver pieces were coined of the 
value of 3 pence, 6 pence and 12 pence. 
The largest became known as the "pine 
tree shilling," from the pine tree stamped 
upon it. It operated for 30 years. 

Mint in Mart/land was established 
by the Legislature of that colony in 1662. 

Cards for Ciirrencij.nvAdQ of com- 
nion playmg cards cut in 4 pieces, stamp- 
ed with the French royal stamp and 



chartered March i, 1780. It was the first 
in the United States. 
The Hank of Xorth America was 

chartered December 31, 1781. Capital 
^400,000. Its bills were payable on de- 
mand, and were legal tender for all ta.xes 
and dues to the United States. Robert 
Morris was its founder. It began busi- 
ness in Philadelphia January 7, 1782, and 
aided the government greatly in paying 
the army. 

Second Hank in the United States 
was organized in Massachusetts July 5, 
17S4. Capital $300,000. 

Decimal Coinatfe was adopted by 
Congress, August, 1786. 

United States JianJ,-. — Upon the 
recommendation of Alexander Hamil- 
ton, Secretary of the Treasury, Congress 
in February, 1791, incorporated a United 
States Bank with a capital of |io, 000,000, 
of which one-fiith was to be subscribed 



MONETARY AND FINANCIAL EVENTS. 



93 



by the United States and four-fifths by 
individuals. Its charter was for twenty 
years. In July, 1791, stock books opened 
for subscription to this bank, and in less 
than one day all was taken. Branches 
in other cities were soon established. 

Xational Bank of the ZTnited 

Sfatest. — Its charter having expired in 
181 1 it was not renewed, being defeated 
by one vote in the House and the cast- 
ing vote of the Vice-President in the 
Senate. 

Financial Panic. — In 1S14 Treas- 
ury notes were 17 per cent, below par. 
Peace men in New England induced Bos- 
ton banks to exact specie from Southern 
banks in redemption of their notes. They 
also arranged with Canadian, bankers to 
buy up American specie. 



Crisis of 1S21. — A great financial 
distress prevailed west of the Allegha- 
nies in 1821. Banks failed, business sus- 
pended, and farmers were unable to pay 
their debts. Under the land laws of 1800 
large tracts of government land had 
been sold, and the purchasers were una- 
ble to pay for them. The debt due the 
United States at the Western land offices 
was twenty-two millions of dollars. Re- 
lief was afforded by Congress permit- 
ting portions of the land to be returned 
and the money paid to be applied on the 
remainder. Land was reduced to one 
dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, 
and lots of eighty acres were offered 
for sale. 

National Debt of the United 
States was entirely liquidated in 1835, 
and the surplus in the treasury, some 



BUCKLEY & GUEST, 

BRASS AND IRON FOUNDRY, 

COR. HIGH SND WI^RREN STS., 



fe* Prof. F. C. JESTER, 

Oi3:iI=LOI='OXDIST, 
~*No. 1431, Passyunk Avenue, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

^ Corns extracted without Pain or Blood, 25 cts. to 
§1 each. 

Ingrowing Nails and all other Diseases of the Feet 
successfully treated. 

Office Hours : 
7 to 9 A. U., and 5 to 7 T. M., Sundays from 12 to 2. 



O. IB. 

MANUFACTURER AND DEALER IN 

5inE 6igaris an5 Mcliacca, 

309 BI^O-A-ID STREET, 
TRENTON, N. J. 



United States Banh. — A second 
one was chartered April, 1816, for twen- 
ty-five years. Capital thirty-five mil- 
lions of dollars, of which the govern- 
ment was to take seven millions. 

Philadelphia Savinffs Fund So- 
cietif. organized November, 1816, was 
the first savings bank in America. 

TJie Provident Institution, for 

savings, was incorporated in Boston on 
December 13, 1816. 

Great Financial Crisis in 1819 re- 
sulted from extravagant speculations, 
fraud, unlimited credits and excess of 
imports over exports. Currency de- 
clined 59 per cent., cotton and bread- 
stuffs 50 per cent., and the Bank of the 
United States barely escaped bank- 
ruptcy. 



forty millions of dollars, was distribu- 
ted among the States. 

Specie Circular. — By direction of 
President Jackson, the Secretary of the 
Treasury issued an order in 1836, direct- 
ing United States land agents to receive 
nothing but coin for lands, as the country 
was flooded with the bills of unsound 
banks. This action precipitated the panic 
of 1837. 

Panic of ',57'.— In March and April, 
1837, failures in New York and New 
Orleans amounted to one hundred and 
fifty millions of dollars. On the loth 
of May New York banks suspended, 
and the business of the country was 
prostrated. Credit was nearly annihi- 
lated, and finally the United States could 
not pay the President's salary when due. 
At the solicitation of business men an 



94 



MONETARY AND FINANCIAL EVENTS. 



F 



extra session of Congress was called. 
Tlie cause of this panic was over-specu- 
lation and heavy importations conse- 
quent upon the low tariff. 



Ti<(nhs Ilefi limed 

in 1S39. 



specie payments 



lifnt/t of Peunsiflraitia. with a 
capital of 1:35,000,000. failed in 1S41. This 
was the successor of the old United 
States ]>ank The failure was caused by 
the directors having speculated with the 
bank's funds. 

Cafifornia. — A financial panic occur- 
red in California in February, 1855. 

ran if- of J<S.*r.— August 24th the 
land and railway speculation culminated 
in the failure of the Ohio Life and Trust 
Company, which was the beginning of a 



Jay Gould and James Fisk, Jr., created 
a disastrous panic by cornering the gold 
market and forcing the price up to 160. 
Their aim was to reach 200, but United 
States Secretary of Treasury Boulwell 
spoiled their game by throwing forty 
millions of dollars in Government gold 
on the market. As it was they ruined 
multitudes, gave a staggering blow to 
the commercial prosperity of the nation 
and pocketed eleven millions of dol- 
lars. 

Boirh's Bi'oflKO-s, American Bank- 
ers in Paris, suspended November qth, 
1S72. 

Panic of'7S was inaugurated bv the 
failure of Jay Cooke & Co., a great 
banking house of Philadelphia, Septem- 
ber 19th. Confidence was at once de- 
stroyed and business paralyzed. It was 



YORK, PA. 



Avenue Hotel, E. A. Baecher, Proprietor 
and Musical Director at Opera House, 
George St., Cor. College Ave. 

T. XT- IB^^EI^L, 
BANKER, 

SO2 West Market Street, York, Pa. 

Bahn, S. N., Horse Shoeing a Specialty, 
23 West Philadelphia St. 

DEALEK IN 

Groceries, Dry Gcods. Notions, Oueensware, &c., 



R. G. Beck, Manufacturer of Boots and 
Shoes, 139 East Philadelphia St. 




HECKER'S Patent Washing Machine Im- 
proved, approaches nearer the old method of hand- 
rubbing than any device yet introduced to the public. 
Easliy worked and washes perfectly clean. Descrip- 
tive Circulars and Price Lists mailed free. 

N. C. BAI'GHMAX, YORK, PA. 



N. W. Cor. Phila.and Queen Sts , | •trniyiT- -d a < ^ 

145 E. Philadelphia St., ) lUKK., I'A^ Bender & Son, Grocers, 343 W. Marker St. 



disastrous panic which swept over the 
country. 

riiffadrlpJiia BaiiJ^s all suspended 
payment on tlie 25th and 26th days of 
September, 1S57, followed by country 
banks throughout the region. 

Xeir York Ban7,s were compelled 
to suspend payment Oct. 13 and 14, 1857. 
The Massachusetts banks followed on 
the 14th. 

irveeuhachs were first issued by the 
United States in 1S62. 

Credit Mohi/ier of ^inierira. with 
a capital of two million live hundred 
thousand dollars, was organized in May, 
1863, for banking. 

Blaeh Friday, September 24, 1S69, 



4 years before the country recovered 
from the effects of this panic. 

Freednian's BanJx Busted in 1874. 
Cause, reckless management and loans 
upon unsafe security. The poor deposi- 
tors realized but little. 

Duncan, Sherman, <C Co., an old 

New York banking house, failed July 27, 
1875- 

Bank of California suspended on 
the 26th of August, 1S75, in consequence 
of a run made upon it. William C. Rals- 
ton, its President, resigned and was 
drowned the sanre day. Tiie shock to 
the business conmiunity was great, but 
on the 2d of October it resumed busi- 
ness. 

Savings Bank Panic prevailed in 



MONETARY AND FINANCIAL EVENTS. 



95 



April, 1S7S, throughout the country. In 
Massachusetts the trouble was greatest, 
but in a short time the excitement wore 
away. 

GoUl Sold (If Pat' in New York on 
Dec. 17, 1878, for the first time since Jan- 
uary, 1S62. 

IrchhisJiop Purren\< Failuve. — 

In December, 1878, " Father " Purcell, 
of Cincinnati, Ohio, who had received 
a large amount of money on deposit 
from the people of his diocese, became 
bankrupt. He owed three millions dol- 
lars to eleven thousand depositors. He 
had used it for church purposes, but the 
church has thus far failed to respond to 
the demands of the creditors. March 5, 
1S79, Archbishop Purcell and his broth- 
er. Father Edward Purcell, of Cincin- 
nati, transferred all their property to J. 
B. Mannix for the benefit of their credi- 
tors. An appeal for sympathy was made 
by the Archbishop to tiie church, to as- 
sist the father in his financial troubles, 
but no benefit ever resulted from it, and 
the poor depositors are still with little 
or no return from their savings. 

ItunJx Siispensioti in New Orleans. 
On March 20, 1S79, thirteen banks sus- 
pended payments, except by certified 
checks. Aid came from New York 
banks and in 10 days they resumed pay- 
ment. The suspension of the New Or- 
leans banks was to avoid a panic threat- 
ened by the failure of two banks. 

Resiimptioii of Specie Pfti/nienfs 

January i, 1S79. — Specie payment was 
suspended in December. 1861. July 11, 
1S64, gold reached 2.85 premium. The 



following table gives the highest and 
lowest points reached by gold for each 
year. It also gives the value in gold of 
1 100 in currency: — 



Year. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


Worth of 
Paper. 


1862 


134.0 


IOI.I2 


113. 3 


88.3 


1863 


172.5 


122.12 


145-2 


68.9 


1S64 


285.0 


151.5 


203.3 


49-2 


1865 


23437 


128.12 


157.3 


63.6 


1866 


167.75 


125.12 


140.9 


71.0 


1867 


146.37 


132.12 


138.2 


72.4 


1S68 


150.0 


132.0 


130.7 


71.6 


1869 


102.5 


119.5 


133-0 


75-2 


1870 


123.25 


IIO.O 


114.9 


87.0 


187I 


115.37 


10837 


III. 7 


89-5 


1872 


115.62 


108.5 


112. 4 


89.0 


187,^. 


119. 12 


106.12 


1 13. 8 


87.9 


1874 


114-37 


109.0 


III. 2 


89.9 


i«75 


117.62 


III-75 


1 15. 1 


86.9 


1876 


115-0 


107 


III. 5 


89.6 


1877 


107.87 


102.5 


104.7 


95-5 


1878 


102.87 


lOO.O 


101.43 


98.5 



Hetnlhiff liaflroad Co. Failed 

May 21, 1880, its liabilities being I104,- 
000,000. The failure was caused by the 
attempt to monopolize immense coal and 
iron interests. 

Great Fiuaueial Exeitemeiit was 

caused Feb. 25, 1881, by the prospect of 
the 3 per cent, funding bill becoming a 
law. This was a Democratic measure, 
and a stringency in the money market 
was the immediate result, but the crisis 
was passed by the action of the Senate 
in promptly repealing the tax on bank 
deposits, and the calling in of $10,000,000 
of United States bonds by Secretary 
Sherman. 



WM. BAKER, 



FRANK s. BAKER. J. w. BrowD, Baiber, 21 East Market St. 



WM. BAKER & SON, 

Wholesale Dealers, 

iMPomtiisiiiiDJQBeEesoFCLom, 

25 East State Street, 

TRENTON, N. J. 

York, Pa. — Cotttmued. 

H. J. BERG. W. H. RESIDE, 

DEALERS IN 

Boots, Shoes and Hats, 

No. 106 North George Street, 
YORK, PA. 



R. H. BUTTORFF, 

ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHER, 

Write for Prices on Life Size Crayon Portraits. 
GALLEE7 8J^ W. MA2KET ST., YOKE, PA. 

OVER miller's shoe STORE. 

AI.B£KT V. BOL,T., 

European Hotel and Restaurant, 

Good accommodations. Prices reasonable. 

133 South George St., 

YORK, Pa. 



Boll, Henry, Boots, Shoes, and Rubbers, 
227 ~ ' 



S. George St. 



CITY HOTEL. 

SOUTH QUEEN STREET, COR. OF PRINCESS 

Where you will Find the Best Brands of Liquors , 
and Theo. E. Helb's Beer on Tap. And will accomo- 
date the Public. 

Samuel Smith, Proprietor, York, Pa. 



96 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



PIANOS AND ORGANS, 

FOR CHSH OR ON EHSY TERMS. 




Sheet Music, Music, Music Bool(s, Violin Strings, 

Tuning AND repairing a Specialty. 

R. F. LEHMAN, 



sio n\d:_A-i=Li^En? sm=LEET, 



O^A^lvCIDElKr, 3sr. J. 



PALAKE LIVERY, BOiRDIMg, MLE AND EXSHANgE ^TABLES, 
OMNIBUS AND BAGGAGE WAGON TO AND FROM ALL TRAINS. 

EXPRESS WAGON FOR CITY CARTAGE. 
OFFICE : Washington St. and Brown's Alley. LADIES' WAITING ROOM : Washington St. 

CDOTIJR'Z' Ea: -A- 2>TID Xj IE I^ .A- O T O I?< "S" , 

L. D. PARSONS, Proprietor. 

CONGRESS STREET. CORRY, PA 

MANUFACTURER OF 

TOPS, SPOOLS, BLUEING BOXES, BALLS, WHEELS, FILE HANDLES, BUNGS, BALL BATS, 
SKATE ROLLERS, WRENCH HANDLES, KNOBS, DUMB BELLS, CURRY COME HANDLES, 
LATHER BRUSH HANDLES, STENCIL BRUSH HANDLES, HUBS FOR CHILDREN'S 
CARRIAGES. 

Prices Sent on Application, and work can be furn ished in any Quantity on Short Notice. 

JAMES McCINNIS, 

All kinds of Hauling, Carting and Draying 

PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 

Moi'hifis done hij LoaiJ or Estiiiiiite, 

yiiruitiiri- I'tiekfd nntl Shij>j><'(i inn/ lUstatwe. 

I^iaiiON Jio.rt'il or Mort'd irit/i C'tn-i' 

At Short Notice and on Reasonable Terms. 

OFFICE— Cor. Lafayette and Green Streets, 

NORRISTOWN, PA. 




T, D. PATTKRSON. 
HOUSE, SIGN AND ORNAMENTAL PAINTER, 

GILDING, GRAINING, PAPER HANGING. 

MAIN STREET, ELDRED, PA. 



SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 



97 



SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 



Henrico College. — In 1620 the Lon- 
don Company set apart one thousand 
acres of land on the James river to en- 
dow a college for settlers and Indians. 

Harvavd Collef/e.— In 1636 ^400 
was voted by the General Court of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay for a school or college, 
which finally became known as Harvard 
college. It was so named after Rev. 
John Harvard, who willed to it ^800 and 
all his library in 163S, and the General 
Court of Massachusetts changed the 
name of Newtown to Cambridge, in 



lies a grammar school capable of "fitting 
youths for the university." Similar laws 
were afterward passed by Connecticut, 
Plymouth and New Haven. 

Collefje Lands were set apart in 
New Haven Colony in 1654. 

Legaci/ for Ed neat ion.— In March, 
1657, ex-Governor Hopkins, of Connec- 
ticut, died and left ^i, 000 for grammar 
schools in Hartford and New Haven, 
and /"500 for a college, which was given 
to Harvard. 

Comjtnlsory Sujrport of Minis- 



Vim. BAKER Sl son, 

Importers and Dealers in 

Dry Goods and Cloaks, 

Ladies and Children's Muslin Underwear, 

SUITS, &c. 
25 E. STATE ST., TRENTOX, N. J. 

J. D. ROE Sl SON, 

61ot^iEiTs I ^Eiiciiant Mailcr|s, 

«®=-Toung Men's Custom Suits, our Speoialt7.'=®a 

JV^os. 43 and 45 EAST STATE STREET, 

TRENTON, N. J. 



York, Ta.— Continued. 



J. R. CLINEDINST, 

House, Sign, Ornamental and Decorative Painter, Ceiling 

Decorator and Paper Hanger. 

214 GEORGE STREET, YORK, PA. 

Devers, Chas., Agent, Terra Cotta Drain 
and Sewer Pipe. Only Agency in the 
City. 121 North George St. 

Eyster House, Elias Eyster, Proprietor, 
West Market Cor . Newberr y St. 

MARCELLUS FRIED, 

House Painter and Grainer, 

Kalsomiiiing, Marbleizuig, Etc. 

428 East Mar ket Street, East York Pa. 

Fulton & Spangler, Clothing and Furnish- 
ing Goods, 3 South George St. 
Getz, Henry, Junk Dealer. 



honor of Cambridge, England. Henry 
Dunster, an eminent Hebrew scholar, 
was its first President. 

First Commencement at Harvard 
College took place on October 9, 1642, 
and nine candidates took the degree of 
A. B. 

Contributions for Harvard Col- 
lege. — In 1645 the Commissioners of 
the Colonial League recommended that 
every family contribute a peck of corn or 
a shilling to the support of Harvard 
College. A general compliance afforded 
timely aid to this institution. 

Free and Grammar Schools. — 
Massachusetts, in 1649, enacted a law 
that every township should maintain a 
free school, and every town of 100 fami- 



ters and Grammar Schools was made 
legal by the General Court of Plymouth 
Colony in 1657. 

William and 3Iar>/ College. — In 
1661 Virginia appropriated funds to es- 
tablish a college which afterward was 
known by this name. It was founded at 
Williamsburg, Va., in 1693. 

Free Scliools were supported by 
every town in New England in 1665. 

School in Fennsylvania. — In 1683 
Enoch Flower taught "reading, writing 
and casting accounts " for 8 shillings a 
year. 

Public Schools were established by 
the Quakers of Philadelphia in 1689. 

Schools and Libraries in Mary- 
land. — In 1694 it was agreed that each 



98 



SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 



county should have a school and each 
parish a lilirary. King William's school 
was opened at Annapolis, where there 
was a library of 1,100 volumes. 

YafeCoflef/eongmatedin 1700. Ten 
Connecticut ministers met and each de- 
posited several books upon a table, say- 
ing, "I give these books for the found- 
ing of a college in Connecticut." This 
resulted in the establisment of "Yale." 
It was chartered in 1701, and ^120 per 
annum granted by the Connecticut As- 
sembly. It was located at Saybrook. 
The college was removed to New Haven 
in 1717. Its name was taken from Elihu 
Yale, who donated ;^500 to its aid. 

T/ie Log College was founded in 
172S at Neshaming Penna., by William 


the revolution was at New York in the 
year 1767. 

Broirn Uiiirersiti/, under the aus- 
pices of the Baptists, was chartered in 
1764. It was located' at Warren, and af- 
terward removed to Providence, Rhode 
Island. 

Dartmouth College. Hanover, N. 
H., was chartered in 1769. Eleazar 
Wheelock, D. D., was its founder and 
tirst President. 

Homespun Clothes were worn by 
the graduating class at Harvard College 
in 1770. 

liutger's College (formerly Queen's),, 
was founded by the Reformed Dutch 
Church at New Brunswick,. N, J., in 1770. 

'* Phi Beta iff<y>^><f." the great col- 


r 

t 

1 

[ 

1 
1 

1 
i 


York, ?a,.—Con/i/iued. 


J- D. HEIGES, 


1 


H- H. C3-EISX, 
THE CHIXA TEA SXORE. 

Dealer in Tea, Coffee ami Groceries, 

"108 South George Street, York, Pa. 


125 E. M.4RKET ST.. YOKK. PA. 

HERMAN & HAKE'S 

No. 23 N. George St., York. Pa. 


r 


Gresbv. Henry J., Bacon, Lard and Beef, 

229 West Market St. 
Gross, M. H. , Dentist, 13 W. Market St. 

Stoves, Ranges. Heaters. Tin and Sheet Iron 
Workers, Sanitary Plumbers, Steam and Gas Fitters, 
Roofing and Spouting Specialties. 

no N. George St., York, Pa. 


: 


CEO. L. HEIDLER, 

Agt. CHAMPION Rh:AP£:K, 

Hay Forks, Cultivators, Grain Drills, Fanning Mills 

and Corn Planters. 
8SO \A/^. Market St., Vork, Pa. 

Kable, J. R., Merchant Tailor, 7 South 

Beaver St. 
Kauffman, Emanuel, Man'f Brooms, 536 

West Philadelphia St. 


1 


Harris, Wm. H., Barber, Queen, Cor. 
College Ave. 




Tennent, from Ireland, for the education 
of Presbyterian ministers. 

I'riitceton Col lege, Xeiv Jersey, 
was founded in 1738. 

Mora rid n High School for Girls 
was established at Bethlehem, Penna., in 

1749- 

Universitg of PJtilddelphia, for 

the instruction of youth, was founded 

through Dr. Franklin's intiuence in 1749. 

Coliiittbia College, X. Y., was 
founded as "King's College" in 1754. 
Seventeen thousand dollars was raised 
by lottery in its aid. 

Me<Uv(tl School of Philadelphia was 
organized in 1764 by Drs. Shippen and 
Morgan. It was the first founded in the 
colonies ; the only other founded before 


lege society of the United States, was 
founded at William and Mary College,. 
Virginia, in 1775. 

The American JLcademg of Arts 
and Sciences was founded May 4, 1780. 

ff'asJiington and Lee- Unirersitg 
at Lexington, Virginia, was- chartered in 
1782. It took Washington's name in 
1796. It took General Robert E. Lee's 
name in 1S70. Lee was President from 
1S65 to 1S70. 

Lata School. — The first in America 
was established at Litchfield, Conn., by 
Hon. Tapping Reeve, in 17S4. 

First lioman- Catholic College 
was founded at Georgetown, D. C, in 
17S9. 

The Unirersitg of Vermont was 


1 
1 

1 
1 



SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 



99 



established at Burlington in 1791. Ira, 
the brother of Ethan Allen, made gen- 
erous gifts to this institution. 

jnilianis College was founded in 
1793 at Williamstown, Mass. 

Bowdohi Colleffe, named after Gov. 
James Bowdoin, was chartered at Bruns- 
wick, Maine, in 1794. 

Union College was founded at Sche- 
nectady, N. Y., in 1795. 

Common SeJtool Fund. — Upon the 
recommendation of Governor Clinton, 
in 1795, the legislature of the state of 
New York appropriated 150,000 for the 
estabishment of common schools. 

*• The Afji'ieultui'al and Mechani- 
cal College of the University of North 
Carolina," for instruction in mining. 


Teaehers' Seniinarg was opened 
at Concord, Vermont, in 1823, by Rev. 
S. R. Hill. It was the first in the United 

States. 

Baee Prejudiee was exhibited at a 
mass meeting in New Haven, Connecti- 
cut, September 8, 1831, held at the call 
of the Mayor, to denounce the estab- 
lishment of schools for negroes. 

Normal Sehool at Lexington, Mas- 
sachusetts, was opened July 3, 1839. 

JRoman CathoUes first claimed a 
share of the Public School funds of New 
York in 1S40. 

"Comer's Commercial College," 

the first one in America, was established 
in Boston in 1840. 


York, Pa. — Continued. 


WILLI AM MACK , 

STEAM BOiTLING HOUSE, 

Imported Lager, Ale anrt Porter, 

EAST DUKE STREET, YORK, PA. 


Kraber, M. C, Mrs., Millinery and Fancy 
Goods, 433 West Market St. 


Lafayette House, 

No. 114 S. Georqe Street, Yo'k, Pa. 
EDWARD C. PEELING, - - - Proprietor. 

FIRST-CLASS ACCOMMODATIONS. 
Good Stabling Connected with Hotel. Sale and 
Exchange Slables. 


Menough & Yessler, Sash, Doors, Blinds, 
Frames, 440 & 442 W. Philadelphia St. 

Michael, T. N., Merchant Tailor, Ladies' 
Coats a Specialty, 24 S. George St. 

Musser, Plenry. Coal, Wood, Grain, Flour, 
N. Hartley St., Cor. Main. 


Laumaster, William D., Commercial 
Book and .Tob Printer, 19 S. Duke St. 

Leathery, Eli G., Tinner. Plumber. Gas 
and Steam Fitter, 403 W. Market St. 


CHAS. H. NEFF & SON, 

[established 1810.] 

Manufacturers of all kinds Light and 

Heavy Platform and Carriage AVorks, 

10 AND 12 W. PHILADELPHIA ST., YORK, PA, 

Neiman, E. H., Dentist, 14 W. Market St. 


LITCHENBERGEK & SHEARER, 

Dealers in Stoves, Ranges, Heaters, Cutlery, House 

Fnrnishing Goods, Tin Roofing, Spouting 

and Jobbing a Specialty. 

No. 439 East Market Street, York, Pa. 


civil engineering, etc., was opened in 

1795- 

Fvederlch College , Frederick, Md. , 
was founded in 1797. 

Middlehutg College, Middleburg, 
Vermont, was founded 1797. 

Teavhet'fs' Afisoeuitiou. — The first 
in America was formed in 1799, at Mid- 
dletown. Conn., and was called "The 
Middlesex County Association for the 
Improvement of Common Schools." 

University of XortJi Corolina was 
founded in 1799 at Chapel Hill, N. C. 

Tlieologieal Seminarg. — The first 
in America was founded by the Associ- 
ate Reformed Church in 1S04. 

Trog Female Institiife was estab- 
lished in 1S21 by Mrs. Emma Willard. 


''Woman's Medical College'' of 

Pennsylvania was founded in 1S49. 

Vassar College for young women 
was founded in 1861, at Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y., by Mathew Vassar. 

Agrirultiiral Colleges.— Vresxdent 
Lincoln, July 3, 1S62, signed a bill for 
establishing such colleges in the several 
States. The bill appropriated 30,000 
acres of land for each representative, the 
proceeds to be given to found these in- 
stitutions. 

Free Public ScJiools in Texas 
were first opened in Austin in 1871. 

Grag Xiin's Act of ISJ'"* was re- 
pealed by the New York Legislature on 
April 18, 1S76. Under it the Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction issued cer- 



lOO 



PARTY ORGANIZATIONS, SECTIONAL STRIFE, ECT. 



tificates of qualification ?is teachers to 
any graduate of Catholic seminaries who 
had received a diploma from the Gray 
nuns. 

Catholic Schools. — On January 3, 
18S0, Bishop McCloskey, of Louisville, 



Ky., ordered Roman Catholic schools 
to be established throughout his diocese, 
and bade Catholic parents to send their 
children under nine years old under pen- 
alty for refusal of being denied the sac- 
raments. 



York, 'P&.—Contiftued. 



H . L . NEUMAN , 
STEAM ICE CREAM MANrFACTURER, 

Manufacturing Capacity, 2,000 Gallons Per Day. 
No. 15 S. Newberry St., York, Pa. 

i=ia:iisrE.A.s i>-Ali,3vcEii, 

[established 1830.] 

Manufacturer Carriages, Coaches, Buggies 

and Market Wagons. 

Repairing of Fine Work A Specialty. 
17 N. Beaver St ., York, Pa. 

PENNSYLVANIA HOUSE, 

Cor. George and Philadelphia Sts., York, Pa. 
GEORGE WEHRLY, Proprietor. 

This House has been refurnished and remodeled 
by the Proprietor, and is prepared to give F'rst Class 
Accommodations. Stabling for 100 Horses. 

Restaurant and Pool Table in Basement. 



Recker, Frederick, Butcher, East Prince 
St. 



B. F. REICH, M. D.. 

No. 346 West Market Street, York, Pa. 



DISEASES OF WOMEN A SPECIALTY. 



DEAI.EK IN 

BOOTS, SHOES AND RUBBERS, 

REPAIRING A SPECIALTY. 

7 S. Oeovf/e St.. York, P a. 

Rollman, John, Merchant Tailor, King 
Cor. Wate r Sts. 

J A C O^ S E A C R I S T , 
•KJCONTRACTOR AND BUILDER.!* 

Sash and Doors, Church. Bank and Office Furniture. 

Stair Work a Specialty. 
224 S. Duke St., York, Pa. 



Party Organizations, Sectional and Political Strife. 



Federalists and Deiuocrat-Iie- 

jmblicans were the names of two great 
political parties that arose in 1787 out of 
the ratification of the Constitution of 
the United States. 

Ta m m av y Socief;/ of New York was 
organized on l\Iay 12, 17S9. An Irishman 
named William JMooney was its founder. 
Its name was taken from a deceased 
Delaware chief, who was made its pat- 
ron saint. The titles of Sachems, Saga- 
mores and Warriors are applied to its 
officers and members. It was organized 
in imitation of the Jacobin clubs of Paris, 
but for charitable purposes only. It has 
since become a political engine of great 
power in the Democratic party. 

Democratic Clubs were first organ- 
ized in the United States in 1793, mod- 
eled from the French Jacobin clubs. — 
They were violently hostile to the Gov- 
ernment. Washington denounced them 
publicly as instigators of tlie whiskey 
insurrection of 1794. 

y unification ill KeiitiicJti/. — On 
November 14, 1799, the Legislature de- 
clared "that a state may nullify and de- 



clare void any act of Congress which it 
thinks unconstitutional. ' ' 

Beiiioral From Ojfice. — The first 
removal from office for political reasons 
was made by President Jefferson in iSoi. 
Elizur Goodrich, Federalist, was re- 
moved from the collectorship of the port 
of New Haven, Conn, Samuel Bishop, 
Democrat-Republican, was appointed in 
his place. 

Party Strife in 1806 reached such 
a pitch that in Boston a Democrat-Re- 
publican named Austin attempted to 
chastise a Federalist named Selfridge, 
who shot him. 

DoiiyJifaces was an opprobious epi- 
thet applied by Randolpli, of Virginia, 
in 1S20, to the supporters of the Missouri 
compromise. It has since been applied 
to Northern men with Southern princi- 
ciples. • 

^loiiroc 'Doctrine. — In December, 
1S23, President Monroe sent a vigorous 
message to Congress, in which he de- 
clared that for the future the American 
continents were not to be considered as 
subjects for colonization by any Euro- 
pean power. 



PARTY ORGANIZATIONS, SECTIONAL STRIFE, ETC. 



TCI 



Auti-Masoiit'i/. — In 1826 William 
Morgan published a book revealing the 
secrets of Masonry, at Batavia, N. Y. 
He was abducted and believed to have 
been drowned in the Niagara river by 
Colonel King and four other Knights 
Templars. The Anti-Mason party arose 
from this incident. It controlled 30,000 
votes in New York State, and carried 
Vermont in 1S32. 

Political Disci'iniinatioiis. — Re- 
moval from office for political reasons 
was first extensively practiced by Presi- 
dent Jackson, who, in 1829, removed five 
hundred postmasters. 

,racksoit^s *' Kitrheti Cabinet." — 
In 1S31 General Jackson's cabinet was 
frequently disrupted through dissensions 


tary power if necessary. He also in- 
structed the collector of the port of 
Charleston to use the revenue cutters 
to enforce the tariff. 

lienioval of Government Funds. 
In October, 1833, President Jackson or- 
dered the Government funds (about |io,- 
000,000), deposited in the Bank of the 
United States, to be distributed among 
certain designated State banks. His 
action was denounced by the opposition, 
of which Webster, Clay and Calhoun 
were the leaders, as "unwarranted, arbi- 
trary and dangerous." The Whig party 
arose from this incident. The Bank's 
charter expired in 1835 and was not re- 
newed. 

President Jackson was censured 


York, Pa. — Continued. 


ALEX. SPANGLER , 

CARR AGE and SLE GH BUILDER, 

Rear No. 15 South Duke Street, 

YORK, PA. 

ALL WORK WARRANTED. 

BXJC3-C3-IES «Ss m^^EXOKTS. 


Shetter, George J., Sign Writer, 421 W. 
Market St. 


SAMUEL A. SHROFF, 

Beal Eatat© aad; Gieaera) ia,%uiiaaa@ 

AND PATENT AGENCY, 

345 West Market Street, York, Pa. 


D . F , STAUF FE R , 
SXE-A-3VE 

(;racker, cake and biscuit works, 

No. 138 S. George St., York, Pa. 


Sipes, Alexander, Groceries and Notions, 
400 Queen St. 

Sonneman, A., Pure Havana and Domes- 
tic Cigars, 103 S. George St, 

Spahn, George, Marble and Granite 
Works, Nos. 403 and 404 S. Duke St. ' 


Strack, Charles A., Cabinet Maker and 
Undertaker, 130 S. George St. 

Strayer, John, Saddle and Harness Maker, 
2U N. George St. 


among the families of its members, and 
on account of these domestic troubles it 
was given the name of " Kitchen Cabi- 
net." 

Nullification in South Carolina. 
In November, 1832, at a State Convention 
held in South Carolina, it was declared 
that the tariffs of 1S28 and 1832 were 
null and void. The State Legislature 
afterward passed an ordinance of Nulli- 
fication, to take effect February i, 1833, 
which declared that force would be used 
to resist the collection of duties in the 
port of Charleston. 

Nullific<ition, Crushed. — Decem- 
ber 16, 1832, General Jackson issued a 
proclamation, declaring that he would 
enforce the United States laws by mili- 


by a resolution of the United States 
Senate, March 28, 1834, for removing 
the funds of the Government from the 
United States Bank. 

Censure of fJackson Removed. — 
United States Senate's resolution of cen- 
sure upon President Jackson, passed in 
1834, was expunged from the records on 
the i6th of January 1837, chiefly through 
the efforts of Thomas H. Benton, of Mis- 
souri. 

Free-Soil Parti/. — This party was 
organized August 9, 1847, ^^ ^ conven- 
tion of barn-burners, and the Liberty 
party, held at Buffalo, New York. The 
motto adopted was "a free soil for a free 
people." Martin Van Buren, of New 
York, was nominated for President, and 



I02 



PARTY ORGANIZATIONS, POLITICAL STRIFE, ETC. 



Charles Francis Adams, of Massachu- 
setts, for Vice President. 

Sqtmtter Sovcrehjittii. — In iS49the 
pro slavery members of Congress advo- 
cated the right of territories to decide 
for tliemselves whether they would come 
into the Union as slave or free States. 

Osff'nd 3f<nH'f'esfo. — Pierre Soule, 
John Y. Mason and James Buchanan held 
a conference at Ostend, Belgium, in 1854, 
and published a paper drawn up by Bu- 
chanan, declaring that there could be no 
peace until the United States had ac- 
quired Cuba, either by purchase or force. 

licimhUcan Vavty Oi'(janize(f. — 
This party held its first meeting on Feb- 
ruary 29, 1854, in the Congregational 
Church at Ripon, Wisconsin. It was 



tliat was destined to change and control 
the policy of the National Government 
for twenty -four years. 

Ku nsos-Xebi'asLa U///.— January , 
1S54, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, of 
Illinois, introduced a bill into Congress 
for the organization of the two above 
territories, with the power to decide for 
themselves whether they should be free 
or slave-holding. This was virtually a 
repeal of the Missouri compromise. Af- 
ter a bitter sectional debate until May it 
became a law. 

'' Bleed huj Kansas.'' — Upon the 
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill 
emigration began to pour into Kansas 
from the North and the South, each sec- 
tion determined to out-vote the other on 



York, Pa. — Continued. 



CONTRACTOR AND BUILDER, 

Plans, Estimates and Specifications Furnished on 
Application. Sash, Doors and Blinds. 

M'est Cotiipany St., York, Pa. 

MACHiyE SHOranfl SRASS lOlNDRY 

No. 1 W. NORTH ST., Near George, | 

YORK, PA. 

Wallick, Lea, Manufacturer Cigars, No. 
239 W. Market St., York, Pa. 



Carpenter and Builder, 

Saisli, I>o<>rs, .Stair AVork, 

Inside and Outside lilinds, &c. 

Church, Bank and Otliee Furniture, 

A SPECIALTY. 

West Mason Aft-., Yovh, JPa. 

ALBERT A. WELSH, 

Dealer in Beef, Lamb, INIutton, Hams, Lard, Sau- 
sage, Poultry, Canned Fruits, Vegetables and Family 
Supplies, tfcc. 
No. ISiyi E. riiiladPlplua St., York. Pa. 

WESTE^RN NATIONAL* BANK, 

Cdjiital. .filoO.OOO. .Siirphi.s, $:iO.OOO. 

Organized July 22, 1375. Chartered 0:t. 8th, 1875. 

Albert Smyser, Pres. C. E, Lewis, Cashier. 

YORK, PA. 



composed of men opposed to the passage 
of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and had 
been called by Major Alvan E. Bovay. 
It was presided over by Deacon Wil- 
liam Dunham, and it was proposed to 
organize a new party based upon the 
non-extension of slavery. After the bill 
had passed the Senate a second meeting 
was held under a call signed by fifty-four 
citizens, whicli dissolved the Whig and 
Free-Soil town committees and chose a 
new committee of five, three of whom 
were Whigs, one Democrat and one 
Frec-Soiler. Major Bovay suggested the 
name of "Republican" for the new party, 
whicii was adopted. In June the name 
was adopted by the Michigan .State Con- 
vention. Thus was a party inaugurated 



the slavery issue. At an election held 
in November, 1S54, a pro- slavery dele- 
gate was elected to Congress, chiefly 
by bands of "border ruffians" from INIis- 
souri. The general territorial election 
was held next year and carried by the 
same party, and the Legislature thus 
chosen, assembled at Lecompton, organ- 
ized a government permitting slavery. 
The Free-Soil party met at Topeka in 
convention, declared the election il- 
legal on account of fraudulent voting, 
and organized a government exclud- 
ing slavery. Civil war followed. Con- 
gress recognized the Lecompton gov- 
ernment, and President Pierce i.ssued a 
proclamation to that efifect. The strug- 
gle continued four years, and until Kan- 



PARTY ORGANIZATIONS, SECTIONAL STRIFE, ETC. 



103 



sas was admitted to .'the Union as a free 
state. 

N. P. Hauhs, Jt\, was elected 
Speaker of the iHouse of Representa- 
tives on February 2, 1S56, after a contest 
of nine weeks, by a plurality of three 
votes. 

*• Know - Nothhiff "' Convention, 
held February 22, 1856. This secret or- 
ganization, pledged ;to oppose foreign- 
ers and "put none but Americans on 
guard" as office-holders, nominated 
Millard Fillmore, of3sIew York, forPres- 
iden-t and Andrew J. Donelson, of Ten 
; nessee, for Vice-President. 

Kcuisas Troubles. — In Jan'y, 1857, 
the United States troops broke up a 
meeting of the free State Legislature. 


giving the right of suffrage to negroes 
in the District of Columbia. 

'^ KH-Klna--Kf(ni "' was organized 
in the South in January, 1868. By May 
it numbered half a million. General N. 
B. Forrest was at its head, and his title 
was "Grand Wizard of the Empire." 
Its alleged object was to redeem the 
South "by preventing the negro from 
voting and being educated, deterring 
Northern emigration, and securing the 
domination of the Southern whites." It 
inaugurated a "reign of terror," and 
thousands of negroes and poor whites 
were killed and driven from their homes 
on account of their political opinions. 

President Jolni son and Conr/ress 
in Con/fict. — February 21, 1868, the 


York, ?a..—Conimued. 


NORRISTOWN, PA. 


Wiest, P. C. & Co., Manufacturing Con- 
fectioners, 13 N. George St. 

Williams, Wni. T,, Justice of the Peace 
and Conveyancer, 245 W. Market St. 

* 

YORK CARPET MILLS- 
WM. FRYSINGER, 

MANUFACTl-REK OF THE 

Celebrated York Kag and Jute Carpets, 

LARGEST WORKS IN UNITED STATES. 


Alker, J. H., Harness Manfg., 221 E. 

Main St. 
Amber, H., Boots and Shoes, Cor. Main 

and Franklin. 
Baker, W. S., Gent's Furnishing, DeKalb, 

below Penn. 


DAVID D. BATH, 

CARRIAGE BUILDER, 

Cor, Greene and tafa.yette Streets, 
NORRISTOWN, PA. 


Bosch, Laura M., Confectionery, 440 E. 

Main St. 
Cassel, I. U., Carriage Builder, 346 E. 

Main St. 


Factories: \ '= ^°^'\ Y,^'" S'reet, 
j 124 vV est Mason Avenue, 

Ohice. 15 South Water Street. 


Governor Geary resigned, and Robert J. 
! Walker of Mississippi, was his succes- 
sor. The House of Representatives de- 
nouaced the acts of the Pro-Slavery Leg- 
islaliire as "cruel, oppressive, illegal and 
void." 

The Ijecompton Constitution Re- 
jected, August 3, 1858, by the people of 
Kansas by a heavy majority. 

Republiean Tirtot't/. — February 1, 
i860, a bitter contest of eight weeks, in 
the House of Representatives, ended in 
the election of William Pennington, of 
New Jersey, as Speaker. 

Tlie Itnpedrhnient of President 

tToItnson was proposed on January 26, 

1867, in the House of Representatives, 

upon the occasion of his veto of the bill 




President attempted to remove Secre- 
tary of War Stanton and appoint Gen.' 
Lorenzo Thomas in his place. Mr. 
Stanton rufused to surrender the office, 
and was sustained by the United States 
Senate. 

The Tnipeachnient of President 
Johnson was voted upon by the House 
of Representatives February 24, 186S, for 
violating the Tenure-of-Office Act and 
his bitter denunciation of Congress. The 
Court of Impeachment was organized by 
the United States Senate, March 5, rS68, 
Chief Justice Chase presiding. The trial 
continued until May i6th. The result 
was 35 for conviction and 19 for acquit- 
tal, which was short of the necessary 
two-thirds majority. 



I04 



PARTY ORGANIZATIONS, SECTIONAL STRIFE, ETC. 



Fvitidle Stiff roffc. — On January 20, 
1871, a motion to strike out the word 
"male" in the XlVth amendment to 
the United States Constitution was de- 
feated in the House of Representatives 
by 117 to 55. 

Ai'tuetJ Hands in South dtro- 
It'iKf were ordered, March 4, 1S71, by 
proclamation of President Grant, to dis- 
perse within 24 hours. 

X('trsp((j>rr Desfroi/ed. — Tlie Ku- 
Klux-Klan destroyed a Radical newspa- 
per office in Rutherford, N. C, April 30, 
1S71. 

If'fif of Jf((b('<is Corpus was sus- 
pended in nine counties in South Caro- 
lina by President Grant, October 7, 1871. 

Ka-Kln.)i-KI<nt in South Carolina 



1S74, McEnery's partizans, claiming that 
he was the Governor of the State, over- 
threw the Kellogg government. In the 
affray 8 police and 8 White Leaguers 
were killed and 32 wounded. 

l*roclainfftion From, President 
Grant ordered the "White Leaguers" 
to disperse, and troops were ordered to 
New Orleans. 

Keflof/{/\'< Gorernnient was rein- 
stated September 19, 1874. 

Louisiana Legislature. — January 
4, 1S75, United States troops entered the 
Legislature and forcibly expelled some 
of the members who had not received 
certificates from the Returning Board. 
Owing to frauds it was difficult to deter- 
mine the legal government of the State. 



Norristown, "S&.—Cofiiinued. 



B . P . DAV I S , 

Horse Shoer and General Blacksmith, 

Repairing Promptly and Neatly Executed, 
34(i East Main Street, JS^orristown, Pa. 



Davis, J. W., Grocer, 524 DeKalb St. 
Elliott, John F., Iron and Brass Foundry, 
Cor. Main and Ford Sts. 

BERNHARD HENGEN, 

ISw^EJ-A-T A^ .A. IR is: E T , 

SAUSAGE AND HEAD CHEESE A SPECIALTY, 
217 East Main Street, Norristown, Pa. 
Hunter, J., Baker, 163 Washington St. 



FRANK A. JACKSON, 

CARRIAGE PAINTKR. 

Cor. Greene and Lafayette Streets, 
NORRISTOWN, PA. 

JACOB KAUTZ, 

Foreign and Domestic Goods. A full line of 
Fine Cassimeres. A good fit guaranteed at a low- 
price. 

253 E. Main St., Norristown, Pa. 

B . F . Hk E R P E R^ 

UPHOLSTER AND BEDDING DEALER, 

110 EAST MAIN STREET, 
NORRISTOWN, PA. 



Kisen, Oliver, Tin Roffing, 528 DeKalb 

St. 
Loyd, N,, Merchant Tailor, 111 E, Main 

St. 



were ordered to disband October 12, 
1S71, by the proclamation of President 
Grant. 

Ku-Klu.K In vest if/<rt ions by Con- 
gress, in 1S72, revealed the fact that hor- 
rible atrocities had been committed by 
this " Klan " throughout the South for 
political ends. 

EJeeted From O/pee. — Governor 
Ba.xter, of Arkansas, was forcibly ejected 
and the e.xecutive office usurped by Gov- 
ernor(?) Brooks. A fight between their 
respective adherents at Pine Tree, April 
30, 1S74, resulted in the killing of 11 and 
wounding of 27 men. Ba.xter was recog- 
nized as the lawful Governor by Presi- 
dent Grant. 

Louisiana Fmbroylio. — Sept'r 14, 



Wheeler Compromise, passed by 
the United States Congress, was adopted 
by the Louisiana politicians in April, 

1575. By it Kellogg was recognized as 
Governor, and the representatives that 
had been expelled by the United States 
troops were re-seated. 

liifle Clubs in South Carolina were 
ordered to disband in 3 days by Presi- 
dent Grant's proclamation, October 17, 

1576. Troops were ordered to Colum- 
bia, South Carolina, to enforce the proc- 
lamation. 

Dennis Kearnef/ was assaulted and 
severely beaten March 20, 1S79, at Santa 
Anna, California, for abusive language, 
wliich he used in a lecture at that place. 

Communists' I'arade occurred in 



PARTY ORGANIZATIONS, SECTIONAL STRIFE, ETC. 



105 



Chicago on Sunday, April 20, 1879. They 
numbered four hundred and were armed 
with rifles. This was a demonstration 
against a bill in the Legislature forbid- 
ding the drill of armed bodies not en- 
rolled according to law. 

United States Troops were with- 
drawn from the State House at Colum- 
bia, South Carolina, April 10, 1877, by 
order of President Hayes. Tliis caused 
Chamberlain to resign his claims to the 
governorship, and left Wade Hampton 
in possession cf the office. 

United States Troops withdrawn 
from Louisiana Apr 24, 1877. The Pack- 
ard government being unable to main- 
tain its position without them, aban- 
doned the field to the Nichols faction. 


23, 1S79, Rev. L S. Kalloch was wounded 
by Charles De Young, editor of the 
Chronicle. The former was a candidate 
for Mayor, and the Chronicle had pub- 
lished some reflections upon his former 
life, which Kalloch had denied with 
gross vituperation from his pulpit. This 
led to the affray. The controversy finally 
ended in the killing of Cliarles De Young, 
editor of the Chronicle, hy the son of 
Rev. Mayor Kalloch, April 23, 1880. 

The Maine Eleetion Tronltles.— 
On the 15th day of December, 1879, 
Governor Gracelon and his council, who 
were the legal canvassers of election 
returns, deliberately counted out eight 
Republican Senators and twenty-nine 
Republican Representatives, who had 


1 
1 


Norristown, "S 9,.— Continued. 


R. WILSON PERRY, 

INTEEIOE WALL DECOKATINC A SPECIALTY. 

House I'iuiituifr ill all its Kvaiiclics. 

520 DeKalb St., Norristown, Pa. 


( 


McGinnis, James, Draying and Piano 
Moving, Cor. Greene and Lafayette Sts. 

Mowday, Wm. T., Coal Dealer, DeKalb 
below Washington St. 


1 
1 


POTTSTOWN, PA. 




WM. MURPHY, 

Blacksmith and Carriage Builder, 

DeKalb Street below Washington, 

NORRISTOWN, PA- 




Bauer & Toms, Green Grocers, Cor. King 
and Charlotte Sts. 


! 


CHARLES BROOKE, 

MERCHANT TAILOR, 

AND DKALBK IN 

Clothing, Qent's Furnishing Goods, Hats, Caps, &c., 
137 High Street, Pottstown, Pa. 


1 


Myers, Charles A., Practical Horse Shoer, 

Lafayette St. above Mill. 
Ortt, R. K., Boots and Shoes, 125 E. 

Main St. 
Perry Wm. & Co., Livery Stable, Cor. 

Mill and Lafayette Sts. 


1 


Buckley & Guest, Foundry, Cor. High 
and Warren Sts. 


\ 


Chisholni Tragedy at De Kalh, 
Mississippi. — April 29, 1877, Judge 
Chisholm, a Republican, was confined 
in jail, with his family, upon a pretext of 
having instigated the murder of John W. 
Gully, a Democrat. A mob attacked 
tiie jail, killing the Judge, his daughter 
and little boy, and Mr. Gilmer, his 
friend. No attempt was made to punish 
the murderers. 

Yazito Count If, Miss., Outrafjes. 
On August 20, 1879, Henry M. Dixon, 
independent Democratic candidate for 
Sheriff, was killed by James H. Barkes- 
dale, for running against the regular 
nominee. The murderer was released 
upon $15,000 bail. 

Kalloch Controversy. — On August 


been elected on September 8th, in order 
to give tlie Fusionists, or Democrats and 
Greenbackers, a majority of the Legis- 
lature. This would enable tliem to elect 
a Governor on January 7th, 18S0, neither 
of tlie candidates having received a ma- 
jority over all, as required by law, at the 
popular election. Before the close of 
the year public opinion run so high that 
Governor Gracelon was forced to submit 
the issues between himself and tlie Re- 
publicans to the Supreme Court of the 
State, wiiich rendered a decision against 
him on the i6th of January, 1S80. The 
Legislature thereupon elected D. T. Da- 
vis, Governor, and on the 31st the State 
seal and other property was surrendered 
by the Fusionists. 


1 
j 

i 

1 



io6 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 

Me.Ticffn 3liuistrr. — Gen. Almonte 
ceased diplomatic relations with the 
United States, and left Washington on 
March 6, 1S45, on account of the annexa- 
tion of Texas. 

Gciicfdl Tatffoi: under orders from 
Washington, marched to Corpus Christi, 
at the mouth of the Neuces, upon the 
territory in dispute between Texas and 
Mexico, in August, 1S45, and formed a 
camp of four or five thousand troops. 

Co}H}iif'ureiitf'}if of Jlosfilifios. — 
General Taylor was ordered to advance 
to the Rio Grande, wliich he reached in 
March, 1S46. He hastily constructed 
fort Brown, opposite Matamoras. Gen. 



under General Arista, and 2,000 Ameri- 
cans under General Taylor. After five 
hours severe figliting the Mexicans were 
driven from the field. American loss in 
killed and wounded 53. The Mexicans 
lost about 600. 

lid f fir of lif'Sdcn (le la Pal in a. 
fought IMay9, 1S46. The INIexicans rallied 
and posted themselves advantageously. 
Their artillery was well served and galled 
the Americans severely, until Captain 
May's regiment of dragoons charged the 
batlery, sabered the gunners and cap- 
tured General La Vegas. The Mexicans 
fled in a general rout across the Rio 
Grande. American loss in killed and 



Pottstown, Pa. — Cojitinued. 

Byar & Bro., Foundry, Cor. York and 

Walnut Sts. 
Davis, Thos. T., Barber, 428 High St. 
Heilisi-, I. W., iSpecialty Store, 306 High 

St.^ 

CHARLES I. LACHMAN, 

GROCERIES AND PROVISIONS, 

Kiiif 'IViis, Fiiiuily Flour. Ituttcr iiiul Kgiis, 

COR. CHESTNUT and WARREN sts! 

Pottstown, Pa^ 

J OHN L . MENS CH , 

GREEN GROCERIES, 



Schwab, Geo., Baker and Confectioner, 



Cttr 



lit'iich and Cliarlotti' Streets. 
POTTSTOWN, PA. 



Schwab, Frederick, Manf . of Pretzels, &c. 
70 Charlotte St. 



266 and 268 High St. 



SLON AKE R & WISE , 

BUTCHERS, 

WASHINGTON STREET, near HIGH, 
Pottstown, Pa. 



Somiesky, R., Artist and Photographer, 

870 High St. 
Wise, Daniel S., Boots and Shoes, 111 

Washington St. 

SHIPPENSBURG, PA. 



Barnes, George A., 12 South KailroadSt., 

Tonsorial Artist. 
Haas, John G., 13 South Railroad St., 



Shaving Parlor. 



Ampudia, the Mexican commander, or- 
dered him to retire witliin twenty-four 
hours. Colonel Cross, an American offi- 
cer, riding alone beyond the lines, was 
murdered by Mexican cavalrymen, who 
beat out his brains. 

Fort lirou'u, on the Rio Grande 
River, was attacked by the Mexicans on 
JNIay 3d, 1S46. The fort was defended 
by three hundred men under command 
of Major Brown. After suffering a bom- 
bardment of 160 hours the garrison re- 
ceived reinforcements, and the Mexicans 
trembled for the safety of Matamoras. 
Major Brown, in whose honor the fort 
was named, was mortally wounded. 

liattlc of I'fffo Alto was fought on 
May S, 1846, between 6,000 Mexicans 



wounded no; Mexican loss at least i,- 



000. 



}V<n' was Declared May 11, 1S46, 
by the United States against Mexico. 

I'olmiteers. — May 13, 1846, Congress 
authorized the President to accept the 
services of 50,000 volunteers, and $10,- 
000,000 was placed at his disposal. Three 
hundred thousand men offered. 

Mata)noi'as tram Captured by 
General Taylor on May iS, 1S46, and the 
American flag waved upon Mexican soil. 

Me.riro Declared War upon the 
United States JNIay 23, 1846. 

Jfonterei/, on the California coast, 
was taken possession of on July 7, 1S46, 
in the name of the United States, by 
Com. John D. Sloat, of the navy, who 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 



107 



announced himself governor of the ter- 
ritory. 

S(f}i r'f<nieisco was occupied Jul}' 
9, 1846, by Com. Montgomery, of tlie 
United States navy. 

Santa Fe, New 3Ieocico, was taken 
in August, 1S46, by General Stephen W. 
Kearney, who, with sixteen hundred 
men, liad marched nine hundred miles. 
A force of 4,000 Mexicans fled at his ap- 
1 proach, while 6,000 citizens quietly sub- 
mitted to his authority. 

Los Anf/elos, CaJ., Capfared.— 
Commodore R. F. Stockton, of tlie navy, 
and Fremont, combined in a successful 
movement against Los Angelos, Cal., on 
August 15, 1S46. 

3Ionteveu. — On September 21, 1846, 


Antonio, at Montclova, 70 miles from 
Monterey, with 3,000 volunteers. 

T((Jhisco, on the Mexican coast, was 
bombarded and the shipping in the har- 
bor destroyed by Com. Perry, October, 
1846. 

Tam2n'ro, upon the coast of Mexico, 
was captured by Com. Conner, Novem- 
ber 14, 1S46. 

Saflllo, seventy miles southwest from 
Monterey, the capital of Coahuila, was 
captured November 15, 1846, by the Am- 
erican advance under General Worth. 

San. P((S(/iKff. — Gen. Kearney de- 
deated the Mexicans at this place, Dec. 
6, 1846. 

Battle of Braeetif December 25, 
1846. Colonel Doniphan, in command 




Shippensburg. Vz..— Continued. 

Lutz, D. A., Manufacturer and Dealer in 

Harness, Collars, Saddles, Fly Nets, &c., 
West Main St., Goods Warranted. 

Noaker, S. C, Dealer in Hats, Boots, 
Shoes, Trunks, &c.. West Main St. 

Pague, C. A., Meat Market, 23 West Main 
St. 

Spangler, AY. E.. East Main St., Gentle- 
men. 


HENRY McCUCKIAN, 

Coal, mwmim ^ WlQuWr 

Cor. Bridge and Church Sts., 
PHdiNIXVILLE, PA. 

Miller, John H., Grocer, West Bridge St. 




[idgepoft, Montgomeff Co., Pa, 




ROBERT GRIFFITH, 

Cor. Third and DeKalb Sts., 
BRIDGEPORT, PA. 

Dealer in Groceries and Provisions. 

THIRD STREET, BRIDGEPORT, PA. 




PHCENIXVILLE, PA. 




Crossman, E., Confectionery, Bridge St. 

Denithorne, John »t Son, Bridge Builders 

and Boiler Makers, Bridge and Church 

Sts. 




Gen. Worth carried the fortified heights 
in the rear of the city, cutting off" its 
supplies. General Taylor, now in com- 
mand of 6,000 men, commenced the 
siege of Monterey. The city was de- 
fended by General Ampudia and 9,000 
troops. The conflict lasted four days, a 
part of the time within the streets of the 
city, where the carnage was fearful. Am- 
pudia surrendered. American loss in 
killed, wounded and missing, five hun- 
dred and sixty-one. Tlie number lost by 
tlie Mexicans was never ascertained, 
but it was supposed to be more than 
one thousand. 

Geueval John E. Wool, Inspector- 
General of the United States army, ar- 
rived, on October 30, 1846, from San 


of 1,000 Missouri volunteers, while on 
his march to Chihuahua to join General 
Wool, met a large force of Mexicans at 
Braceti, in the valley of the Rio del 
Norte, under General Ponce de Leon. 
He sent a black flag to Doniphan with 
the message : "We will neither ask nor 
give quarters. The Mexicans then ad- 
vanced and fired three rounds. The Mis- 
sourians fell upon their faces, and the 
enemy, supposing them to be all dead 
rushed forward for the purpose of plun- 
der. The Americans suddenly rose, 
and delivering a deadly fire from their 
rifles, killed about two hundred I\Iexi- 
cans and dispersed the remainder in 
confusion. 

Colonel fTohii C\ Ffeimtnt cap- 





io8 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 



tured Sonoma Pass, Cal., and a Mexican 
garrison, in 1S46. 

Bio Sfni Gabriel. Cah, Januarys, 
1847. Com. Stockton defeated the Mexi- 
cans under General Flores. 

l*lains of Mesa, Cal., January 9, 
1S47, Com. vStockton again defeated the 
Mexicans and drove them from the 
country. 

General Winfleld Scott arrived in 
Mexico in January, 1847, and assumed 
command of all the American forces. 
He ordered a large part of Gen. Taylor's 
army to join him at Vera Cruz. 

Satillo. February 23, 1847. Captain 
Webster defeated 800 INIexicans here. 

Bneiia Tista. — February 23rd, 1847, 
General Taylor posted his army of 4S00 
men and awaited the Mexicans, 20,000 


and entered Chihuahua. The Mexicans 
lost 600. 

Ceralvo.— May 7, 1847, Major Gid- 
dings defeated a Mexican force here. 

Vera Cms Surrendered on March 
29, 1847, to the combined army and naval 
attack under General Scott and Commo- 
dore Conner, after a week's siege. The 
Mexicans lost one thousand, the Ameri- 
cans eighty. The trophies were 5,000 
troops, 500 cannon and military stores. 

Colonel Sterenson-s California 
volunteer regiment from New York was 
sent to occupy Monterey and Santa Bar- 
bara. It reached San Francisco in March 

1847. 

Cerro Gordo. — Marching to Jalapa, 
April 18, 1847, the American army found 
Santa Anna with 15,000 troops in an ap- 


1 

1 


Bridgeport, Montgomery Co., Pa.— (ft?;/. 


BRADFORD, PA. 


1 


Horn, John B., Pork Packer, Front St. 
WM. F. SCHNIEPP, 

Manufacturer of and Dealer in 
BOOTS AND SHOES OF ALL KINDS, 

REPAIRING PROMPTLY DONE, 
Coi-.Thirtl and Gi-eene Sts., Brldf/f-porf, Pa. 

MRS . H . R . SMI TH , 

CONFECTIONERY, CAKES, FRUIT, 

AND ICE CREAM, 
DEKALB STREET, BRIDGEPORT, PA. 

W S. STACKER 

LEHIGl '^ SCIOTLIILl' COAL. 

And Michigan and Pennsylvania Lumber, 
FOURTH STREET, BRIDGEPORT, PA. 




Bodine & Walker, Hardware, 7 Mechanic 

St. 
Cadwell, L. B. & Co., Hardware, Cor. 

Main and Davis St. 
Conneely, Thos., Wines and Liquors, 12 

Mechanic St. 
Connelly Bros., Portable and Stationary 

Boilers. 


1 


Ecipse RJanufacturing" Co., Linjited. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

THE ECLIPSE STEAM TRAP, 
BRADFORD, PA. 


; 


strong, under Santa Anna. The ]\Iexi- 
can General, assuring General Taylor he 
was surrounded, ordered him to surren- 
der within an hour. Taylor refused, and 
both armies prepared for battle. It was 
a desperate and bloody fight, commenc- 
ing at sunrise and lasting until sunset, 
but finally the INIexicans fled in confu- 
sion, leaving their dead and wounded 
behind, and the Americans were left 
masters of the field. The Americans lost 
267 killed, 456 wounded, and 23 missing. 
The Mexicans lost almost 2,000. They 
left 500 of their comrades dead on the 
field. 

Battle of Sacramento.— February 
28, 1847, Colonel Doniphin defeated four 
thousand Mexicans, losing only iS men, 


parently impregnable position upon the 
heights and commanding the pass of 
Cerro Gordo. General Scott's army 
numbered 8,500. The heights could 
only be taken by assault, which was 
made, and the position captured with a 
loss of only 431, while the enemy lost 
1,000 in killed and wounded and 3,000 
prisoners. Santa Anna escaped with his 
life by fleeing upon a mule taken from 
his carriage, abandoning his private pa- 
pers and his wooden leg. 

Battle of CItnrnbitsco.— On Aug. 
21, 1S47, Gen Scott advanced on Churu- 
busco, where Santa Anna was in com- 
mand of the main body of the Mexican 
army. The enemy were defeated, and 
Santa Anna abandoned the field and fled 


> 



THE MEXICAN WAR., 



log 



to the City of Mexico. This defeat of 
the Mexicans was the final destruction 
of an army 30,000 strong by another 
about one-third its strength in number. 
Full 4,000 of the Mexicans were killed 
or wounded, 3,000 made prisoners, and 
30 pieces of cannon taken. The Ameri- 
cans lost in killed and wounded 1,100. 

Perote, a Strong Castle and town, 
surrendered, April 22, 1847, to General 
Worth, with a park of artillery and a 
vast amount of military stores. 

Pueblo, the sacred city of the angels, 
with 80,000 inhabitants, surrendered 
without resistance May 15, 1847. Here 
the army rested and opened negotiations 
for peace, but the stubborn and fool- 
hardy Mexicans haughtily rejected the 
overtures. 


suffered dreadfully. The Mexicans lost 
about 1,000 dead on the field and the 
Americans about 800. 

Cltapaltepec, which was on the site 
of the Hall of the Montezumas, was car- 
ried by storm, September 13, 1847. The 
Americans under General Scott routed 
the enemy with great slaughter, and un- 
furled the Stars and Stripes over the 
shattered castle of Chapultepec. The 
Mexicans fled to the city, pursued by 
General Quitman to its very gates. That 
night Santa Anna and his army, with the 
officers of government, fled the doomed 
city. 

bity of ^Jear/eo.— September 14th, 
1847, General Scott took formal posses- 
sion and the American flag floated over 
the Halls of the Montezumas. 


■ 


Bradford, "Sz,.— Continued. 


JONES. DENNIS k BOOTH, 

COlTlICTOiS AlB BIIILBEIS. 

Plans and Specifications furnished on Application. 
20 Mechanic St., Bradford, Pa. 




EDGETT& JOHNSON, 

Real Estate, Lumb.erjj^^ Shingles, 

135 Main Street, Bradford, Pa. 




C . C . K IMBAL L & CO . 

OIL \VELL SUPPLIES, 

Scrap Iron, Metals, Brass, Rope, Rubber, Etc. 
- 3 Davis St., Bradford, Pa. 




UNIONJ SQUARE RESTAURANT, 

Open Day and Night. Finest and Cheapest in 
Bradford, Pa. With expert cooks and best sup- 
plies we please the hungry public. 

51 MAIN ST., E. A. EICHMANN, 




Laundry, 55 Main St. 




DEALER IN. 

FRUITS & CONFECTIONERY, 

61 Main Street, Bradford, Pa. 


JOHnsr T r"F!^^, 

Manufacturer and Dealer in all Kinds of 




OIL -^y^SlTJI^ TOOXjS, 

Ueueral Blaeksmithius;- and Machine Work, 

6 Corydon St., Bradford, Pa. 




Coiitret'os was attacked at sunrise 
on August 19, 1847, by General Persifer 
F. Smith and 4,000 troops, and in seven- 
teen minutes 6,000 Mexicans under Gen. 
Valencia were utterly routed. Eighty 
ofiicers and 2,000 private soldiers were 
made prisoners, and 2,3 pieces of artil- 
lery were captured. 

3Iolhia del liai/ and Casa de Mata, 
the western defences of Chapultepec, 
were held by 14,000 Mexicans. General 
Worth, with 4,000 Americans, stormed 
and carried these positions, September 
8, 1847. The Americans were first re- 
pulsed with great slaughter, but, return- 
ing to the attack, they fought desper- 
ately for an hour, and drove the Mexi- 
cans from their position. Both armies 


Hospitals at Pueblo, October 9, 
1S47, containing i,8oosick men, in charge 
of Colonel Childs, were besieged forty 
days by Santa Anna. General Lane, on 
his March to Mexico, relieved them and 
scattered the Mexicans. 

Atlixco, — October 18, 1847, General 
Lane defeated a Mexican force at this 
place. 

Guat/iiias. a port in the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, was taken, October 20, 1847, by an 
American squadron. 

General Seott issued a proclamation 
against Mexican guerillas, Dec. 12, 1847 

American Army from Mexico ar- 
rived at New Orleans in June, 184S. 

Peace between the United States and 
Mexico was declared July 4, 1S4S. 





no 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY. 



SLAVERY AND 
Indian Slaves. — In 1494 Columbus 
sent four ships to Spi\in with gold, met- 
als, fruits and 500 captives, to be sold 
into slavery. Queen Isabella ordered 
them returned immediately, and sent 
commands that the islanders be treated 
mercifully. 

Labrador yatives were kidnapped 
and sold into slavery by Caspar Corte- 
real, a Portugese navigator, in 1500. It 
is thought that the name "Labrador," 
meaning laborer, was applied as a result 
of this expedition. 

SjunusJi Oppression in Hayti. — 
From 1500 to 1550, two millions of In- 
dians had been worked to death as slaves 
by the Spaniards. 



ANTI-SLAVERY, 
dians was warranted by the laws of God 
and man, and that only so could they be 
converted to the Christian faith." 

Enffland S/are Trade was inaug- 
urated by Sir John Hawkins, who, in 
1562, enticed some and captured other 
Guinea negroes on the coast of Africa, 
three hundred in all, and sold them in 
Hayti. He had obtained Queen Eliza- 
beth's sanction to his voyage, upon con- 
dition that he would take none from 
their homes save with their own con- 
sent. Hawkins made another voyage 
to Guinea for negroes in 1567. Queen 
Elizabeth was interested in this expedi- 
tion. Five hundred negroes were se- 



Bradford, "2^.— Continued. 



NOVELTY COFFEE HOUSE. 

L. L. HIGCINS, Propr. 

133 Main St., Bradford, Pa. 

EDWARD MclNTYRE, 

Old Rope, Scrap Iron, Brass. Copper, Rubber and 

Belting, Second-Hand Oil Wells and Machinery 

Bought and Sold. 

P. O. Box 1761. Bradford. Pa.. 

PH. NUSBAUM, 
GROCER, 

Nos. 3 & 5 Mechanic St., Bradford, Pa. 
E . R . P E RK IN S , 

Boarding, Feed and Livery Stables, 

Also Proprietor B. & K. Street R. R. 
Rear of IS Alain Street, Kradt'ord, Pa. 



Price House, Cal Robinson, Propr., 107 
Main St. 

QUICLEY HOUSE. 

JOHN QUIGLEY, Propr. 

No. 24 NORTH MECHANIC STREET, 

BRADFORDi PA. 

Rhinehart, Wm. A, Turkish and Russian 
Bath Institute, 25 Pine St. 

Robertson, W. Y. «fe Son, Blacksmiths, 
Chestnut, St. 

Mammoth Clothing ^ Furnishing Emporium 

Headquarters for Stylish Goods. 
D. P. Thomas, M. RUSI.ANDER, 

Manager. S8 Main St., Bradford, Pa. 



Slavery Sanctioned. — In 1501 an 
ordinance was pa.ssed permitting Span- 
ish emigrants to the New World to take 
with them negro slaves who had been 
born among Christians. 

Negro Slavert/ increased so rapidly 
that in 1503 Ovando, Governor of Hayti, 
wrote to the Spanish government pray- 
ing that the importation might cease. 

Slavery Forbidden. — In 1506 slaves 
were, by royal degree, forbidden to be 
exported to the New World, except from 
.Seville, and then only on condition that 
they had been taught Christianity. 

Indian Slavery in the New World 
was opposed by the Dominican priests, 
thereupon, in 1513, the Privy Council of 
Spain decreed that the "bondage of In- 



cured and were sold in Cartagena, the 
result of this voyage. 

Slaves Brought to tfanteston'n. — 
Aug., 1620, a Dutch Captain brought 20 
negroes to Jamestown and sold them for 
servants for life. 

Slave I- y began in Netherland in 1626. 

Xeiv EngUtnd. — Slaves were intro- 
duced into New England in 163S by a 
vessel trading between Guinea and the 
West Indies. 

Boston. — In 1645 two negroes were 
brought to Boston who had been kid- 
napped on the coast of Guinea. The 
magistrates, upon complaint of Richard 
Saltonstall, ordered them sent back as 
"having been procured not honestly by 
purchase but unlawfully by kidnapping." 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY. 



Ill 



Man -Steal htff was made a capital 
crime in Massachusetts in 1646. Similar 
laws were passed by the other New 
England colonies shortly after. 

Connectieut. — Slavery in Connecti- 
cut was made lawful under certain re- 
strictions in 1650. 

lihoffe Ifi7<m(J. — Slavery was pro- 
hibited in Rhode Island, INIay 13, 1652. — 
Slave selling and life servitude was for- 
bidden under penalty of ^40 for each 
offense, but the trade was so lucrative 
that it continued to exist for many years, 
and Newport grew rich by its prosecu- 
tion. 

Xew York. — In 1652 the New Neth- 
erland Company granted permission for 
the importation of African slaves. 



King Phillip's and other Indians at Do- 
ver, N. H., and sold them into slavery. 
In 1680 an Indian war broke out in Caro- 
lina, and a bounty was ofiered for each 
captured Indian, many of whom were 
sold for slaves to the West Indies. The 
proprietors stopped this as soon as they 
learned of it. 

Shire Trade. — From 16S0 to 1786 
2,130,000 negroes had been imported into 
the English colonies, exclusive of thou- 
sands that had died on the way. 

Slarertj Denounced. — Slavery was 
first publicly denounced in 1688 by the 
German Friends, who, at their meeting 
inGermantown, Penna., on February 18, 
adopted a paper setting forth the unlaw- 
fulness of "traffic in men body.'* 



Bradford, "Bs^—Cotitinued. 

J. B. SrvUXH, 
Druggist and Apothecary, 

14 Mechanic St., Bradford, Pa. 

THE BRADFORD BAKERY. 

GUS HERBIG, Proprietor. 
27 WASHINGTON ST., BRADFORD, PA. 

UNION HOUSK. 

LOUIS MARCK, Prop 
126 JIaiii St.. \e:»r Union Depot. Bradford, Pa. 

Fine Sample Bcom Attached. 

Qooi Accommodations for Travelers. 

Watson,|W. S.. Contractor, 4 Nlckle Plate 
Block. 



E . P . W I L COX , 

:Lwd: E -^5». T 2^4: -A- :e, i§z e; T , 

Butter, EiTiis. Poultry. Ac. 
OYSTERS IN THEIR SEASON. 

Corner Washingtcn and Pearl Streets, Bradford, Pa. 



MIDDLETOWN, PA. 



Brestele, Joseph, Contractor and Builder. 
N. D. OASHEK^ 

Dealer in 

DRY GOODS, GROCERIES, GLASSWARE, ETC 

COFFEES A SPECIALTY. 

108 E. Main St., Middletovvn, Pa. 

H . N . KLINE, 
Proprietor of KLINE HOUSE. 

New Brick Building: with Latest Improvement.-!. 
North East of P. E- R. Depot- 



Virginia. — Children were made free 
or slave in Virginia, in 1662, according 
to the condition of their mother. It was 
defined by law in this state in 1670 for 
the first time. 

Mart/alnd. — Slavery was first de- 
fined by law in Maryland in 1663. It was 
provided that the condition of the child 
should follow its father, because English 
women married negro slaves. 

Abolition ism of Slarery was urged 
upon by the " Friends," of Barbadoes, 
by George Fox, in 167 1. 

Ranaa-ay Slares. — A decree of the 
Virginia Assembly made it lawful to kill 
them in 1672. 

Indians Enslared. — In 1676 Major 
Waldrqii captured three hundred of 



(Jiiakers Oppose Sharer (j. — In 1696, 
at their yearly meeting, the Quakers re- 
solved to ' 'discourage the buying of more 
negroes, and to provide for the moral 
well being of such as were owned as 
slaves." 

Lefjislation, Against Slavery. — In 
1701 Boston instructed its representa- 
tives to "put a period to negroes being 
slaves." 

Slave 3Iarket was opened in New 
York City in 1711. 

Petition tci Abolish Slavery. — In 
1712 a petition to abolish slavery was re- 
ceived by the Pennsylvania Assembly, 
from William Southby, a Roman Catho- 
lic of Maryland 

Maryland Passed a Lair in 1715 



112 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY. 



makinsr a child follow the condition of 
its mother. A law had existed from 
1663 to 16S3, that children should follow 
their father's condition. 

3fassacliiis<'ffs. — In 1716 there were 
2,000 slaves in this State. 

3Iississijtj)i Valley . — In 1719 the 
French introduced a large number of 
slaves there. 

South Carolina. — In 1727 bitter 
complaints were made by this State of 
the excessive importations of slaves. It 
was not defined by law in this State un- 
til 1740, although Sir John Yeamans in- 
troduced negro slaves into the province 
in 1670. 

Georgia. — Slavery was excluded from 
Georgia by act of the Trustees in 1733, 



cans, as it has existed among us, is a 
gross violation of the righteousness and 
benevolence which are so much incul- 
cated in the gospel, and therefore we 
will not tolerate it in this church." 

Slave Property FroJiihited. — The 
right to hold slaves in Massachusetts was 
denied by the Superior Court in the case 
of James vs. Lechmere in 1770, but slaves 
were held until the constitution of 1780 
was adopted. 

Colonial Opposition to Slai'ery. 
"The American Association" was the 
title of a series of articles adopted by 
Congress, October 20, 1774, for the main- 
tainance of the rights of the colonies. — 
Its second article declared "that we will 
neither import nor purchase any slave 



Middletown, "^z..— Continued. 

B . J . SCHOCH , 

CARPENTER, JOBBING AND REPAIRING. 

Saw Setting and Filing a Specialty. 

Catherine bet, Nesley and Water Sts., Middletown, Pa. 

S . L . YETTE R ' S 

GENERAL INSURANCE, COLLECTING AND 

REAL ESTATE AGENCY &c., 
37 E. Main St., Middletown, Pa. 

ELDRED, PA. 



Addle, James M., Attorney, Main St. 



WM. BUTLER & SON, 

(Successors to M. C, Brodhead.) 
Carriage and Wagon Builders. Horse Shoeing, 
Jobbing and Repairing. (Formerly with C. S. Caf- 
frey and W. D. Rogers, Philadelphia ) 
"Wa shingt on Str eet, Media, Pa. 

Central Hotel, R. Dennis, Proprietor. 
Colgrove, G. W. & Son, Tin, Copper, 
Sheet Iron, &c. 



llfiBSSB 



ELDRED, PA. 



Fisher, A. A., Blacksmith, Edson , Pa. 

Merchant Tailor. A first class fit guaranteed or 
money refunded. A large stock of Foreign and Do- 
mestic Suitings always on hand 

ELDRED. PA. 



and was defined by law, for the first 
time, in 1770. 

Duty Upon Slaves. — In 1761 the 
States of Virginia and South Carolina, 
by an act of Assembly, voted a prohibi- 
tory duty upon importing slaves into 
those States. 

Anthony lienezet, a Quaker, of 
Philadelphia, in 1762 published a book 
in opposition to slavery. 

Church and Slavery. — Slave-hold- 
ing church membeis were first discip- 
lined in 1769, by the Congregational 
Church at Newport, R. I. Dr. Samuel 
Hopkins, its pastor, so fearlessly de- 
nounced the traffic that the church voted 
the following: " Resolved, That the 
slave trade and the slavery of the Afri- 



imported after the first day of December 
next, after which time we will wholly 
discontiue the slave trade, and will nei- 
ther be concerned in it ourselves, nor 
will we hire our vessels nor sell our com- 
modities or manufactures to those who 
are engaged in it." Similar articles had 
been adopted in Virginia, North Caro- 
lina and other colonies. Jefferson said 
before the Virginia Convention: "The 
abolition of domestic slavery is the 
greatest object of desire in these colon- 
ies, where it was unhappily fixed in their 
infant state." The above articles were 
generally adopted both in the Southern 
and Northern colonies. Subsequently 
most of the States took measures to 
abolish the slave trade, which was how- 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERV. 



113 



ever renewed by South Carolina in 1803. 
Laws existed at this time in some of the 
colonies for the gradual abolition of 
slave-holding itself. 

Otmhers Refuse Felloivshfp with 
slaveholders. In 1774, at their yearly 
meeting in Philadelphia, the Friends 
withdrew fellowship from all members 
who continued to buy negroes. In later 
yearly meetings William Burling, of 
Long Island, Ralph Sandiford, of Phila- 
delphia, Benjamin Lay, John Woolman 
and Anthony Benezet were active in 
their efforts to secure its cessation. — 
Benjamin Lay was especially zealous. 
He once seated himself in a meeting of 
slave-holding Friends with a bladder of 
blood hidden under his cloak. In the 



bored steadfastly to abolish slavery. — 
President, Benjamin Franklin ; Secre- 
tary, Benjamin Rush. 

VefiiiOHf. — Slavery was abolished in 
Vermont by a convention held January 
15, 1777. This was the first "Abolition 
State." 

PeinistjJrania, — Gradual emancipa- 
tion of slaves was provided for March i, 
1780, by an act of the Pennsylvania As- 
sembly. 

Horrors of the Slave Trade. — 
In 1781 Captain Collingwood, command- 
ing the Zong, threw a large number of 
sick negroes overboard, and afterward 
tried to collect their value from the in- 
surers, but the English courts decided 
against him. 



EldreoL. Pa. — Contmued. 



Patterson, T. D., Painter, Main St. 



WM. H. PERDOMO, 

MAIN STREET, ELDREI], VR. 

J^^. WELCH, 

Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, Toilet 
Articles, Fancy Goods, Dye Stuffs, Liquors, Tobacco 
and Cigars. 

MAIN STREET, EEDRED, PA. 



BRISTOL, PA. 



M- A. ABBOTT, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 

GENERAL MERCHANDISE, 

58 MI LL .STREET, BRISTOL. I'A. 

hushed stillness of their worship he arose 
and pierced the bladder, spilling blood 
on the floor and seats and garments of 
those nearest to him, and solemnly ex- 
claimed: "Thus shall the Lord spill the 
blood of those that traffic in the blood 
of their fellow men." Some fainted, 
some shrieked, and the meeting broke 
up in disorder. In 1776 the Society of 
"Friends" decided that slaveholders 
should no longer remain members of 
their body. 

Ahoiition of Slavery. — "The Penn 
sylvania Society for the Abolition of 
Slavery," organized April 14, 1775, in 
the Sun Tavern, on Second street, Phila- 
delphia. The war prevented regular 
meetings until 1787. Thereafter it la- 



I STOVES, FURNACES AND RANGES, 
Roofliig and Spdiitiiiff a S]i('('ialtv. 
BEST UPPER liEHlUH €OAI.. 

THOMAS BARNARD, 

!□ and 12 Mill Street, BRISTDL , VR . 

Black, S.W., Carriage and Wagon Builder, 
16 Otto St. 

THOS. B. DOUGLASS, 

61 311 LL STREEr, BRISTOL, PA. 

Dealer in Stoves, Heaters, Japanned and Tinned 
House Furnishing Ware of all kinds, Fire-Brick and 
Odd Castings. Tin Roofing A Specialty, and Repair- 
ing Promptly Attended to. 

JOHN~FARLEY, 

TOZB-^^OOOZSriST?, 
BRISTOL, PA. 

Also the Famous Brands — Capadura, Pug, Bracer 
and Pride of Bristol. Smoke Green Seal, Best 2 for 5 
in Bristol. Choice Confectionery. 

VWl Solicit a Share of your Patronage. ■=£& 

An, Anti-Slavery Barbae lie took 
place at Woodbridge, N. J., in 1783, Dr. 
Bloomfield presiding. 

New Hainp.sJiire. — In 17S3 this 
State excluded slavery by the adoption 
of a constitution containing a declara- 
tion of rights, to take effect June, 1784. 

CoHuectiritt, by an act in 1784, grad- 
ually abolished slavery. 

nil ode Inland, in March, 1784, de- 
clared all persons born thereafter in the 
State free. The slave trade was strictly 
prohibited in the State October, 1787. 

Anti-Slavery Socie^^ was organ- 
ized in New York on January 25, 1785. 
John Jay was its first and Alexander 
Hamilton its second President. 

Northirest Territory. — By the or- 



114 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY. 



dinance of 17S7, passed July 11, for the 
g-overnment of the Northwest territory, 
"Shivery, or invohintary servitude, ex- 
cept for crime," was forbidden, and 
tracts of land were ceded for schools. 

l*roJn'hitHni of Sfarf Trade. — 
Three negroes having been kidnapped 
in Boston and sold in the West Indies, 
Massachusetts passed a law against 
slave-trading in 17SS. Pennsylvania and 
Connecticut passed similar acts. 

Con(/ress Petitioned to Abolish 
Slarerj/. — The Pennsylvania Abolition 
Society petitioned Congress, February 
12, 1790, to make slavery illegal. It was 
received favorably, but the 20-year law 
of 17SS debarred action. 

Slare Trade. — March 23, 1790, Con- 



among the French Canadians when De- 
troit and other places were surrendered 
in 1796. They were Pawnee tribes and 
their children, who had been sold by 
other tribes, who had captured them 
during war. 

Xetr Yorlt. — In April, 1799, an act 
was passed for the gradual abolition of 
slavery. In 1S17 the Legislature passed 
another act providing for the abolition 
of slavery July 4, 1S27. 

Territories. — The citizens of Indiana 
territory in 1S02 petitioned Congress to 
temporarily suspend the ordinance of 
17S7, prohibiting slavery, until labor be- 
came more plentiful in that region. The 
petition was not granted. 

yew tferset/. — The Legislature en- 



Bristol, Ta,.—Coftfi>n/e(f. 

J. C. FOSTER, 

Repairer of KtAmittare, 

MATTRESSES RENOVATED, 
(io Wasliiusfton Street, Bristol, Pa. 

Hiffsins, John G.. Carriage Painter, 16 
otto St. 

ANDREW M. HOLT, 

DEALl-K IN 

TEAS, COFFEES AND SPICES, 

I'iiif <: rort'fii's, I'rori.sitiiis, 



Best Brands of 


Family Flour. 




Bristol. 


Pa. 


Kellv, H. 

Mill St. 


F., 


Cigars 


and 


Tobacco, 


68 



gress voted that the importation of 
slaves could not be prohibited till 180S, 
but that Americans could be forbidden 
to sell slaves to foreigners, and that no 
foreigner could fit out a slaver in an Am- 
erican port. 

Xatiomd Abolition Conreiifion^ 
held at Pliiladelphia January i, 1794, at 
which all the abolition societies in the 
country sent delegates, Congress was 
petitioned to suppress the slave trade. 

Puf/itire S/are ^Ir rested in l?oston 
in 1794. — While Josiah Quincy was de- 
fending a fugitive slave before the court, 
a confusion arose and the man escaped. 
His owner threatened Mr. Ouincy with a 
suit, but did not execute his threat. 

Indian Slarerij was found to exist 



J . D . LOWDE N , 

FINE BOOTsk) SHOES, 

:{•_' Mill StuMt. Hristol, Fa. 
CUSTOM AVORK A SPECIALTY. 

L EW I S WOO LMAN , 

Dl'AI.ER IN 

Groceries, Provisions ^Notions 

No. :{r) Katli strccr. Bristol, i a. 



DOYLESTOWN, PA. 



p. CAMPBELL, 

Manufacturer of Horse Collars. All kinds on 
hand and made to order The trade supplied. Har- 
nt-ss of all kinils made to order. Repairing clone on 
shortest notice. 

W«st t'ourt StiPi't, Dovles-towii, Pa. 



acted laws for the gradual abolition of 
slavery February 15, 1S04. 

Slare Iinportfttion was forbidden 
by the United States March 2, 1S07, after 
January i, 180S. The British parliament 
passed a similar law about the same 
time. 

Anti-Slarei'!/ Soeietf/. called the 
"Union Humane," was organized in 
1S15, at St. Clairsville, Virginia, by Ben- 
jamin Lundy. 

Conneetieiit Abolished Slarerj/ 
in 181S. 

Conf/ress declared the slave trade 
piracy in iSiS. 

Missouri Compromise. — Missouri 
applied for admission as a state Januar\', 
1S20, but was opposed by the anti-slavery 



J 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY. 



115 



men. Maine also asked admission, and 
the pro-slavery men determined to deny 
its application unless Missouri was ad- 
mitted with slavery. Exciting debates 
followed, until February 16, when, chiefly 
through the efforts and genius of Henry 
Clay, the following compromise was ef- 
fected, viz.: "That Maine should be 
admitted free, and Missouri with slavery; 
that slavery should be forever prohibited 
north of the parallel of 36° 30^^. South 
of that line states were to be admitted 

1 

with or without slavery, as the people 
might determine." 

Slavery in New York was abol- 
ished in 1827, under the statute of 1817. 
Ten thousand slaves became free, for 


^^2>2>' John G. Whittier and Lewis Tap- 
pan were Secretaries. The American 
Anti-Slavery Society was formed, with 
Lewis Tappan as President. Auxiliary 
State societies were organized, tracts 
circulated and lectures sent over the 
country. 

Connecticut Black Act. — In 1833 
the Legislature enacted a law against 
schools for colored children, and Miss 
Prudence Crandall, who had opened one 
at Canterbury, was imprisoned for vio- 
lating the law. 

Iri.'ih Slave. — Mary Gilmore, a young 
Irish woman, was claimed in 1835 by 
a Maryland slaveholder as his fugitive 
slave. At the trial in Philadelphia it 


Eoylestown, Vs..— Continued. 
CLEAR SPRING HOTEL, 

W. B. Ckouthamel, Propr. 

Transient ani Permanent BearJers takn at Reasonable Rates. 

MAIN STREET, DOYLESTOWX, PA. 


THOS. MARGRAVE' S 

PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL MARBLE 
AND GRANITE WORKS, 

DOVLESTOWN, PA. 


Moore, J. H., Marble and Granite Works, 

State St. 


JOHN DONNELLY & CO., 

Dealers in HEATERS, STOVES, MANTLES, TINWARE. 

Full Lint- of (hmkIs Const, iiitiv on Hiiiid. 

ROOFING & SPOUTING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO 

BOYLiESTOWN, PA. 


"STERLING OAK TANNERY," 
F. H. I.EIDY, Proprietor. 

Manufacturer of.^nd Dealer in 

CALF SEIN, WAX UPPER, HARNESS and SHEEP SKINS 
DOYLESTOWN, PA. 


JOSEPH S. FONASH, 

CARRIAGE AND WAGON PAINTER 

AH Kinds of Lettt'iin^i- Ncatlv l>onc. 
West Court Street, Doyleslown, Pa. 


RAIL ROAD HOTEL. 

F. S. WEISEL. Pi'o]). 

Board by Day or Week at Reasonable Rates. 
OPP. DEPOT, DOVLESTOWN, PA. 


which their owners received no compen- 
sation. 

Obno.rioiis ^Lbolifioiu'sts. — In 1831 
Governor Lumpkin, of Georgia, offered 
l5,ooo for the arrest and trial, under the 
laws of Georgia, of William L. Garri- 
son. Subsequently $20,000 was offered 
for Arthur Tappan and $10,000 for Rev. 
A. A. Phelps. 

Xeiv Eiiijiand Anti-Slavery So- 
ciety was organized in Boston January 
30, 1832. It demanded immediate eman- 
cipation. 

Xew York City Anti-Slavery So- 
ciety was organized October 2, 1833, in 
the Chatham Street Chapel. 

Xaiioaal Auti-Slarery Conreu- 
tion, held at Philadelphia, December 4, 


was proved that she had not a drop of 
negro blood in her veins. 

Abolition, Documents. — In 1835 
President Jackson recommended the 
passage of a law to prevent the distribu- 
tion of anti-slavery documents by mail 
in the South. It was referred to a com- 
mittee, of which John C. Calhoun was a 
member, but Congress refused to pass 
such a law. Shortly after this Congress 
passed a law to prevent discrimination 
in mail matters, which the President 
signed. About this time the Legisla- 
tures of the Southern States endeavored 
to induce Northern Legislatures and 
Congress to make abolition agitation 
a penal offense. 

I'inckney's Gag Rale was adopted j 



ii6 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY. 



by the House of Representatives May 
26, 1S36. By it all petitions relating in 
whatever way to slavery were laid upon 
the table and never acted upon. Similar 
rules were adopted in 1S37, '38, '40 and 
41, and at one time the rule was made 
to operate against all petitions. 

3IossarIi II setts Abolition Societji 
oiiginated May 27, 1S39, by secession 
from the "Anti-Slavery Society," be- 
cause William L. Garrison advocated 
non-voting, under the constitution, as 
long as that instrument made slavery 
legal. 

Census JRetui'tis of Slaves in 1840. 
Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts and 
Michigan had none. In Ohio were 3 ; 
Indiana, 3; Illinois, 331; Wisconsin, 11; 


them free because they had landed on 
English soil. 
Ameriean Anti-Slavery Soeiety, 

in 1844, led by Mr. Garrison, formally 
denounced the United States Constitu- 
tion as pro-slavery, and "a covenant 
with death and an agreement with hell." 
Its motto now was "no union with slave- 
holders." 

•• True American " was the name 
of an anti-slavery paper, issued at Lex- 
ington, Ky., in 1845, by Cassius M. Clay. 
A mob shipped it to Cincinnati, where 
Clay printed it for some time, but dated 
the publication office at Lexington. 

"Wilmot" Proviso.— In Aug., 1846, 
David Wimot, a Pennsylvania Democrat, 
introduced a bill into Congress to pro- 


Doylestown, Vo..— Continued. 


NEWTOWN, BUCK'S CO., PA. 


F. L. WORTHINOTON, 

DEALER IN 

Dry Goods, Groceries, Clothing, 

BOOTS, SHOKS, NOTIONS 

And General Merchandise, 

Cor. of Clinton & Ashland Sts., Near the Depot, Doylestown, Pa. 


MERRICK PEARSON, 

Dry Goods, Notions. Groceries @ Provisions, 

FLOUR antl 1>RIEI> FRUITS, 

Oeneral Store, Stjtte St., Newtown, Pa. 


NEWTOWN, PA. 


Fifth Wheel Manufacturer, 

Staipe St., nswTOWN, I^a. 


Price, S. P., Barber, State St. • 


CHARLES STEWART, 

Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, 

TOILET AND FANCY ARTICLES. ETC. 

Physicians' Prescriptions Carefully Compounded. 
NEWTOWN, PA. 


E . L . GE RMAN , 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 

FLOUR, FEED AND ORAIN. 

Goods Delivered Free of Charge. 

All Grades of Flour Constantly on hand. 

Washington Avenue, Newtown, Pa. 


and Iowa 16. The non-slaveholding 
states had 46,099 slaves in 1776, and in 
1840 1,129. The slaveholding states had 
456,000 slaves in 1776, and 2,486,126 in 
1840. 

False Imprisonment. — In July, 
1841, upon a charge of aiding slaves to 
escape, three Illinois men, who had 
crossed the river into Missouri, were 
condemned to 12 years imprisonment. — 
They were pardoned for good behavior 
after suffering about five years. 

Slaves Seeiive Theiv Fveedom. — 
The brig Creole, with a cargo of tobacco 
and 135 slaves, sailed in 1842 from Rich- 
mond, Va., for New Orleans. The slaves 
overpowered the crew and put into the 
Bahamas. Nassau authorities pronounced 


1 hibit slavery in all territory which might 
be secured by treaty from Mexico. It 
did not pass. 

Fuf/ifive Slaves.— In October, 1850, 
William and Ellen Crafts, who were liv- 
ing in Boston, were arrested as fugitives 
from Georgia. The claimants themselves 
were arrested for kidnapping, and the 
Crafts were sent to England. Another 
fugitive slave named Shadrach, was ar- 
rested in Boston Feb. 15, 1851. He was 
rescued by a mob from the officers of the 
law in the United States court room. An- 
other named Sims was arrested in Boston 
April 13, 1851, and returned to his mas- 
ter amid intense excitement. 

Detroit.— A fugitive slave was cap- 
tured in Detroit in October, 1850. The 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY 



117 



excitement was such that the military 
was ordered out. The citizens raised 
^500 and bought him of his claimant. 

^etv York. — A fugitive slave in New 
York named Henry Long was returned 
to his owner by United States Judge Jud- 
son, December 23, 1850. 

Christiana, Pa. — On Sept. 11, 1851, 
in a conflict between the United States 
Deputy Marshal's posse and the crowd, 
a fugitive slave escaped and the owner 
was killed. Thirty-nine persons were 
indicted by the United States for "wick- 
edly and traitorously levying war against 
the United States." $70,000 was ex- 
pended in these prosecutions, but no- 
body was convicted. 

Ail Adflress on Slaver if from 576,- 



desk. He was so injured that he could 
not resume his seat for three years. The 
attack was made for a criticism uttered 
by Sumner upon Senator Butler, a rela- 
tive of Brooks, in a debate upon Kansas 
affairs. 

Dred Scott Derision. — March 6th, 
1857, the United States Supreme Court 
gave a decision that widened the gulf 
between the North and the South. Dred 
Scott was the slave of Dr. Emerson, of 
Missouri, a United States army surgeon, 
who removed to Illinois and afterward 
to Minnesota, taking Dred Scott with 
him. He married a negro woman, to 
whom two children were born, and the 
whole family were taken to Missouri 
and sold. Dred Scott brought suit for 



Newtown, Pa. — Continued. 



O. M. THORNTON, 



STATE ST., NE WTOWN, PA. 
S . H . WA LTON , 

JEWELER I WATCHMAKER, 

Watches Sold on Installment and Club Plan. 
WASHINGTON AVE., NEWTOWN, PA. 



KENDALL CREEK, PA. 

American House, Jonas Artley, Propr. 
Wilson, F. M., Manufacturer. 

WARREN, PA. 



JAMES WEAVER, 

Coach, Cainage and Sleigh Painter, 



Adelphia Kitchen, G. B. WiUiams, Propr. 

Second St. 
Allen & Higgins, Attorneys at Law, Cor. 

Second and Liberty Sts. 

0. & E. BARTSCH^ 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Heavy and Light Wagons and Sleighs, 

WATER STREET, UAJillEN, PA. 



000 English women to the women of 
America was made November 26, 1852. 

U'isconsin. — The fugitive slave law 
was pronounced unconstitutional by the 
United States District Court of Wiscon- 
sin, February 3, 1S55. 

The " Echo,"' a slaver, was captured 
Aug. 27, 1858, and carried into Charles- 
ton, S. C. The negroes were sent to Li- 
beria by the United States government. 

Charles Sumner. United States Sen- 
ator from Massachusetts, was assaulted 
by Preston S. Brooks, Representative 
from South Carolina, and beaten over 
the head with a heavy cane until he fell 
senseless. This occurred May 22, 1856, 
in the Senate chamber, after adjourn- 
ment, while Sumner was seated at his 



his freedom. He won his case in Mis- 
souri, but upon appeal to the United 
States Supreme Court it was decided 
that negroes, whether free or slave, "had 
no rights which the white people were 
bound to respect;" that under the con- 
stitution a slave was a personal chattel 
which the owner might move from place 
to place as he chose, through any state 
or territory; that the Missouri compro- 
mise and the compromise measures of 
1850 were unconstitutional and void. — 
Roger B. Taney was Chief Justice. 

African Stares. — On November 28, 
1858, the Yatcht "Wanderer" landed 500 
at Brunswick, Georgia. 

lie-open infj the Stare Trade was 



ii8 



SLAVERY AND ANTI-SLAVERY. 



advocated on May ii, 1859, by a conven- 
tion held at Vicksburg, Mississippi, on 
May II, 1859. 

Kiinsds. — A convention held at Wy- 
andotte, Kansas, July 15, 1859, framed a 
new constitution prohibiting slavery. 

John Brotvn's Maid, — In October, 
1S59, "Osawattomie Brown," of Kansas, 
made a mad attempt to incite an insur- 
rection among the slaves of the South. 
With a party of 21 men (5 of whom were 
negroes), he made a sudden descent upon 
the United States arsenal at Harper's 
Ferry, and held it for nearly two days. 
The Virginia militia and the United 
States troops were called out to suppress 
the revolt. Thirteen of Brown's men 
were killed, two escaped, and the rest 
were captured. Brown and six compan- 
ions were turned over to the authorities 
of Virginia, tried, condemned and hung. 
Brown was evidently sincere in the con- 
viction that he was doing God and man 
a service. He met death calmly and 
with dignity. This tragedy excited the 



whole country. His memory was em- 
balmed by the pulpit, the press and in 
song. 

ArJkansns. — Free negroes were ban- 
ished from Arkansas by law passed Jan. 
I, i860. 

Mffi'f/hnHf. — Slaveholders in Mary- 
land could not lawfully manumit slaves 
after June i, i860. 

District of Columbia. — Slavery 
was abolished in the District of Columbia 
and prohibited in all future territories of 
the United States by Congress in July, 
1862. 

Em a II cipatioii JProcla ma tion . — 
President Lincoln, on January i, 1863, in 
accordance with a proclamation issued 
September 22, 1862, issued another proc- 
lamation conferring freedom upon all 
slaves within the rebellious States. The 
original draft of this paper was given to 
a sanitary fair in Chicago, and sold to F. 
B. Bryan for |3,ooo. The pen was given 
to Senator Sumner, who gave it to Geo. 
Livermore, of Boston. 



Warren, "Sa..— Continued. 



BROWN & STONE. 

^TTiDMMI^YS at L^W, 

Carver House, Mrs. C. W. King, Pro- 

prietress. Cor. Water and Hickory Sts. 

Cone. A.M. , Guns an d Revolvers,2 26 Wate r 

GEO. O. CORNELIUS, 

Over 334 Front Street, 

JUSTICE OF THE PEACE AND EEAL ESTATE AQENT, 
"W .A- 1^ IR. E ]Xr . , I=.A._ 

EXIOH^^KTOE HOXEX., 

GEO. H. LEONHART, Propr. 
WARREN, PA. 

EATES $2.00 PEE DAY. FINE SAMPLE EOOMS. 



CEO. M. HEINTZ, 

DEALER IN 

HIDES, SHEEP SKINS 

WARREN, PA. 
V\^. HOMER & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

WOOD m mmm seat chaiks. 

AND PLATFORM ROCKERS, 



TARIFF AND TAXES. 



Internal Tax on Liquor was first 
imposed at Manhattan in June, 1644, by 
the Dutch West India Company. 

I*oU-Tax in This Country was 
first levied in Massachusetts in 1646. — 
First IS. 8d., and afterward 25s. 6d. was 
laid upon every male over sixteen years 
of age. 

Ta.i-<ttion in Masstirhusetts. — In 
1661 the general court declared that no 



taxes should be laid on the colony ex- 
cept with its own consent. 

Taocation in Mliodr Island. — In 

1664 the Assembly declared that "no aid, 
tax, tallage or custom, loan, benevo- 
lence, gift, excise, duty, or imposition 
whatever, shall be laid, assessed, im- 
posed, levied or required of or on any 
of his Majesty's subjects within this col- 
ony, or upon their estates, upon any 



TARIFF AND TAXES. 



iig 



manner of pretense or color, but by the 
assent of the General Assembly of this 
province." 

Custom Houses. — Royal custom 
houses for collecting taxes were estab- 
lished in 1673, to collect duties levied by 
the British government on "enumerated 
articles" of merchandise carried from 
one colony to another. This was the 
beginning of internal taxation. It was 
pronounced nnconstitutional by some of 
the colonists. 

Vh'f/iuia. — In 1676 Virginia declared 
that its citizens, in common with other 
Englishmen, ought "not to be taxed but 
by their own consent, expressed by their 
representatives. ' ' 


nated in the first tariff bill passed by 
Congress, on July 4, 1789, "for the en- 
couragement and protection of manu- 
factures." 

Protective Tariff\ — July 30, 1827, 
those favoring it held a national conven- 
tion at Harrisburg, Pa. 

Couffressional Action. — Protective 
tariff upon imported cloths was imposed 
by Congress in June, 1832, which enraged 
the cotton planters, particularly in South 
Carolina. 

Enforcing the Tariff'. — Congress 
passed a bill in 1833 for the pupose of 
enforcing the tariff, against which South- 
ern members, except John Tyler, refused 
to vote. 


Warren, V^.— Continued. 


' ISRAEL FLOHR. 

China((nih Japan Tea Co,, 

GENERAL GROCERIES, &c. 

Teas and Coffees a Specialty. 

56 W. Main St., Mecliiuiicsl)urg;, Pa. 


Osmer & Freeman, Attorneys at Law. 


STRUTHERS IRON WORKS, 

STEUTHERS, WELLS & CO., Proprietors. 
ENGINE liVIKnEHS. TiOTLEH MAKERS, 

And Manufacturers of Saw Mills, Oil Well and 
Tannery Machinery, Champion Engines and Boilers, 
WARKEN, PA. 


Hade, A. Z., Cigar Manufacturer, 0pp. 
C. V. R. R. Station. 


Warren Star Laundry, Diamond Block, 

Water St. 


Proprietor NATIONAL HOTEL, 

Commodious Yards and Stabling. 

! Day or Week Board. Terms Eeasonatle. 

Best Liquors and Corteous Attention to Patrons. 
AV. Main St., Mechanicsburg, Pa. 


MECHANICSBURG, PA. 


L. F. EBERLY & SONS, 

Wholesale and Retail 
IDE^^LEI^S insr LTJIVIBEI?,, 

Including Doars, Sash, Blinds, Moulding;. &c. 

Eisli, Cor. Eailrjai Sts., Meoha:iiosl3urg, Pa. 


Mumma, F. S., Grocer, Nos. 2 and 3 
Franklin Row. 


^ew tTersei/. — In 1680 the New Jersey 
Assembly declared that the duties laid 
on goods without its consent were illegal 
and unconstitutional. 

Tax,es on Heal Estate during war 
times, from 1753 to 1758, were at times 
two-thirds of the income tax. 

Tariff Agitation. — The first peti- 
tion to Congress was from Baltimore 
mechanics and tradesmen, April, 1789, 
who asked that government make them 
" independent in fact as well as in 
name," by a tariff on foreign articles, 
which would create a demand for home 
productioi'is. 

The ''^Protective System''' origi- 


Comjtrontise Tariff. — A bill intro- 
duced by Henry Clay, providing for a 
gradual reduction of the tariff till 1842, 
became a law March, 1833. 

Tn creased Duties. — The terrible 
financial stress for five years caused 
Congress to pass a bill, on the 30th day 
of August, 1842, increasing the duties 
on imported goods thirty-three per cent, 
and to reduce the free list. Prosperity 
followed. 

An Anti-Free Trade procession 
of fifteen thousand men took place on 
the 9th day of February, 1S78, in Pitts- 
burg, Pennsylvania. 



120 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



WM. D. WILSON, 




Wholesale Marjufacturer 



'EjS I ijfiILBJ{E]^' 



A 




HOE^ 



XlsT 



NRILED AND SEWED, 



617 South Fourth Street, 



CSMDEN, N. J. 




Cor. "W'iiter & Pine Sts., Meartville, Pa. ) 
Free Carriage to and from All Trains. J 



FRANK A. STRIFFLEK, Prop'r 



PLRIN JLND FANCY BAKER, 

163 Washington St., near DeKalb St., 



STEAMBOAT AND RAILROAD NAVIGATION. 



121 



STEAMBOAT AND RAILROAD NAVIGATION. 



" The Gi'ijfiu '■' was the first vessel 
launched on the Great Lakes. She was 
of forty-five tons burden, and was built 
in 1679, just above Niagara Falls, by La 
Salle, who sailed her through Lake Erie, 
the Straits of Detroit, and Lake St. Clair 
up to Micliillimackinac. He sent her 
back to Fort Frontenac with a load of 
furs, but she was never heard from, hav- 
ing doubtless been lost in a heavy gale 
which arose after she left. 

"The Bfesshtf/ of the Sat/.'' a 30 
ton vessel, built by Governor Winthrop, 
was launched at Medford, Mass., July 4, 
1631. 

A Steanihoat was built by John 
Fitch in 1788. It made a few trips from 



ed by a wheel under water at the stern 
of the boat. For a boiler it had a twelve 
gallon pot, with a plank top, secured by 
an iron bar and clamps. This was Fitch's 
last attempt to make steamboating a 
success. During a fit of depression he 
committed suicide. 

Locomotive, — The first steam loco- 
motive, probably in the world, was in- 
vented in 1797 by A. Kinsley, and run 
upon the streets in Hartford, Conn. 

Steamboats. — The first effective 
steam engine after those of Fitch was 
built in 1798 by Nicholas Rooseveldt, in 
New York, who experimented in navi- 
gation. 

3Iitisissip2yi Steamboat. — A boat 



Mechanicsburg, "So..— Continued. 



C. H. PENTZ, 

Painting, Graining<&, Kalsomining, 

Paper Hanging a Specialty. 

72 N. Market St., Mechanicsbvu-g-, Pa. 

F- SEIDLE, 

Manufacturer and Exporter of 
Wheels, "Wheel Material, Shafts, Carriage 
Parts, Poles, Sleigh Runners, Plow Handles, 
&c. 
N. York St., near C. V. E. K., Mechanicsburg, Pa. 

Shapley, R. J., Corner Frederick and 
Simpson St., Wagon and Plow Manu- 
facturer, 



COLUMBIA, PA. 

Beittel, Vinia H. Mrs., Millinery and 
Fancy Goods, Stamping done to Order, 
423 Locust St. 

Biettner, Conrad, Old Brewery Saloon, 
Locust St. 



FRANKLIN HOUSE. 

JOHN A. SLADE, - - - Proprietor. 

Only First-t'lass Hotel in the City. 
14:1 and 143 Locust St., Coliitnbia, Pa. 

W. A. KING & CO. 

C'ohonbiti Sfrinn Jiri'otl. Cah-f, d-acker 
Jiisriiit tnuJ Prftzcl Hiiki'fs, 

\m, 171 iuul 17;i Locust street, 
COLUMBIA, LANCASTER COUNTY, PA. 



Burlington to Philadelphia at a speed of 
four miles an hour. 
Steamboat in Georgia in 1790. 

"William Longstreet exhibited a steam- 
boat on the Savannah, which sailed five 
miles an hour up stream. 

A Passenger Steamboat was reg- 
ularly run between Burlington and Phila- 
delphia by John Fitch, in 1790. She was 
a stern-wheeler and made j}4 miles an 
hour. 

A Stem-Wheel Steamboat was 
built in 1794 by Samuel Morey, of Hart- 
ford, Conn., who run it between Hart- 
ford and New York. 

First Propeller. — John Fitch ex- 
hibited a little steamboat on "Collect 
Pond," New York City, in 1796, propell- 



to navigate the Mississippi was projected 
in 1803 by Capt. James McKeever, United 
States Navy, and M. Louis Valcour, who 
built a boat with 80 feet keel and 18 feet 
beam in Kentucky, and floated it to New 
Orleans, where Oliver Evans was to put 
in a steam engine. Their money being 
exhausted they could not consummate 
their plans. 

A Steamboat trith a Screw Pro- 
peller was, in 1804, exhibited on the 
Hudson Ri\er by John C. Stevens. It 
crossed from Hoboken to New York. — 
He used a Watts engine and a tubular 
boiler of his own make. 

Robert Fulton's Stea ntboat Cler- 
mont, left New York August 7, 1S07, for 
Albany, making the tiip and returning 



122 



STEAMBOAT AXD RAILROAD NAVIGATION. 



in 72 hours. This was the i6th steam- 
boat which had been built but the first to 
permanently succeed. 

Ocean Steam Xarif/aff on. —In iSoS, 
the steamboat Phoenix, built by John 
Stevens, was sailed from Hoboken, N. J. 
to Philadelphia, by R. L Stevens. This 
was tlie first in the world. 

Stetuiiboat on Western Watevti. — 
The first was the "New Orleans" launch- 
ed at Pittsburg, Pa, March, iSii. It was 
13S feet long, 30 feet wide, 300 tons bur- 
den, and cost |l4o,ooo It was designed 
to run between Natchez and New Or- 
leans. It cleared ^20,000 the first season, 
and was snagged near Baton Rouge in 
1S14. 

Steam If'ar T>sse7 named "Fulton, 



Hailway. — The first in America was 
completed in 1827, at Ouincy, Mass., for 
transporting granite for the Bunker Hill 
monument. It was operated by horse 
power on iron plated wooden rails. 

Hail wa If Charter. — The first in 
America was given in 1825 to the Mo- 
hawk and Hudson Company, N. Y. 

Locomotive Trip.—Thit first in Ame- 
rica was made in 1S28 by the '"Lion," 
manufactured in England, and run by 
Horatio Allen over the Carbondale and 
Honesdale R. R., from the Lackawa.xen 
Canal to the Lackawanna river. 

Saltimoi'c tC Ohio H. H. — ^July 4, 
1828, Charles Carroll of CarroUton, the 
last surviving signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, set the corner stone of 



Cjlumbia, "Sa..— Continued. 

Miller, Samuel H., Tin and Sheet Iron 
Worker, 407 I-ocust St. 

A. J. MUSSER, 

KURKITURE DEALER, 

I uilertaker, Embalmer and Funeral Director, 

No. 33 yorth Third Street, Columbia, Pa. 

Parkes Hotel, F. Parkes, Proprietor, Front 
St 



WRIGHTSVILLE, PA. 

J". B- S'W^.A.I^TZ, 
Wheel Wright and Wagon Maker, 

and Manufacturer of 
■U'heelbarrows, Carts, Plo^vs. Harrows, 

Wrio-hTsville. Pa. 

Ueat Cutters male to order, and on hand for sale or rant. 



WELLER &1VIINNICH, 

GONOIP^AGIIOP^S AND SUILDEI^S, 
Plans, Estimates and Specifications Funished on 
Application. Tobacco and Cigar Cases a Specialty. 
Front St.. Wright-iville. Va. 

GEtfYSBURG, PAT"^ 

Banner, H. B., Clothing and Furnishing 
I Goods, Centre Square. 

~G- 3Li O B E h: O T E I_i , 

York Stree;, Near Pat'.io Square, 
F. S. RAMER, Proprietor, 

Greatly Enlarged. New Furniture. Moderate 
Charges. Free hack to and from both depots. 

Holtzworth, J. L., Private Boarding and 
i Auctioneer, Chambersburs; St. 
i King, W. T., Merchant Tatlor. York St. 



the First," was built by Robert Fulton, 
and launched at New York October 29, 

' 1814 

Steam Femjhoat '' Xaxsan." in- 

; vented by Robert Fulton, began running 

I between New York and Long Island in 
1S14. 
Steamer on the Great LaKes. — In 

; iSiS, the "Walk in the Water," 360 tons 
burthen, was built at Black Rock, N. Y. 
She was the first steamer to enter Lake 
Michigan. 

\ Steam To jf a (/e Ac rotis the Atlan- 
tic, was first accomplished in 1819, by 
the Savannah, built in New York. She 
was a side-wheeler of 380 tons burthen. 
She sailed to Liverpool, and thence to 
St. Petersburgh 



this road, which ^..0 planned for horse 
cars only. In 1S30, Peter Cooper built a 
steam engine for its use. 

Steam Locomotii-e. — The first made 
in America was run Dec. 9, 1S30, on the 
South Carolina R. R. for two years. It 
was built at the West Point foundrj' on 
the Hudson. It was named "The Best 
Friend" and afterward the "Phcenix." 
A locomotive was huilt, about the same 
time, by Peter Cooper, at his iron works, 
Canton, Md., which was run successfully 
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Locomotive ^^Ironsides.'' running 
on the Germantown R. R. in 1S32 was , 
advertised in the Philadelphia papers to ■ 
"leave the station daily with passenger 
cars attached when it is pleasant If rainy 



STEAMBOAT AND RAILROAD NAVIGATION. 



123 



' 

horses will be attached." The Ironsides 
was built by Mr. Baldwin. 
Lovoiiiofives for Heavy Gi'fKfcs. 

On July loth, 1836, the "George Wash- 
ington," an engine "built by M. W. Bald- 
win, was run up a grade of the Penn- 
sylvania railroad, with a rise of one 
foot in fourteen, for two thousand eight 
hundred feet, drawing nine thousand 
pounds more than the engine, at fifteen 
miles an hour. 

Steamers '• Siriiis " and *' Great 
JFestern" both arrived from Great 
Britain at New York ApriJ 23, 1S38. 

Einjlisli. and Coiiftiiental Ex- 
2)ress was organized by W. F. Harnden 
in 1841 to systematize emigration from 
Europe to the United States. In three 


1855. Its span is 821 feet. The track is 
245 feet above water. Its capacity is 
12,000 tons. 

Steamship Adriatic. — The largest 
ever built, was launched at New York 
April 7, 1S55. 

l*an<ima Bail way was completed, 
and the first train passed over it Jan. 28, 
1855. It is 47>^ miles long and cost 
17,500,000. 

Steamship "Great Eastern" ar- 
rived at New York June 28, i860. She is 
680 feet long and 18,915 tons burthen, and 
sails from 12 to 14 knots an hour. Four 
thousand passengers can be comforta- 
bly carried. She rendered efficient ser- 
vice in laying the Atlantic Cable some 
years afterward. 


Gettysburg, "2^,— Continued. 


ZIEGLER & HOLTZWORTH, 

! We can show you the Battlefield so thoroughly 
that you cannot help but understand it. 

W. D. EOLTZWOETH, BaUlefield Gaiie, 
Near H. & G. R. R. Depot, Gettysburg, Pa. 


Kieffer, M., Rev., Grocer, Fruits, Nuts 
and Confectionery, Baltimore St. 


DANIEL F. PITTENTURF, 

Manufacturer of Monuments, Tablets, Head Stones, 

Curbing and all kinds Cemetery and Building 

work in Granite. 

Railroad Street, Oettysburg, Pa. 


HANOVER, PA. 


SMITH k GILBERT, 

Contractors and Builders, Machinists and Foun-'ers. 
Manufacturers of Agricultural Implements, Machinery 
and Farm Implements. Repairing a Specialty. 

Franklin, Street, Gettyshnrfj, Pa, 


Bangs. Geo. & Co., Pianos, Organs and 
Sewing Machines, Abbottstown St. 

Bangs, Faber, Dentist, 5 Carlisle St. 

Flicklnger, ^V.A., Stoves, Ranges, Fur- 
naces and Tin, York St. 

Frysinger, Jesse Jr., Manufacturer of 
' Cigars, 73 Carlisle St. 

Krug, Rufus & Co., Leaf Tobacco and 
Cigars, 75 Carlisle St. 


Stine, J. R & Son, Clothiers and Fur- 
nishers, Baltimore St. 


years 100,000 laborers had been brought 
over by it. 

Steanihoats Narif/ated the St. 
Lawrence rapids, between Kingston and 
Montreal, for the first time in 1842. 

California Steamship Line. — On 
March 3, 1847, Congress authorized a 
line of steamers from New York to As- 
pinwall, and from Panama to California. 

Street Jtailiray in New York City 
was opened in 1852. 

"Great Bepiiblir." — This vessel 
was launched at East Boston, Mass., Oc- 
tober 4, 1S53. She was the argest mer- 
chantman ever built, being 4,000 tons 
burden. 

Niaf/ara Suspension Bridge. — 
The first train passed over March 14th, 


Pullman Sleeping and Parlor 
Cars were first made by George M. Pull- 
man in 1864. 

Pacific Bailroad completed May 
10, 1869. This grand project was first 
agitated by Asa Wliitney in 1846. Con- 
gress passed the first bill in 1862 and a 
second in 1864. Surveys were begun on 
three routes in 1853, but the work was not 
pushed until 1865. The surveys cost 
|i ,000,000. The roads. Union Pacific, 
and Central Pacific are 2,000 miles long, 
and cost 1112,259,360. They cross nine 
mountain ranges and the greatest altitude 
reached is 8,242 feet above the sea, in the 
Black Hills. The highest grade is 116 
feet to the mile. The roads unite at 
Promontory point, Utah. The last tie of 



124 



STEAMBOAT AND RAILROAD NAVIGATION. 



laurel wood plated with silver, was laid, 
and the last spike of iron, silver and gold 
was driven in the presence of a large 
crowd with great rejoicing in San Fran- 
cisco and Washington. D. C. 

I>ei»fer and Hio Gi-aude H. H., 
the first "narrow gauge," was construct- 
ed in 1S70. 

Steamer H. £. Ive*" sailed from St. 
Louis, Mo , to New Orleans, La., in 
July, 1S70, in 5 da\-s, iS hovirs and 14 
minutes. 

yarrotf Gauge Cai^s were first 
used in America on the Denver and Rio 
Grande Railroad. August 2, 1S71. The 
dimensions were 55 feet long, 7 feet wide 
and io,*2 feet high. Capacity- 36 passen- 



and horse f»ower. They can sail over 
15 "2 knots per hour. 

Lightning Ej-press Ti-aiit reached 
San Francisco, Cal., on June 4th, 1S76. in 
eight\-three hours and thirty-four min- 
utes from Nev.- York. 

Great Republic, the largest river 
steamer in the world, was launched at 
St. Louis, Mo., in 1S76. Its dimensions 
are: Length, 340 feet; beam, 57 feet; 
width on deck, 103 feet; diameter of 
wheels, 37 feet. It carries two hundred 
and eighty passengers and four thousand 
tons cargo. I^ cost two hundred thou- 
sand dollars. 

Trip of the •* Uncle Sam." — Aug. 
nth. 1S79. Captain Goldsmith and wife 
left St. John's. New Foundland, in a verv 



Haaorer, Pa. — Conh'nufd. 



LEWIS D. SELL. 

.irSTICE UF THE PEA« E, U'NVEYAXOER 
AND LICENSED AUCTIONEEK, ' 

Ailnscr: Si.. Stirrer. Trr Cr.. Pa. 



Marks. George W., Marble and Granite 
Works. lOBaltimore St. 

Miller. Peter J.. Horse Shoeing a Spec- 
ialty. 70 Baltimore St. 

Thomas. George W., Undertaker and 
F'jiieral PirecTor. Middle St. 

G R E E N C AST L E7 P AT 



Cor. B;ilfiino»-e and W:i<hiiist"ii Street >, 



Cantner. L. »S: Son, 3Ierchant Tailor, 
Centre Square. 

Derrich, Samuel. Harness and Saddlery, 
9i E. Baltimore St. 

Gardner, M. L.. Boot and Shoe Manu- 
facturer, 6 Centre Square. 

Host fitter. John H.. Druggist, S Carlisle 
St. 

Oliver mordorf. 

ftjbi-ic schools, 

GREENCASTLE, PA. 



H. R. GAFF." 



Proorietor. 



MILLERSVILLE, PA. 

Eshleman.B. F., Horse Shoeins, Frederick 
St. 



Jiaiiroail Speetl. — May 15. iS72.the 
directors' car of the New York Central 
Railroad run from Rochester to S\Ta- 
cuse, eightj--one mUes, in eight\-two 
minutes. 

Steamsftip Line between Philadel- 
phia and Liverpool, viz. : The Pennsyl- 
vania, Indiana, Ohio and Illinois, each 
over 3,000 tons burden, began regular 
trips in July, 1S73. 

Largest Iron Steamers in the 
world were laimched at Chester, Pa., in 
1S74, by John Roach & Sons. They were 
the Cit\- of Pekin and the Citj- of Tokio, 
built for the Pacific Mail Steamship line. 
They each carr\- five thousand tons and 
one thousand six hundred and fift\- pas- 
sengers, and have engines of five thous- 



small boat, for a trip round the world. 
When a day out Mrs. Goldsmith became 
ill. but they persisted in going on. The 
fifth day they encountered hea\y gales 
and would have perished but for their 
rescue bj- the "Queen of the Nations."' a 
Liverpool vessel. The "L"ncle Sam" 
was left to her fate. 

Jfej^ican Hailu-ag Lines were 
projected in September, iSSo, b)- Gen- 
U. S. Grant and leading capitalists. — 
General Grant wrote to General Matias 
Romers, of Mexico, prophesying imme- 
diate and extraordinary- prosperit>- for 
that country-, upon the completion of 
the profKJsed railroads, provided she 
could elect her next president without 
. revolution. 



AGRICULTURAL EVENTS. 



125 



r 



A G-RI CULTURAL EVENTS. 



Suf/ar Cane. — In 1506 slips of cane 
were brought from the Canary Islands to 
Havti. It was found to flourish and 
mills were set up, and in a few years it 
was the chief industry of the island. 

Potatoes were first introduced into 
England from America by Sir John Haw- 
kins in 1563, and into Ireland by Sir 
Walter Raleigh in 15S6. 

Tobaeeo. — Its use was first introduced 
into England in 15S6, by the returned 
colonists from Roanoke, Virginia. Sir 
Walter Raleigh became a smoker. On 
one occasion, his servant seeing a cloud 
of smoke issuing from his mouth, sup- 
posed he was on fire and dashed a pitcher 
of ale into his face to put it out. It was 



first 



Sn'iue ami Xeat Ctittle were 
imported into Plj-mouth in 1624. 

S trine and Sfieejt were introduced 
into the Dutch colonies at Manhattan in 
1625. 

Unekirheat began to be cultivated 
on Manhattan Island in 1626. 

SJteep Were First Imported into 
Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1633. 

First Apple Trees in America were 
on Governor's Island, in Boston Harbor, 
and bore " 10 fair pippins," in 1639. 

First Xnrsery in America, in 1640, 
was started by Governor Endicott, at 
Danvers, Massachusetts. It was an apple 
nursery, and large quantities of trees 
were sold. 



Millersville, "Sz..— Continued. 

Tvcnz, Fank J., Barber, Frederick St. 
Smith, Daniel, Custom Boots and Shoes, 
Frederick. Cor. Walnut St. 

CHAMBERSBURG, PA. 



CEO. HOLLENBERGER, 

.^L'^n^lfact^l^er ot 

Carriages, Buggies, Spring- "Wagons, &c., 

^Rogers & Co., Old Stand.) 

W. Waslun£:toii St., Chambersbm-a:. Pa. 

Repairing done promptly at reasonable Rates. 



INDIRN QUEEN HOTEL. 

H. FISHER, T-i-opricfor. 

ij6 S. Main St., Chambersburg, Pa. 



WILUAK KLENSENG, 

123 >IAI>' STKEET. 

CH AM BERSBURO, PA. 

ililler, E. S. , Boots and Shoes, W. Frank- 
lin St. 

Ivd:iI.X.EI^'S HOTEL, 

JOHN MILLER, - - Proprietor 

Opposite 'W. M. Depot, 
CHAMBERSBURG, PA. 



Palmer, Geo., Grocer, Second and Wash- 



ington Aves. 



first successfully cultivated in Virginia 
in 1612. Its sale increased so rapidly, 
and the profits were so great that all the 
ground, and even the streets of James- 
town were planted with it. Notwith- 
standing the opposition of King James 
and his government, it became the staple 
product and currency of the colony. 

Wheat was sown on Long Island in 
1605 b}' a ship's company from London. 

Cotton was planted in Virginia in 1621 
and was successfully^ cultivated. 

Silk Culture in Virginia. In 1623 
the Legislature passed an order for all 
settlers to plant Mulberry trees, in order 
to engage them in raising other products 
beside tobacco. 



Bees were introduced into Boston in 
1670 by the English. 

Orer-Prodiietion. — Tobacco cul- 
ture in 16S1 in Virginia being in large 
excess of the demand, bands of men 
called " Plant Cutters " wentamongthe 
plantations cutting up young plants, for 
which some of the leaders were hanged 
by Lord Culpepper. He tried to remedy 
the difficulty by inflating the currency, 
without success. 

Hiee Cnlture in America began in 
1694 by planting a little package of rice 
from Madagascar, which was given to 
Governor Smith, of South Carolina, by 
a sea captain. 

Lof/H'ood i}i flaniaira. — In 1715 
seed from Central America was planted 



126 



AGRICULTURAL EVENTS. 



in this island, which has since largely 
supplied the trade of the world with 
logwood. 

Coffee Culture in the West Indies 
and Brazil. A single plant brought 
from Marly to Martenique, in 1715, was 
the parent stock of this great industry 
in these countries. 

Silk and Indif/o were introduced 
into Louisiana in 17 18 by John Laws' 
' ' Company of the West. " Silk cocoons 
raised in Georgia were shown by Gov. 
Oglethorpe to Queen Caroline in 1734. — 
From them she had a birth-day dress 
made, 

Silk Culture in Connecticut. — 

In 1747 Governor Law wore the first coat 


1784, were seized on the ground that "so 
much cotton could not be produced in 
the United States." 

The First Sea, Island Cotton was 
grown in the United States in 1786, on 
Sapelo Island, Georgia, from Pernam- 
buco seed sent to Frank Levett by Pat- 
rick Walsh, of Jamaica. 

3Ia2>le Sugfti-.— On July 17, 1790, a 
half a ton of maple sugar was shipped 
to Philadelphia from Stockport, on the 
Delaware. Later, Albany, New York, 
sent 40 hogsheads. 

Spanish 3Ierino Sheep. — Three 
were first imported from Cadiz by Wm. 
Foster, of Boston, in 1793. He pre- 
sented them to Andrew Cragie, who 
killed and ate them, and afterward paid 


Chamberslsurg, Pa .—Continued. 


G EORGE P. JAMES, 

Dealer in 

(SOKPBGIIIONBF^Y @ SfPATIONEI^Y, 

Cor. Main and Hig:li Sts., New ville, Pa. 
Niflf, George, Shaving Parlor, Main St. 
Over, W. B., Saddler, High Street. 


UNDERTAKER, 
EMBALMP^K AM> Fl NEKAL DIRECTOR, 

A Full Line of Funeral Supplies Always on Hand 
Office, No. 71; Eesid'.nce, No. 73 N. Main St. 


WAYNESBORO, PA. 

B A E R & RUTH S , 

Dealers in 

CONFECTIONERY, CIGARS, &.C- 

33 E. Main St., AVaynesboro, Pa. 

R. L. FLEMING, 

Dealer in 

Confectionery, Foreign and Domestic Cigars, 

WAYNESBORO, PA. 


W. F. Wolfe, Flour aud Feed, 424 S. 
Main St. 


NEWVILLE, PA. 


FIRST NATIONAL BANK, 

MAIN STREET, 
J. B. DAVIDSON, Cashier. 

NFWYILLE, PA. 


and stockings made from New England 
silk. 

Sugar Cane in, Louisiana. — In 
April, 1751, the Jesuits obtained slips of 
cane from the West Indies and planted 
them in gardens in New Orleans. From 
these slips came the great sugar planta- 
tions in the South. 

Potatoes from Spain were introduced 
into New England in 1764. 

Improved Hreedinf/ Cattle were 
first imported into the United States in 
1783, by Mathew Patton, of Virginia. 

South Carolina Atj ri cultural So- 
cieti/ was organized in 1784. It was the 
first in America and still exists. 

E.rffortatiou of Cotton. — Eight 
bales of cotton, exported to England in 


one thousand dollars per head for the 
same kind. 

A Cfist-Iron, Plou^ was mvented in 
1797, by Charles Newbold, of Burling 
ton, New Jersey. He could not sell 
them because the farmers believed that 
they "poisoned the soil, ruined the crops 
and promoted the growth of rocks." 

Merino Buck.— The first full blooded 
one was imported into New York in 1801. 

^^ Arliia/tou Sheep-Shearing." — 
April 30, 1803, George Washington Parke 
Custis, owner of Arlington Heights, op- 
posite Washington, D. C, inaugurated 
an annual sheep-shearing and banquet 
on his estate, whicli was kept up for a 
number of years. Prizes were given for 
specimens of fine woolen manufactures. 



AGRICULTURAL EVENTS 



T?7 



BrajK'uf/ JMdch i It e.—]o\\n J. Haw- 
kins and Richard French patented the 
first one in 1803. It was not a success. 

Afjrirultin-iil F(Ui-. — In 1S04, the 
first in America was held at Washington, 
D. C. 

Mexican Cotton.— In 1806 Walter 
Burling, of Natchez, Miss., introduced 
the seed into the United States. As the 
Spanish government forbade its impor- 
tation it was stuffed into a lot of dolls, 
which were permitted to pass by an un- 
derstanding wich the Viceroy. 

Aip-icidtiiral Hocietij. — The first 
was organized at Georgetown, D. C, on 
November 28, 1809, under the name of 
the " Columbian Society for the Promo- 
tion of Rural and Domestic Economy.'* 


given to silkworm culture A specimen 
of this mulberry tree was brought from 
France to the United States It was 
claimed to be hardy, easy of propaga- 
tion, prolific in foliage, and more profit- 
able than any other in feeding silk- 
worms. In 1834 a great speculation 
raged. Large plantations were set out 
in several States, and plants were sold 
at I5.00 each. In 1839 there was a reac- 
tion. They sold at three cents and spec- 
ulators were ruined. 

I'e((r Tree. — In 1834 a tree near 
Vincennes, 111., yielded 184 bushels. In 
1840 it bore 140 bushels. Its trunk was 
10 feet in circumference. 

Sfruu'berrfes. — In 1834 Mr. Hovey, 
of Boston, produced his famous seed- 


• 


Waynesboro, Hz.,— Continued. 


LEBANON, PA. 




Hoeflicli, J. R., Insurance Agent, No. 33 

E. Main St. 
Ilollenberger & Co., Furniture Dealers, 

E. Main St. 




] Dry Goods, (iroceries and Provisions, Etc, 

507 and 509 North Ninth Street, 
LEBANON. PA. 




THOS. liOBinsrsoiT, 

JUSTTCK OF THE PEACJK, 

ALSO DEALBE IN TOBACCO, CIGAES, NOTIONS, &c., 
WAYNESBORO, PA. 

WALTER & BONEBRAKE, 

Wholesale and Retail 

GhROCFlTlS, 

Xi). li) East Main Street, Wayiiesl)oio, Pa. 




SALOON AND RESTAURANT, 

Near Depot, 
223 North Eif/hth Street, Lebanon, fa. 


, 


nVCOSES EITTlSrEI^, 

Conveyances for Funerals and Weddings at Rea- 
sonable Prices. Orders at Eagle Hotel attended to. 
Walnut Cor. Doe Alley, Lebanon, Pa. 




CONTINUED ON PAGE LSU. 




SJteep-Sheat'imj. — In 1810 Chancel- 
lor R. R. Livingston held a famous 
sheep-shearing at his place on the Hud- 
son. He had taken great interest in im- 
proving the sheep stock of the country, 
and had imported fine merinos. He 
sold some of them from I50 to |;i,ooo per 
head. A sheep mania arose for several 
years, but when the excitement passed 
away a $1,000 buck sold for |i2. 

ITortlcHftural Societt/. — The first 
in the United States was founded in 1S29. 

S(/Jx Culture.— In 1829 the Mansfield 
Silk Company was organized in Connec- 
ticut, from which a silk worm mania 
grew that lasted for 10 or 12 years. 

" 3£orus 3Iultic(iulis" 3I(iin'(i. — 
From 1S30 to 1840 great attention was 


ling. It was the first attempt to improve 
the culture of this berry. 

Ainerienn PouioJogieul Societi/ 

was established October 10, 1848, in New 
York. The North American Pomologi- 
cal Convention was organized about the 
same time in Buffalo, New York. In 
1S49 the two were merged into the first 
one named. 

Xational Afjricnltural Conven- 
tion, at Washington, D. C, was held 
June 24, 1852. Delegates from twenty- 
two States and tlie District of Colum- 
bia were present. 

Xntioudl Affrirultural Societij 
was organized in 1852. Since 1863 the 
Department of Agriculture has done 
the same work. 





128 



THE REBELLION. 



Aniei'icfin lieaper-s nf Vnrin in 

1855 At a trial between reapers from 
all nations, England, Algiers and the 
United States were represented. The 
American cut an acre of oats in twenty- 
two minutes, the English did the same 
in sixty-six, and the Algerine in seventy- 
two minutes. 

Gveat ^finrer dutfesf at Syracuse, 
New York, in 1857. Forty machines 
competed. The " Buckeye " was de- 
clared tlie victor. 

Department of Af/rfetiJfure was 

organized in 1862 by the United States, 



and buildings have since been erected in 
the Smithsonian grounds for it. 

Graitf/ers. — The National Grange of 
the Patrons of Husbandry was organized 
at Washington, D. C, December 4, 1867, 
by William Saunders, Superintendent of 
the Gardens of the Department of Agri- 
culture. In 1876 there were nineteen 
thousand granges. 

IfoiitJerffff Sale of Sltorf-Iforn 
Cattle at New York Mills, Oneida Co., 
New York, September 10, 1873. A cow 
sold for 1:40,000, a calf for 127,000. For 
one hundred and nine cattle the sum of 
^382,000 was paid. 



JOHN m:a.rs. 

IaNUPAGTUI^BI^ op fiNE (glGAI^S, 

615 South Warren Street, Trenton, N. J. 



F- S. CLOSSON. 

CITIlEl #^ WIITEl. 

13 Ogtlen Street, Trenton^ N. J. 

Parties, Wedding Receptions. Public Dinners and 

Social (iatherings generally wishing the services 

of a skillful Caterer are respectfully invited 

to call or send for estimates. 

Families Supplied with in Eztra Quality of Oysters. 



PRACTICAL COOPKR, 

Manufacturer of all kinds of 

BAttEELS, EEG3, TUES AND CASES, 

133, 135 and 137 JEFFERSON ST., 

(Between Southard and Clinton.) 

TRENTON, N.J. 

^^"Second-Hand Barrels bought and sold. Orders 
promptly attended to. Repairing neatly done. 



THE REBELLION. 



Cheers for a. Honthevn Confecl- 
eraetf. — On November 7th, i860, the 
news of Mr. Lincoln's election as Presi- 
dent of the United States, was received 
at Charleston, South Carolina, with 
cheers for a Southern Confederacy. The 
"Palmetto" flag was hoisted on the 
vessels in the harbor. 

Aid for ff Coufederaetf. — On No- 
vember loth, i860, a bill was introduced 
into the South Carolina Legislature to 
raise and equip 10,000 men. The Legis- 
lature also ordered the election of a con- 
vention to consider the question of se- 
cession. 

Aiiproprlatiou From Georf/ia. — 
On November 18, i860, the Georgia Leg- 
islature appropriated |i, 000,000 to arm 
the State. 



Sif/ltt of Seeession was denied by 
President Buchanan, in his message to 
Congress on December 3, 1S60, and the 
right to coerce the rebellious States was 
asserted. 

F'ir»t TTostiffties. — January 9, 1861, 
the Union steamer " Star of the West," 
loaded with supplies for the troops at 
Fort Sumpter, was fired upon by a bat- 
tery on Morris Island, Charleston Har- 
bor, South Carolina. 

Seizure of Arms. — On January 22, 
1 861, thirty-eight cases of arms were 
seized in New York as they were being 
shipped to Savannah, Georgia. They 
were afterwards given up, as it could not 
be proved that they were consigned to 
disloyal persons. 

ConJe<1erate Government. — A pro- 



THE REBELLION. 



129 



visional g-overnment of the Southern 
States was organized at Montgomery, 
Alabama, February 4, 1861, with Jeffer- 
son Davds, of Mississippi, as President, 
and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, 
Vice-President. On February 22, 1862, 
they were inaugurated as President and 
Vice-President of the Southern Confed- 
eracy 

Peace Conf/ress met in Washington 
on February 4, 1861, with representatives 
from thirteen Northern States and seven 
border States. Nothing was accom- 
plished. 

Stars and Hars was adopted as the 
national flag of the Confederate States, 
March, 1861. 

President Calls for Troops. — 



20th of June elected Francis H. Piere- 
pont as Governor. 

Haiti more Secessionists attempted 
to take possession of the city June 27, 

1861, with the aid of the police. The 
plot was foiled by ex-Governor Banks, 
of Massachusetts. 

Kentachjf Xentralitf/. — The neu- 
trality of this State was ended Septem- 
ber 6, 1861, by General U. S. Grant, who 
came from Cairo and took possession of 
Paducah. 

'"On to PicJnnond/'—OnMarchio, 

1862, President Lincoln ordered McClel 
Ian to advance upon Richmond. He 
started down the Potomac when the 
Confederates immediately evacuated 



JOHN E. FISHER, 

Manufacturer of 

XINTXS C3 X CS-.A.XS. .^ 9 

No. 34 SPRING STREET, COR. FOWLER, 
• T :e=l B isr T o isr , n>;r. j. 



ISRAEL BROWN, 

DEALER IN 

Ft tie C^fotftttt^^ 

140 Broad Street, Trenton, N. J. 

D3'eing, Scouring and Repairing done at the 
shortest notice. Special attention paid to custom 
work. 



A. C. DERRY, 

Goal ^ ^cn9 l)Ealer, 

35 MARKET STREET, 

TRENTON, N. ,T. 



President Lincoln issued a proclamation 
April 15, 1861, calling upon the States 
for 75,000 troops "to suppress combina- 
tions and cause the laws to be duly exe- 
cuted." The Governors of Kentucky, 
Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri refused 
to furnish troops under the President's 
proclamation. 



Three Tears' Troops.— On May 3, 

1861, President Lincoln called for 42,000 
three years' volunteers, 22,000 troops for 
the regular army and iS,ooo seamen. 

West Virginia.— On May 13, 1861, 
the inhabitants of the western counties 
of Virginia met in convention and de- 
nounced the secession of Virginia, and 
agreed to form a new State, and on the 



Manassas, so McClellan returned to Al- 
exandria the next day. 

Confiscation Proclamation, au- 
thorized by Congress, was issued by 
President Lincoln in July, 1862. It de- 
clared the property of all persons re- 
maining in rebellion at the end of 60 
days confiscated to the National Govern- 
ment. 

Conscription. — Enrolling boards 
were ordered in each Congressional Dis- 
trict by proclamation of the President, 
May 8, 1863, in accordance with an act 
of Congress. 

SECESSION OF SOUTHERN STATES. 

Alabama seceded January 11, 1S61. 
Arkansas seceded May 6, 1861. 



I30 



THE REBELLION. 



Florida seceded January ii, 1861. 

Geoi'gia seceded January 19, 1861. 

Lomfiiami seceded January 26, 1861. 

Maryland, at a special session of her 
Legislature, April 26, 1861, passed reso 
lutions of neutrality. 

3Iississrpi>i seceded January 9, 1861. 

Missouri. — A secession ordinance 
was passed by a portion of the Missouri 
Legislature November 2, 1861, who as- 
sembled for that purpose. A State Con- 
vention held at Jefferson, July 22, 1861, 
declared all the State offices vacant, and 
called a new election for Governor, Leg- 
islators, etc. 

North Carolina seceded May 21, 
1861. 



South Carolina seceded December 
20, i860. Her United States Senators 
and Federal officers promptly resigned, 
and United States property within the 
State was seized and held. 

Tennessee passed an ordinance of 
secession May 6, 1861, subject to the vote 
of the people, who ratified it in June. 

Texas passed an ordinance of seces- 
sion at a convention held February i, 
1861, to submit to the people, and on 
March 4 the State was voted out the 
Union by 40,000 majority. 

Virginia seceded April 17, 1861, and 
immediately seized upon United States 
property and began to raise troops. 



Lebanon, Pa. — Continued. 
E, M. BOLTZ, Prop'r 



J. E. DAUGHEETY, Prop'r 



LEBANON VALLEY HOUSE fUGLE MftRBL[ UNO GfiJNIIE imi 



AT p. K. J{. nuroT. 

:j-, h- ::boxjT2;, 

Fashionable Shaving and Hair Cutting Saloon, also 

Dealer in Confectionery, Ice Cream, Oysters, 

Tobacco, Cigars, etc. 

Cor. Fifth ami Weiiliiiau Sts., Lebanon, Pa. 

Brown, A. H., Practical Slater, 119 S. 
Fifth St. 



P. M. L. BROWN, 

Prop'r NORTH LEBANON HOUSE, 

Choice Wines, Liquors and Cigars. First-Class 
accommodations, Livety, Sale and Exchange Stables. 

North Ninth Street, tebanen, Pa. 



Mouumenls, Tombs, Headstones, kc, 

BUILDING WORK A SPFXTALTY. 

110 usT . nsrinsTTii st., 

LEBANON, PA. 

Book Eindor and Blank-Bodk Mannfaoturer. 

Blank-Books made to order on short notice. . 
751 Cumber: and Street, Second Floor, 
LEBANON, PA. 



THE BATTLES OF THE REBELLION. 

("Alphabetically arranged. See also Surrenders, etc.) 



Antieta in. —The battle of Antietam 
was fought September 17, 1862. Lee's 
army of 60,000 was collected at Sharps- 
burg, in the Antietam valley. McClellan 
came up oh the opposite side of the 
creek with 90,000 Union troops. Four 
stone bridges spanned the creek, which 
the Federal forces crossed. The battle 
raged desperately all day, and at night 
General Lee's forces were drawn off and 
retired into Virginia, leaving 3,500 pris- 
oners, 39 stands of colors and 13 guns in 
the hands of the victors. The Union 
loss was 2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded and 
1,043 missing. Confederate loss, 14,000. 

Atlanta, Ga., was captured Septem- 



ber I, 1864. On May 7th General Sher- 
man with 100,000 men, left Chattanooga. 
At Dalton he met 60,000 Confederatep 
under Johnston. By fighting and flank- 
ing he pressed them back from point to 
point until they made a stand on the 
Kenesaw mountains, where several 
bloody battles were fought. Johnston 
then retired to Atlanta July loth. Here 
he was superseded by Gen. J. B. Hood. 
He made desperate but unsuccessful as- 
saults upon Sherman's lines, losing 
heavily in each engagement The siege 
was closely pres.sed and Hood's supplies 
were cut off, so that he evacuated the 
place to save his army. 



THE REBELLION. 



131 



Arkansas Post Captured January 
II, 1S62, by the Federals under General 
McClernand. It was garrisoned by 5,- 
000 Confederates. 

Averasboro, 3r. C. — Battle of Av- 
erasboro took place on March 16, 1S65. 
Hardee made an effort to retard Slier- 
man's progress, but was repulsed with 
considerable loss. 

Baher's (Jreeh,, ^liss. — A battle was 
fought here May 15, 1863, between Gen- 
erals Grant and Pemberton. Each army 
had about 25,000 troops. The Confed- 
erates were disastrously defeated, losing 
twenty-six hundred in killed and woun- 
ded, two thousand prisoners and twenty- 
nine guns. 

BalVs Bluff Disaster, October 21, 



Farragut ran the Vicksburg batteries 
and captured this place. 

Bel lit out, J/o.— The battle of Bel- 
mont, Missouri, was fought November 7, 
1861. General Grant, with 3,000 Illinois 
volunteers, moved upon Belmont, oppo- 
site Columbus, where there was a large 
force of Confederates, which had been 
sent by General Polk to reinforce Gen. 
Price. The camp was well protected by 
abattis, notwithstanding which' it was 
carried by assault and a large number of 
men, hoises and artillery were captured, 
and the camp was burned. The Union 
loss was 485. The Confederates lost 632. 

Big Blade Biter, May 17, ISO.'i. 
Grant, after his victory at Champion 
Hills, pursued and attacked Pemberton 



Lebanon, Pa . — Continued. 



E. E. :Ea:_<^xjB:E=L, 

ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHER, 

And Dealer in 

FRAMES, ALBUMS, EASELS, &c., 
140 N. Eighth St., Lebanon, Pa. 

EDWAED IBLAND, 



Gold silver and nickel plating on all articles of 
bras?, iron or white good-;, etc. Agent for electric 
bells and gas lighters. 

Tenth St., Bet. Willow andCumberlard, Letanon. Pa. 



£IE. SIEBEET. Pres. GEO. EEEHOEN, Man. 

THE LEBANON BREWING CO., 

WIENER MAERZEX, BAIKISCH. 

ANE> WIENER LAOER BEER. 

LEBANON, PA. 

JOHN Mcknight, 

Prop'f LIVERY AND HOARDIXU STABLE, 
Outfit New, Charges Reasonable, 

Spring Alley, Rear Catholic Church, LEBANON, 'ik. 

M . MAS E & CO . 

Proprietors People's Tea, Coffee and Grocery 
Store, also Enterprise News Company. 

No. 427 N. Ninth St., Lebanon, Pa. 



1861. General McClellan sent General 
C P. Stone, with 4,000 troops, to make 
a demonstration on Leesburg, Virginia. 
Colonel Devens was ordered to cross 
the Potomac at Edward's ferry with 700 
men, and Colonel Baker was sent across 
' Conrad's ferry with a force to attract the 
enemy's attention from Colonel Devens. 
They had to cross in two old scows and 
climb a steep bluff 100 to 150 feet high. 
No sooner had they accomplished this 
than they were overwhelmed by a supe- 
rior force, and after a fierce contest, in 
which Baker was killed, his forces were 
driven back with great slaughter. The 
Union loss was i,goo and the Confeder- 
ates lost 300. 

Baton Biutffe, Augtist .'>, 1802.— 



at this river, capturing 1,500 prisoners, 
arms, commissary stores, etc. The Con- 
federates fled to Vicksburg, burning 
bridges behind them. 

Big Bethel, Va.—The battle of Big 
Bethel was fought June 10, 1861. Gen. 
Pierce, in command of the Union troops, 
pushed on to this point where Colonels 
Hill and Magruder commanded i,Soo 
Confederates, with 20 heavy cannon, 
with which they opened fire on General 
Pierce's forces. The Union troops re- 
turned the fire, drove them back until 
the ammunition of tluir battery was ex- 
hausted, when they in turn retreated. — 
Reinforcements from Fortress Monroe 
arrived and covered their retreat. The 
Confederate cavalry pursued them six 



132 



THE REBELLION. 



miles, and then retired with the whole 
army to Yorktown. The Union loss was 
i6 killed, 39 wounded and missing. Both 
Butler and Pierce were censured for 
this affair. 

BeiitoiisrUle. ]V. C, March 19, 1865. 
Gen. Johnston suddenly attacked Sher- 
man's flank in force, and but for the tre- 
mendous fighting of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis' 
division would have nearly ruined the 
Union army. On the 21st it entered 
Gold.sborough, and Raleigh on the 13th 
of April, which ended Sherman's grand 
march. 

Blackwater, Mo.. December 19th, 
1861. General Pope attacked a Confed- 
erate force near Milford. Lieut. Gordon 
led the charge with cavalry, and sup- 


ville. Gen. Lj'on, with a Union force, 
put them to flight, June 18, 1S61, captur- 
ing 20 prisoners, 2 cannon, and a lot of 
military stores. Jackson fled 50 miles. 
The Union loss was two killed and nine 
wounded. 

Boston 3Ioii>itainSf Mo., Nov. 27, 
1862. The Confederates made an effort 
to regain Missouri to their cause. Rais- 
ing an army of 20,000 they advanced 
northward, but met with a repulse at 
this point. 

Bull Jinn, Jiilu 21, 1801.— Aher 
the Union successes in Western Virginia 
the North became impatient, and "On to 
Richmond!" was their cry. The Con- 
federates were mainly concentrated at 
Manassas Junction, 27 miles west of Al- 


Lebanon, 'S&.—Conti7med. 


Sliank, Samuel, Repairing of Boots and 
Shoes Promptly Attended to, 1027 W. 
Chestnut St. 

Shirk, Wm., Carpet Weaver, 417 Walnut 
St. 


MILLER ORGAN COMPANY, 
Manufacturers of Cabinet Organs, 


Proprietors Lebanon Valley Commercial Printing 
House. Work done neatly, cheaply, and with 
promptness. Only exclusive job Office in the City. 

Ninth Street and R. R., Lebanon, Pa. 


J. H. MILLER, 


39 N. Eighth St., tebanon, Pa. 


CARLISLE, PA. 


PARK BREWERY, 
JOHN A. GOERNEB, Proprietor. 

BREWEK OF FIXE LAGER BEER and PORTER 

Locust, Bet. Ssventh and Eighth Sts., Lebanon, Pa. 




Proprietor PENNSYLVANIA HOUSE, 

CORNER HANOVER and LOl THER STREETS. 

TERMS, $1.00 PER DAY. CfwUsle, Pff. 


ported by the infantry, routed a Confed- 
erate force of 1,300 infantry and cavalry. 
They captured 800 horses and mules, 
1,000 stand of arms, and 70 wagon loads 
of supplies. 

Bristoiv Station, Va.—In October, 
1863, Lee attempted a demonstration on 
Washington. He successfully turned 
Meade's flanks and pushed him back 
nearly to Manassas. At Bristow station 
General Hill's corps encountered Gen. 
Warren's corps of Meade's army, and 
was defeated with a loss of five hundred 
prisoners. 

Hoonet'ille, Mo. — Governor Jackson 
had called out 50,000 State militia, and 
placed ex-Governor Price in command, 
part of whom were encamped at Boone- 


exandria, under General Beauregard. — 
Another large force under Gen. Joseph 
E. Johnston was within supporting dis- 
tance in the Shenandoah valley. The 
Union army under Gen. Irwin McDowell 
was at Alexandria, while General Pat- 
terson's army was in front of Johnston to 
prevent his junction with Beauregard. 
On the 16th the Union army advanced 
and came upon the Confederates on the 
morning of tlie 21st, between Bull Run 
and Manassas Junction. A general en- 
gagement ensued, and at noon the ad- 
vantage was with the Union troops. At 
that time Johnston, having eluded Patter- 
son, arrived with 6,000 fresh troops. The 
tide of victory turned, and McDowell's 
army was hurled back in route and con- 



THE REBELLION. 



133 



fusion. A panic ensued, and soldiers, 
civilians and teamsters rushed back pell 
mell to Washington. The Union loss 
was 2,952; the Confederates lost 2,050. — 
The North was now convinced that the 
war would not "end in 90 days," but 
that preparations for a long and bloody 
contest was necessary. Congress voted 
to raise 500,000 men and ^^500,000, 000 in 
money. 

Bull Run, — The second battle of 
Bull Run took place August 28, 29 and 
31, 1S62. Desperate fighting between 
Pope's worn out army and the Confeder- 
ates occurred on these days. At one 
time victory was within Pope's grasp, 
but Fitz John Porter withheld his rein- 
forcements, and Pope was beaten and 



Confederates. He abandoned his bag- 
gage and heavy artillery and fled toward 
St. George. McClellan overtook him at 
Carrick's ford, where he made a stand, 
but was defeated and he was killed. 

Cdvthage, Mo., July 5, 1861. — Col. 
Sigel, commanding a Union force of 
1,500, attacked Governor Jackson's army 
of 5,000 nine miles north of Carthage. 
Sigel broke the enemy's front with artil- 
lery and followed it with an infantry 
charge. The disparity of forces com- 
pelled Sigel to retreat with a loss of 13 
killed, 31 wounded, 90 prisoners, 4 can- 
non, 9 horses and a baggage wagon. — 
The Confederates lost 35 killed, 125 
wounded, 45 prisoners, 80 horses and a 
number of guns. 



Carlisle, Pa. — Continued. 



The O. K. Grocer//. 

Dealer in Groceries, 

Queensware, Glassware, Produce, &c. 
68 North Hanover Street, Carlisle, Pa. 

Brenaman and Eckels, Boots and Shoes, 

35 N. Hanover St. 
Diller, D. B. , Grocer, N. Hanover St. 

EAST LOUTHER STREET, 
CARLISLE, PA. 



A. B. KWING, 

^iirflilm Dealer ail tlflttter 

SOUTH MAIN STREET, 



J . A . F R ANTZ , 

FURNITURE DEALER 



AND UNDERTAKER, 



30 North- Hanover Street, 



Carliisle, Ph. 



H. J. GOOD Sl BRO., 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 

Groceries, (|ueeDsware, (JIassware, k 

South Market Street, Carlisle. Pa. 



forced to retire to Centreville. Porter 
was court-martialed and forever disquali- 
fied from holding any office of trust in 
the United States Government. 

Cainifex Fevry, W. Vu. — General 
Floyd, commanding the Confederate 
forces, attempted to regain Western 
Virginia, and surprised and routed Col. 
Tyler at Cross Lanes on the 9th of Sep- 
tember, 1861, but was himself attacked 
by General Rosecrans at Carnifex ferry. 
Floyd escaped at night, abandoning a 
large amount of ammunition and provi- 
sions. 

CarricJc's Ford, IF. Va., July 12, 
1861. Pegram's defeat at Rich Mountain 
uncovered General Garnett's position, 
who commanded the main body of the 



Cedar 3Iountaiii , August 8, 1862. — 
General Banks, while endeavoring to 
effect a junction with Pope, was at- 
tacked at this pomt by "Stonewall" 
Jackson. Desperate fighting alone saved 
the Union troops from a rout. 2,000 were 
lost on each side. 

Cliff iiijtfoih IJills, 3Ii'ss., May 16, 
1863. — After the Confederates were de- 
feated at Jackson, Johnston and Pember- 
ton made an attempt to concentrate their 
forces at Clinton to crush the rear of the 
Federal army. While on his way Pem- 
berton was met at Champion Hills \)y 
General Grant and forced to battle. The 
engagement was desperate and lasted 
for one hour and a half, when the Con- 
federate left gave away and Pemberton's 



134 



THE REBELLION. 



army fell back in confusion with Gen. 
Grant in pursuit. Grant captured 2,000 
prisoners. 

ChanrrUorsrille, May 2-3, 1S63.— On 
April 27th, General Hooker, command- 
ing the Union troops, crossed tlie Rap- 
pahannock 10 miles below Fredericks- 
burg and took a position at Cliancellors- 
ville. Here he was attacked by Lee. 
Jackson, with 25,000 men, fell like a 
thunder cloud upon Hooker's right 
wing and swept everything before him, 
but in the twilight "Stonewall" was 
mortally wounded by a volley from his 
own men. The conflict was renewed on 
the 3d. The Confederates forced the 
Union army back to the river, which it 
recrossed on the 5th, defeated. The 



Charleston, S. C — The siege of this 
city commenced April 7, 1S63. Admiral 
Dupont, with a fleet of iron-clads, at- 
tempted to pass Fort Sumpter, but was 
unsuccessful. In June the city was be- 
sieged by the land and naval forces of 
Gen. Gilmore and Admiral Dahlgreen. 
Batteries were planted on INIorris' island, 
and two unsuccessful attempts to capture 
Fort Wagner by assault were made, re- 
sulting in great loss. On the 7th of 
September the Confederates evacuated 
it and retired to Charleston. This ena- 
bled Gilmore to plant his guns within 
4 miles of the city. Fort Sumpter had 
been pounded into powder on the side 
next Morris' island, but it could not be 
taken. The only gain was to completely 



Carlisle, "2^.— Continued. 



2Dniggi0t, 

No. 10 North Hanover Street, Carlisle, Pa. 
I. C. HULL, Agt. 

Dealer in Clothing, Boots, Shoes, Hats, Caps, 
Trunks, &c. 

87 NORTH HANOVER STREET, 

CARLISLE, PA. 



Dealer in 

Clxoice r'a.mil3r O-roceries, 

OILS, COUNTRY PRODUCE, &c. 

North Hanover Street, Carlisle, Pa. 



Dealer in 

Foreign and Domestic Wines and Liquors, 

SOUTH MARKET SQUARE, 
CARLISLE, PA. 

Ramsey, T. H., Justice of the Peace, 
N. Bedford St. 



GEORGE W. RINESMITH, 

Dealer in Stoves, Heaters, Furnaces, Ranges, 
Sheet Iron Ware, Tin Ware and Pumps, 

North Hauov<'r Street. Carlisle, Pa. 

^tP= BARBER, ==^^ 

OPPOSITE THE C. V. R. E.. CARLISLE, PA. 



Union loss was 17,000; the Confederates 
12,000. 

ChaHtifli/, September i, 1S62. — Gen. 
eral Lee, after the second battle of Bull 
Run, sent Jackson to flank Pope's posi- 
tion at Centerville, but Pope antici- 
pated his movements, and fell back to 
Fairfax Court-house. Gen. Jackson en- 
countered the Union force under General 
Reno, who was stationed at Chantilly. — 
A severe battle ensued in which the 
Union Generals Stevens and Kearney 
were killed. Colonel Birney then drove 
Jackson off by a bayonet charge. Pope 
then retired within the Washington en- 
trenchments and his army was consoli- 
dated with the army of the Potomac 
under General McClellan. 



blockade the port, as the harbor and 
city remained in possession of the Con- 
federates. 

Cliffffffitoof/a, November 23-5, 1S63. 
Bragg was besieging Chattanooga, and 
had cut the Federal lines of communica- 
tion, but, with the arrival of Hooker's 
and Sherman's corps, and witli Grant in 
command, offensive operations were 
begun by the Union army. The Con- 
federates were in a strong position, with 
tiieir left wing on Lookout mountain 
and their right on Missionary ridge. On 
the 20th Bragg notified Grant to remove 
all non-combatants from the city, which 
he proposed to bombard. On the 23d 
Hooker gained a position at the foot of 
Lookout mountain, and the ne.xt morn- 



THE REBELLION. 



135 



1 


ing charged and captured the Confeder 
ate rifle pits before 9 o'clock. A heavy 
fog hung over the mountain concealing 
their movements, and Hooker ordered a 
charge up the ascent, which was suc- 
cessfully made in the face of a heavy 
fire, and by 2 o'clock the Union flag 
floated from the summit. The defeated 
Confederates retreated to Missionary 
ridge. This was the celebrated " Battle 
above the clouds." The Confederate 
loss was about 6,000 in killed, wounded 
and prisoners. Union loss between 3,- 
000 and 4,000 in killed and wounded. 

Cheat Mountaiu , V<i., Skirmishes 
September 11-13, 1861. — General Lee, in 
attempting to open communication with 
the Shenandoah Valley, attacked the 


ing to crush Rosecrans' right, but was 
out-generaled, and the battle began on 
the morning of the 20th on the Federal 
left, commanded by Thomas. Tlie strug- 
gle continued with varying success for 
several hours, when, by a blunder of 
General Wood, the center of the Union 
army was weakened, which Longstreet, 
perceiving, dashed in and cut the Union 
army in two, capturing Rosecrans and 
routing the right wing. Thomas, by 
desperate valor, held the left until night- 
fall, and then fell back into the intrench- 
ments at Chattanooga. The Union loss 
was nearly 19,000; that of the Confeder- 
ates nearly 21,000. 

Chirka.sanf Jilnff.s, December 28, 
1862. Sherman, ignorant of tlie disaster 




Carlisle, Pa. — Continued. 


Koesel, H. F., Hardware, 104 S. Front St. 




MOR R I S . WEARY , 

Dealer in 

Cigars and 1 obacco, 

55 South Hanover Sticet, Carlisle, Pa. 


J OHN W . STOB E R , 

Proprietor COUFFER HOUSE, 

House completely refurnished throughout. 
Good Stabling connected with the Establishment 

Front iStreet, Steelton. Pa. 




HARRY WETZEL, 

Dealer in Groceries, (J«ieeus\vare, Glassware, 
Wood and Willow-ware, &c. 
, Vor. lliiiiofi'v ntxl North St., fiii-listc. Pa, 




ANNVILLE, PA. 




STEELTON, PA. 


WM. D. MILLER, 

Proprietor WASHINGTON HOUSE, 

Lately owned liy Carmany Estate. 
Excellent accommodations for traveling public. 
Best of Bar Supplies. 

AVest Main Street, Annville, Pa. 

. . _ 


■ 


ALBERT HOERNER, 

Proprietor BESSEMER HOUSE, 

Steelton's leadintr Hotel, first-ehisf aceonnnoda- 
tions. Special atteiition to travelling i)ublic. 
Charges Moderate. Near P. E. E. Depot, St;elton, Pa. 


( 


Federals under General Reynolds, who 
was posted at Elkwater, Cheat Mountain 
Pass and the Summit, with 600 men. 
Lee's force was 5,000, but he was re- 
pulsed at each point with a loss of 190. 
Reynolds lost 98. 

(Jhivhamditfjd, Tenn,., September 
19 and 20, 1863. In August, Bragg was 
at Chattanooga with 40,000 Confederate 
troops. General Rosecrans, with 60,000, 
caused him to evacuate the place, which 
he then occupied. Being reinforced by 
BucknerandLongstreet, Bragg returned 
with 80,000, to attack Rosecrans. In the 
meantime General Burnside had rein- 
forced Rosecrans. The two armies met 
in the Chickamauga Valley, September 
i8th. Bragg massed his troops, intend- 


at Holly Springs, made an assault upon 
the Confederate intrenchments at Chick- 
asaw Bayou, but was repulsed with a loss 
of over 2,000 men, while the Confederate 
loss was only 200. He retired to the 
gun-boats and abandoned the enterprise. 
Colli JItft'bor, \'(i.„ June 3, 1864. — 
General Grant, unable to force Lee's 
front at Spottsylvania, began another 
flank movement and encountered the 
Confederates strongly entrenched at this 
point, 12 miles northeast of Richmond. 
Repeated assaults upon their position re- 
sulted in dreadful repulses, but the Union 
forces held their lines firmly. During 
these repeated assaults the Union loss 
was nearly 10,000, while the Confederate 
loss was a little over i, 000. 



136 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 




BYAE & BRO., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

All kinds of Castings in 
Iron and Brass. 

Ornamettal Wrought lion Fencing 
of every description made to order. 

Also, The Byar Patent 
Coinbinaition Cellar 

"Window Grate, 
Screen and Glass. 

Cor. York and Walimt Sts., 
Pottstown, Pa. 
TO WHICH WE CALL SPECIAL ATTENTION TO CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS 



SNELL & MEHARG, 



Mamifivcturers of 



Yertical Eogines of Modern Desigos, 

FROM 3 to 20 HORSE POWER. 

Court, above Second St., 

READING, FR. 




■■/^ts?; 



■^**:<*n«ir 




3 ^^2) " t. 

W. H. HAMILTON, 

IdRCHANT fAILORLNG EXCLUSIVELY. 

II Large Selection of Clotlis INith Corfect Stjles and Bottom Piices, 
716 Seventh Rve., Berver Fhlls. Ph. 



THE REBELLION. 



137 



CorhitJt, April 27, J S62. — The 
army of the Tennessee, 100,000 strong, 
commanded by Gen. Halleck, after a de- 
lay of several days, moved toward Cor- 
inth. The delay had given Beauregard 
time to reinforce and reorganize his 
army, and they now numbered 65,000. 

Corinth Kvacttatcil, May 30, 1862. 
When Halleck arrived at Corinth he 
found nothing but smouldering ruins, 
Beauregard having fled before his supe- 
rior force, taking with him all that was 
valuable. 

Corinth, Oct. 3-4, 18(i2.— General 
Rosecrans, with 20,000 men, was attacked 
at this point by Price and Van Dorn with 
38,000. They were repulsed after an ob- 
stinate contest of two days. 


latter was repelled with 186 killed and 
wounded. The Federal loss was 66. — 
This closed the campaign of 1861, at the 
end of which the Confederates were in 
possession of the immense arsenals at 
Harper's Ferry, Norfolk and Columbus, 
Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Bowling 
Green, Mill Spring and Cumberland 
Gap, constituting a strongly fortified 
line of defense. They had been ac- 
knowledged as belligerents and had 350,- 
000 troops. The Union army had 500,- 
000, had saved West Virginia, Missouri 
and Maryland, and thrown the entire 
South in a state of siege by sea and 
land. The Federal plan was now to 
open the Mississppi, blockade the South- 
ern ports and capture Richmond. 




MEDIA, PA. 


HENRY WESTCOTT, 

Practical Wagon Builder and Wheelwright, 
Cor. state and Plum Sts., Media, Pa. 




WM. BUTLER & SON, 

iSUCCESSORS TO W. C. BRODHKAD.) 

Carriage and Wagon Builders, Horseshoeing, 
Jobbint: and Re])airinjr. 

Washington Street, Media, Pa. 

Formerly with 0. S. OAFFEEY and W. D. Eoigers, Phila. 




DARBY, PA. 




CARRIAGE AND WAGON BUILDEB, 

Eepairing Promptly Attendei To. 

Cof. rTachson fintl State Sta., Media, I'a. 


JOHN B. D/BELER, 

Dealer in 

Groceries and Country Produce, 

Cor. Main and Fifth Sts., Darby, Pa. 

Boot and Shoe Maker, 

MAIN STREET, DARBY, PA. 
Fine Boots and Shoes Made to Order. 




CHAS . H . PEDR I CK , 

ia: 1=1. s El s la: E :f=l , 

Particular a'.tsntion given to the Diseases of Horses Feet. 
Cor. Jackson and Stata Sts., Media, Pa. 




Cram2)toii's Gap, Sept. 14, 1862.— 
General Franklin, marching to relieve 
Harper's Ferry, encountered three Con- 
federate brigades guarding this gap. 
After a hard fight they were driven out 
with a loss of 1,000. Franklin lost 500. 

Cross Keys, Va., tTuHc S, JS(t2. — 
General McDowell, with 40,000 troops, 
crossed into the Shenandoah Valley to 
cut off Stonewall Jackson, who was near 
Harper's Ferry. Jackson, perceiving 
his object, fled rapidly up the valley. 
Fremont pursued and attacked him at 
Cross Keys unsuccessfully. 

Drdinsrille, 1a.,l>ec. 20, ISdl. 
Gen. McCall, with 4,000 Union troops, 
was attacked by General Stuart, with 
2,500, men while gathering forage. The 


Ditg Springs, Mo., Aug. 2, ISOl. 

General Lyon, with 5,000 men, met the 
Confederates nineteen miles southwest 
of Springfield, as the y were advancing 
on that place, and drove them away, 
killing and wounding about eiglity. His 
own loss was thirty-eight killed, wounded 
and missing. 

Fair Oaks, Va., Jane 1, lS(i2.~ 
McClellan's vast army, lying on both 
sides of theChickahominy, within seven 
miles of Richmond, was suddenly at- 
tacked by the Confederates and a two 
days' battle raged. The latter were 
driven back with a loss of about 8,000 
and their General Johnston seriously 
wounded. The Federal loss nearly 
equalled the Confederates. 





^38 



THE REBELLION. 



1 

i 

1 

1 
i 

! 
1 


r'allinf/ Waters, 77/.. July 2, iS6i. 
A battle was fought here between Gen. 
Patterson's ad\ance, under Colonel J. J. 
Abercrombie, and a detachment of Gen. 
Johnston's army under Gen. Jackson. 
The hitler was driven 5 miles to Haines- 
ville, wliere he was reinforced heavily, 
and the United States troops then ceased 
their pursuit. 

' F'dirfa.r Conrt-Honsf, fa., June 
I, 1S61. — A fight occurred here between 
75 cavalrymen under Lieutenant Tomp- 
kins and the Confederates He lost six 

1 men, captured five and killed twenty. 

Fai/fttrrinr. X. <'.. March 8, 1S65. 

General Kilpatrick was nearly captured 

by a sudden attack of Wade Hampton, 

but he escaped on foot into a swamp, 


closely, as it retreated from the battle of 
Gaines' Farm, and charged repeatedly 
upon its rear, but were finally driven 
back with heavy loss. 

Frrdf'rir/.shurf/, T7f., Dec. 13, 1862. 
Learning Burnside's plans, Lee massed 
his forces at Fredericksburg and posted 
300 cannon on the heights. The river 
was crossed on pontoons by the Federal 
troops, and General Meade began the 
figlit upon Jackson's advance with some 
success, but with a final repulse and 
heavy loss. Longstreet was strongly 
posted behind a stone wall with heavy 
reserves. He was .successively attacked 
by Generals French, Hancock and How- 
ard, all of whom were beaten back with 
terrible slaughter. Burnside now de- 


1 
1 


UPLAND, PA. i 


J ABEZ TARRY, 

Dealer in 
CIGARS AND TOBACCCjS, 

Uplind Ave., l:;t. Second ani Third £ts., Uplini, Pi. 
BOOTS AND SHOES MADE TO OKDER, 


1 

i 


JAMES W. CLUELOW, 

Upland Ave., Near 8th St., Upland, Pa. 
WILLI AM F L I NN . 

Kighth Street- Upland, Pa. 
,10BBlN(i r-KOMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 




CHESTER, PA. 


' 


GEORGE AINSWORTH, 

GROCERIES, 

LamoWn S;., Near E. E., Soutb Chester, Pa. 
Also a Fine Line of Cigars, Tobacco and Notions. 


1 


Auter, R. B., Barber, 113 W. Third St. 


CHAR LES GRANT , 

Doalor in 
I^xesiL Jr aslx send. C3rstexs, 

Kiuhtli Street, rpland. Pa. 




CHARLES CASSAOY, 

SHAVIN(i AM) HAIR (1 TTINK SALOON. 

Also Dealer in 

FINE CIGARS AND TOBACCO, 

Cor. Sixth and Potter Sts., Chester, Pa. 


1 

1 


and rallying his forces scattered the Con- 
federates by a brilliant charge. 

7*7 r^ Forhs. J'a., April 1, 1865. — 
General Sheridan, with 9,000 cavalry and 
Warren's corps of Infantry, assaulted 
this fort in Lee's rear, and captured it 
with 5,000 prisoners. This rendered the 
position of Lee untenaljle. 

Floi'hJa and Georgia Expeditions. — 
On February 28, 1S62, Com. Dupont and 
Gen. Wright left Port Royal and succes- 
sively captured Fernandina, Fort Clinch, 
Jacksonville, Darien and St. Augustine. 
Mobile, Charleston and Savannah were 
now the only Atlantic ports held by the 
Confederates. 

Fro zier's Fffi'in, ]une 30, 1862. — The 
Confederates followed the Union army 


termined to carry the heights, and re- 
peated charges were made which met 
with disastrous repulses. Night ended 
the carnage, and on the i6th Burnside 
was persuaded by his general officers to 
withdraw. Burnside lost in this battle 
in killed, wounded and missing, 12,250. 
Lee's loss was 5,309. 

Fort JJonel.soii was attacked by 
General Grant, aided by Foote's flotilla, 
February 16, 1862. It was a strong fort, 
being defended by 10,000 Confederates 
under General Buckner. On the 14th 
the gun-l)oats were driven back. Com. 
Foote being among the wounded. On 
the 15th Buckner endeavored to break 
through Grant's lines, but was repulsed. 
On the i6th he asked for an armistice to 



THE REBELLION. 



139 



negotiate terms for a capitulation. Gen. 
Grant replied that "no terms but uncon- 
ditional surrender would be accepted," 
and added : "I propose to move imme- 
diately upon your works." Buckner 
thereupon surrendered. Between 12,000 
and 15,000 prisoners, 40 cannon, and a 
large amount of stores were captured. — 
Union loss was 321 killed, 1,046 wounded 
and 150 missing. Kentucky was imme- 
diately evacuated by the Confederates. 
Fort Donelsoti was attacked Feb- 
ruary 3, 1863, by General Wheeler, with 
a force of 5,000 Confederates. It was 
garrisoned by only 600 Union troops 
under Colonel Harding, but he gallantly 
defended it until the gun boats came 
and dispersed Wheeler's cavalry. 



and Wetzel decided that the attempt 
would result in the destruction of the 
army, and returned to Hampton Roads, 
the fleet remaining. Grant sent another 
force of 8,000 under Terry. After a 
heavy bombardment the soldiers and 
sailors together captured the fort. 

Fort JfaroH, X. C\, captured April 
26, 1862, by a detachment sent by Gen. 
Burnside. 

Ftn-t Villoir Miissarre, April 13, 
1864. Gen. Forrest, with 5,000 Confed- 
erate cavalry, attacked this fort, which 
was garrisoned by 560 troops, half of 
whom were colored. Demanding its sur- 
render under cover of a flag of truce, he 
surprised the fort and butchered about 
300, chiefly negroes, in cold blood. 



Chester, Pa.— Continued. 

CIT^S- HOTEL ST-A-JBHiES, 
GKORGE ABBOTT, rioprietor, 

Cor. Third and Edgmont Sts., Chester, Pa. 

He is at all times prepared to wait upon those 
wiio may intrust their hor?es and Vehicles to his 
care. Having had experience in the business, 
satisfaction will be given to those who may pat- 
ronize him. CorUj Oats and Hay always on hand 
and for sale. 

N. B.— Horses taken to Board at the loweet rates 
and Carefully taken care of. 

THOMA S DOY LE , 

l^tap'lB cinli gancY CfiicceiiiEs, 

Cor. Second and Flower Sts., Chester, Pa. 

Fulton House, Robt. Schofield, Proprie- 
tor, Cor. Front and Fulton Sts. 



Griffith, Chas., Barber, 307 Edgwood Ave. 
Grindrod, Jos., Boot and Shoe .Manufac- 
turer, 333 Franklin St. 



Thomas hibbert, 

Dealek ir; 
802 Potter Street, Chester Pa. 



HUNTER & WHEATON, 

GENERAL ADVERTISING AGENTS, 

BILL POSTERS AND DISTEIBUTOES, 
No. 39 West Third Street, Chester, Pa. 

Boots and Shoes made to order and repairinir 
neatly and promptly done. Special attention paid 
to custom work. All work iruaranteed bv 



Laraokin Street, South Chester, Pa. 
HVE US A CALL.=S-JV 



Foft tie Hiis.sj/, L(f.. March 14, 1864. 
Wheh Banks' Red River expedition ap- 
proached this fort, Taylor marched out 
to attack the land force and prevent its 
co-operation with the Union fleet. The 
Union commander. General Franklin, 
refused battle and slipped into Taylor's 
entrenchments, capturing 300 prisoners 
and all his supplies. The fleet passed on 
and seized Alexandria, 150 miles up the 
river. 

Foi't Fislter, \. C captured January 
16, 1865. This last Confederate sea-port 
was attacked in December, 1864, by a 
squadron under Admiral Porter, and a 
land force under Butler. After a heavy 
bombardment the troops were sent on 
shore to storm the works, but Butler 



Fort Ftiloshi, Ga., captured April 
12, 1862. General Gilmore and Captain 
Davis left Port Royal with a land and 
naval force for an expedition up the Sa- 
vannah river. Erecting a 36-gun battery 
they besieged Fort Pulaski for three 
days, when it surrendered. But one life 
was lost on either side. 

Fort SteddiHfin captured March 25, 
1865. Lee's situation, in defense of 
Richmond, was now desperate. He 
even recommended the emancipation 
and arming of the slaves. Sheridan had 
cut off his chief source of supplies by 
destroying the James river canal. Lee 
determined to form a junction with John- 
ston at all hazards. On tliis day he at- 
tacked Fort Steadman, on Grant's ex- 



140 



THE REBELLION. 



treme right, hoping to draw troops from 
his left and si<ip out. Tlie fort was evac- 
uated, hut Lee did not promptly follow 
up his advantage, and the Federals, ral- 
lying, repulsed the attacking party with 
a loss of 5,000 of its number. 

Fort Tf/fcr. at West Point, Ga., was 
assaulted and captured by La Grange, 
April 16, 1865, 

Gf fi II rs' F^irnt. ]une 27, 1862. — Lee 
again attacked the retreating Union 
army after the battle of Oak Grove, and 
drove them back to the river. 

Gf'tti/sbiirf/. ]u]y 1-3, 1S63. — On the 
22d of June, Lee with the Confederate 
army entered Chambersburg, and then 
pushed on tlirough Carlisle to within a 
few miles of Harrisburg. The Pennsyl- 



the Union army from its position. At 
night 40,000 dead and wounded lay on 
the battle-field. On the 3d a tremend- 
ous artillery duel was carried on between 
115 Confederate and 100 Union cannon, 
followed by a general charge of Lee's 
army, which was repelled with terrible 
slaughter, and the Confederates were 
defeated with a loss of fully 30,000. — 
Meade lost 23,000. 

Green liriar Jiirer, Vn., October 
3, 1861. General H. R. Jackson, of Ga. , 
was left by General Lee at the foot of 
Cheat mountain to watch Reynolds, who, 
with 5,000 men, attempted to flank Jack- 
son. The latter discovered and check- 
mated the movement with a loss of 200. 
The Federals lost 42 and retired upon 



Chester, Pa. — Continued. 

Johnston, \\ . J., Groceries and Provisions, 
Cor. Fifth and Lamokin Sts. 



FRANCIS E. LAWRENCE, 

AND DEALER IN PROVISIONS, 
Cor. Lamokin St. & B. R., South Chester, Pa - 

J AME S H . LOGAN , 

Maiiuracturcr of 

I^IlSriE: BOOTS «Sc sieioies, 

Flower Street, Near Third, South Ches'er , Pa. 

JOSEPH McCALLISTER, 

TilHAi <(IMST. 

539 West Front Street, Chester, Pa. 
Fine Cigars and Tobaccos always on hand. 



SARA M . MORGAN , 

GROCERIES, 

Lamokin St. Near Fifth, South Chester, Pa. 

J OHN MANS LEY, 

Dealer in 

IMPOKTKn AND DOMESTIC CIGARS, 

Choice Brands of Smoking and Chewing Tobacco, 
Cor. Seventh and E(lg;niont Ave., Chester, Pa. 

Moten, A., Barber, Cor. West and Third 
St. 

F. ia:_ isroi^Tonsr, 

DoiUer In 

GROCERIES AND PROVISIONS 

213 Tenth Street, Chester, Pa. 



vania militia and volunteers from other 
States gathered for defense against the 
invaders. The army of the Potomac 
was in hard pursuit. Lee rapidly con- 
centrated his forces near Gettysburg, 
and General Meade, having superceded 
Hooker, advanced to the conflict. On 
the morning of July ist the Union ad- 
vance, under Generals Reynolds and Bu- 
ford, was attacked by Gen. A. P. Hill's 
division, and driven back to Cemetery 
ridge, where a stand was made, and 
during the night the whole Union arlny 
was hurried to this strong position, while 
the Confederate forces occupied an op- 
posite ridge called Seminary ridge. On 
July 2d the battle was renewed, the Con- 
federates vainly striving all day to dnve 



learning that the Confederates were to 
be reinforced. 

Galveston recaptured by the Confed- 
erates January I, 1S63. Com. Renshaw 
was sent by General Banks to capture 
this city, which he did, but General Ma- 
gruder, having obtained aid of a boat, 
drove the Federals off with the loss of 
the Harriet Lane. 

Groveton, Va., August 29, 1862. — 
General Siegel, commanding the Union 
troops, attacked Jackson and Longstreet 
near this point. His forces were driven 
back, when he was reinforced by Heint- 
zleman and Reno. Jackson was also 
joined by Hood. The contest lasted till 
dark with heavy loss on both sides. 

Hampton, Trr., burned August 7th, 



THE REBELLION. 



141 



1861. The force of General Butler, at 
Fortress Monroe reduced the forces at 
Newport News and Hampton to fill 
drafts made upon him to defend Wash- 
ington. General Magruder thereupon 
advanced upon Hampton with 5,000 
men. Ikitler sent a force to repel him, 
which was beaten, and Magruder burned 
the town. General Butler was conse- 
quently deposed and succeeded by Gen. 
John E. Wool. 

Jfanoi'f'i' Cfnirt-lfoHse, f"a.. May 
27, 1862. McClellan sent Fitz John Por- 
ter with part of his corps to tliis point, 
to keep an opening for McDowell's 
troops, who had been ordered to j(jin 
him. He was attacked there by the 
Confederates, who, after a sharp fight, 



'cry, 5,000 stands of small arms, 2,000 
hogsheads of sugar, and a large (juan- 
tity of clothing, tents and ammunition. 

Itf/kd,, 3fiss., September 19, 1862. — 
This hard fought battle occurred between 
the Union army under Rosecrans and 
Grant and the Confederates under Price. 
The latter was defeated, losing 1,000 
prisoners in addition to his killed and 
wounded. The Union loss was 135 killed 
and 527 wounded. 

f/ffr/ison. Miss.. May 13th, 1863. — 
Grant defeated Joseph K. Johnston and 
captured Jackson, Miss., with 7 cannon 
and large cjuantities of military stores, 
besides 400 prisoners. The State capitol 
was destroyed by fire by the retreating 
fugitives. 



Chester, Pa. — Continued. 
C. W. SILCOX, 

Dealer in 'rol)acco, Cif;iirn, etc. Also liarber- 
iiig attended 10 in lirst-clasn Style. 

Broomall St., South of Third, Chester, Pa. 

H. B. TAYLOR, 

Dkai.ki: in 

Hardware, Ag-ricultural Implements, 

1.5 Thii-rt St., Chester, Pa. 

Washington, Geo. H., Preacher, Cor. 
Second and Townsend St. 

Dealer in 

CHOICE GROCERIES, PROVISIONS- 
MKATS AND FA3IIL,Y FI.OIIK, 

Corner Second and Townsend Streets, South Chester, Pa- 



Grocery. Meat and Provision House. 

S. J. WICKES, Proprietor, 

Corner Bdw^ards and Catherine Streets. 

Wohnus, Win. H., Barber, Third St. 
below Wilson. 

CATASAUQUA, PA. 

Dealer in 

Groceries and Provisions, 

Teas. Coffees and Spices. Butter and Eggs a Specialty. 
803 Front St., Catasauqua, Pa. 



were driven back with a loss of 1,000. 
The Federal loss was 350. 

JTelenii , Ark.,]u\y 4, 1863.— General 
Holmes, with 8,000 Confederates, at- 
tempted the capture of Helena, Ark., 
but was defeated by General Prentiss 
with a loss of one-third of his army. 

Ishnid No. tO surrenders April 7, 
1862, to the combined forces of General 
Pope and Admiral Foote, after with- 
standing a three week's bombardment. 
In order Ut flank the Confederate bat- 
teries and unite their forces, the Union 
troops cut a canal fifty feet wide and 
twelve miles long across Donald's point, 
through which the gun-boats passed. — 
The capitulation embraced 7,000 prison- 
ers, 100 siege guns, 24 pieces field artil- 



Kertistown, V(i., March 23, 1863. — 
After Stonewall Jackson had evacuated 
Manassas, he retired up the Shenandoah 
pursued by General .Shields, who over- 
took and defeated him at this point. 
Jackson receiving reinforcements, Gen. 
Siiields retreated. 

Kiioa-vUJc, Tenii. — During the op- 
erations at Chattanooga Gen. Rurnside 
was besieged in Knoxville by General 
Longstreet, who, on November 29, 1863, 
attempted to carry the town by storm, 
but was repulsed with heavy loss. After 
Bragg's defeat at Chattanooga Sherman 
was sent to Burnside's relief, but on the 
4th of December, 1S63, Longstreet raised 
the siege and retreated into Virginia. 

L<'.rhifjt(tn, Mo., Sept. 12th, 1861. — 



142 



THE REBELLION 



After the battle of Wilson's creek Price 
marched upon Lexington, which was 
defended by Colonel J. A. Mulligan with 
2,800 Federals. Price besieged him with 
1 25,000 Confederates. Receiving no suc- 
[ cor, and his water supplies being cut off. 
Mulligan surrendered on the 20th, having 
; lost 160 killed and wounded. The Con- 
federates lost 100. 

Little lief ft el, !'«., June 10, 1861. — 
General Butler ordered General Pierce 
to send two regiments from camp near 
Fortress Monroe to attack this point in 
conjunction with a detachment from 
Newport News. Approaching from dif- 
ferent directions, and meeting in a thick 
wood before daylight, they mistook each 
other for Confederates and fired into 


latter, and the capture of Richmond was 
as far off as ever. 

Mrc/iduicsrille. J V/.. June 26, 1862. 
General Lee ordered Jackson and A. P. 
Hill to attack the Federal right, with 
Loi;gstreet's corps in reserve, but were 
repulsed. 

MnJikenS Bend. June 6th, 1863.— 
McCullough encountered a brigade of 
colored troops here. He ordered a bay- 
onet charge with the cry of "no quar- 
ter !" but was repulsed in a desperate 
hand to hand fight. 

3Iill Sprimj. Kt/.. January 19, 1862. 
General George H. Thomas was ordered 
by General Buell to attack 10,000 Con- 
federates, who were strongly posted at 
Mill Spring, under General Zollikoffer. 


i 
j 


Catasauqua, 'Pa.—Coniifmed. 


Carpenter. Contractor and Builder. 

Plans, Estimates Furnished on Application. 
HowARDTOWN, Cor. Curts Sts:, Catasauqua, Pa. 




FARMER'S HOTEL. 

Coiiti'ally Locatcrl. Good Acconnnodatioii^', Prices 
Kcasoiiabie, Fine Liquors and Ciyars at the Bar. 

OWEN McCarthy, prop. 

731 FRONT STRIiET. CATASAUQUA, PA. 




SHENANGO, PA. 




TILGHMAN R. LAUBACH, 

Contractor and Dealer in Hard and Soft 

VEIN S LATE , 

ktz Executed at any Disianoe. Send for Estimates. 
■i46 N. THIRD ST., CATASAUQUA, PA. 


THE SHENANGO HOUSE. 

bnenango, Pa. 

Has recently l)een Jittod up iu good stvle, where 

the Public can be accomniodated. 
Accommodations (Jood. Kates Reasonable. 

C. r. McOLINTOCK, Proprietsr. 




GREENVILLE, PA. 




THOMAS E . OSMAN . 

Carpenter, Contractor and Bnilder, 

PLANS, ESTIMATES FUKNISHED ON AFPLICATION. 
715 N. SEccnd St,, Catasauqua, Pa. 




^7V. I=L. I^IE!TiT~), 

Manufacturer of 

OIL BAEEEL STAVES ^, LUMBER, 

steam Fittings, Gas Pipe, Etc., 
GREENVILLE, FA. 




each other, killing two and wounding 
others. 
JfalrefH Jfifls, JVf.. July i, 1S62. — 
, General Lee here concentrated his forces 
for a desperate effort to dislodge the 
Union army from Malvern Hills, whicii 
was on the north bank of the James and 
under the protection of the Federal 
gun-boats. The whole army rushed to 
the assault and continued the fight until 
9 o'clock at night, when tliey fell back 
exhausted. This ended the 7 days bat- 
tles before Richmond, commencing with 
the battle of Oak Grove, Mechanicsville, 
Gaines" Farm, Savage Station and Fra- 
zer's Farm. The Federals lost 15,000 
and the Confederates 19,000 men, but 
the prestige of success was with the 


The battle lasted nearly all day with 
varying success. It was decided at last 
in favor of the Federals by artillery and 
a flank bayonet charge. After dark the 
Confederates slipped away, abandoning 
artillery, ammunition and supplies. — 
Their loss was 192 killed including Gen. 
Zollicofter, 62 wounded and So prison- 
ers. The Federal loss was 30 killed and 
208 wounded. 

3Iis.sioii{frf/ Hfdr/e, Trim.. Novem- 
ber 25, 1863. Generals Hooker and 
Sherman attacked Bragg's concentrated 
forces on Missionary Ridge. After sev- 
eral hours hard figliting Grant ordered a 
general charge, which was promptly and 
successfully executed, and Bragg was 
driven from the field. Grant pursued 





THE REBELLION. 



143 



him to Ringgold, Ga., and then returned 
to aid Burnside in Tennessee. The Con- 
federates lost about 6,000 in killed and 
prisoners in the engagement, and the 
Union loss was between 3,000 and 4,000. 
MHffiersboro, Tejtn., Dec. 31, 1862. 
Bragg's army was concentrated at tliis 
point. The Army of the Cumberland 
was at Nashville, only 30 miles distant. 
Rosecrans determined upon an aggres- 
sive movement, and on December 30, 
1862, had advanced to Stone river, within 
6 miles of Murfreesboro, where Bragg's 
forces were entrenched. Both Generals 
formed the same plan of battle, which 
was to mass their forces upon one wing 
of their opponents and crush it before 
assistance could arrive. Bragg was first. 


NashiHllo, Tcnn.. Dec. i6th, 1864.— 
General Hood advanced northward from 
Atlanta into Tennessee and defeated 
Schofield at Franklin, who retreated to 
Nashville, where General Thomas, now 
detached from Sherman's command, had 
concentrated his forces. Hood invested 
the place, and for two weeks Thomas 
quietly prepared for the conflict, when 
suddenly at this date he moved from his 
works, fell upon Hood's army and 
routed it with a loss of over 25,000. He 
then pursued the rest into Alabama, 
where they became disorganized and 
the campaign ended. 

New Orleans, February 25, 1862. — 
General Butler, with an expedition com- 
posed of 13,700 men, embarked for Ship 


Greenville, "2 z,,— Continued. 

M. H. FKLZKR. 
2Dfntist, 

so© nvc^^inNT sx., 

srTi's.'Trs. GREENVILLE, PA 


Martin, J. H., Physician, Cor. Main and 
Race Sts. 


MAUCH CHUNK, PA. 


HOTEL NATIONAL, 

COR. MAIN & MERCER STS., 
FRED GREEBLE, Prop. 

GREENVILLE, VA. 


SIMON BECKHARDT, 

Justice of the Peace and Collecting Agent, 
East Mauch Chunk, Pa. 


Gable, A. E., Veterinary Surgeon, Canal 
St. 


JENNESS & LOESER, 

IJeiilcrs in 

Curiosities and Novelties, 

7th Door above the Main Entrance of Mansion Huuse, 
Mauch Chunk, Pa. 

1 


HAMILL HOUSE, 

Near E. A P. K. R. Depot, Greenville, Pa. 
M. HAMILL, Prop. 

Tsms EeasonaUe Fcteign Emigration Agent. 


and before daybreak had made a furious 
charge upon McCook, commanding the' 
Union right, which was shattered to 
fragments. The centre, under Thomas, 
gave way, and but for Hazen, who with 
1,300 men, held the foe until Rosecrans 
could form a new line, the Union army 
would have been entirely defeated. The 
next day, Jan. i, 1863, was spent in skir- 
mishing and artillery firing. On the 2nd 
the armies came together with a terrific 
crash. The battle raged all day with 
varying success, but at night, with one 
tremendous onset, supported by a mur- 
derous artillery fire, the Union troops 
drove the Confederates from the field, 
and they retreated toward Tullahoma 
with a loss of about 11,000. The Union 
loss was nearly 12,000. 


Island, where Admiral Farragut was 
stationed with the navy. 

New iXvleans Captured. — In April, 
1862, a powerful squadron under Admi- 
ral Farragut entered the Mississippi and 
sailed as far as forts Jackson and St. 
Philip, 30 miles above the gulf. These 
forts commanded the channel, and an 
enormous chain was stretched between 
the two. Tile 45 vessels of the Federal 
fleet bombarded the forts furiously from 
the iSth to the 24th. Farragut then de- 
termined to run the batteries. He suc- 
ceeded in breaking the chain and over- 
powering the Confederate flotilla of 17 
vessels, including several steam rams. — 
The 25th of April he reached New Or- 
leans and took possession. Gen Butler 



144 



THE REBELLION. 





became commandant. Three days after 
Forts Jackson and St. Pliilip surrendered 
to Admiral Porter, who had continued 
the siege. 

Xeti'bmie, X. C. March 14, 1862. — 
General Burnside, with 12,000 troops, 
aided by gunboats, drove the Confeder- 
ates out of their fortifications. By burn- 
ing the bridge over the Trent river the 
Confederates prevented their immediate 
pursuit by the Federals. Union loss was 
600 killed and wounded. The Confed- 
erates was considerable less, including 
200 prisoners. 

Xew 3IafJri(I, Mo., captured by 
General Pope, March 13, 1862, after a 
furious artillery duel lasting all day. The 
Confederates abandoned the place dur- 


force under General Cox, February 20, 
1865. The Confederates were defeated 
and lost 375 men. 

Oitk Grove. Vfi.. June 25, 1862. — 
General Heintzleman, in reconnoitering 
the Confederate position at Fair Oaks, 
was attacked and driven back with 
heavy lo.ss. McClellan now al)andoned 
all hope of moving on to Richmond. 

I*e(t Khlffe, ^Irh., March 7, 1862. — 
The consolidated Confederate forces of 
Price, Van Dorn, McCulloch and Pike, 
amounting to about 25,000, including 
3,000 Indians, made a desperate effort to 
recover Missouri. General Curtis com- 
manded the Federal army of 11,000. He 
was attacked by the whole Confederate 
force on the morning of March 7, and, 




Mauch Chunk, "2^,.— Continued. 


JOSIAH SANDEL. 

CONTRACTOR AND BUILDER, 

Plans, Estimates and Speciflcaticns furnished on Application. 
66 W. Broadway, Maucli Chunk, Pa. 




Mercantile, Commercial Bcok and Jcb Printer, 

Artistic Printing in Colors a Specialty, 

We Shall te pleased to receive a trial order from you. 

Race St., Maucli Chunk, Pa. 




EDWARD SCHWAB, 

Contractor in Brick and Mason Work, 

•Vrtistic and Ornanicntal Plasterei'. 

ESTIMATES OF WORK GIVEN, 

EAST MAUCH CHUNK, PA. 




JOSEPH MADARA, 

Carpenter. Contractor and Builder, 

Plaus, Estimates and Specifications Furnished on 
Application. Manfr. Sasli, Doors. Blinds, etc. 
227 West Broartwiij, Maueh Chunk, Pa. 




JOHN R. G. WEYSSER, 

MAUCH CHUNK, PA. 




Rauch, E. H. & Son, Editors and Pub- 
lishers of "The Maueh Chunk Demo- 
crat." 




ing a thunder-storm that night, leaving 
25 pieces of artillery and a large quan- 
tity of military stores valued at f 1,000, - 
000. 

New 3Iea'ico, February 21, 1862. — 
Col. H. H. Sibley, at the head of 2,300 
Te.xas rangers, invaded New Mexico 
and defeated 2,000 Federals at Val- 
verde. 

Noffolh, TV/., captured May 10, 1862, 
by General John F. Wool. This broke 
up the blockadeof the James river. The 
Confederate commander fired the navy- 
yard and blew up the Merrimac before 
retreating. 

Old Town C'iYW.-. X. r.— The Con- 
federate garrison had evacuated Fort 
Anderson and was attacked by a Union 


after two days hard fighting, he routed 
the enemy and drove them back with a 
loss of 2,000. The Federal loss was 
1,400. Price and Van Dorn fled into 
Tennessee and joined Beauregard at 
Memphis. 

Peri'i/ville. Kf/., October 8th, 1862. 
General Bragg, with a Confederate force 
of 65,000, and a provision train said to 
be 40 miles long, was overtaken at Per- 
ryville, Ky., by Gen. Buell, in command 
of 100,000 Union troops. Bragg intended 
to escape with his plunder, but being 
closely pursued by Buell, was forced to 
give battle. The engagement lasted, 
with varying success, from morning until 
nearly noon, when General Sherman, 
of Buell's command, made a brilliant 



THE REBELLION. 



145 



charge, and drove the Confederates from 
their batteries, capturing several guns 
and a number of prisoners. The battle 
closed for the day, and during the night 
Bragg fled towards Tennessee, leaving 
1,200" sick and 25,000 barrels of pork 
behind. 

l*etershuvg, Va., attacked June 18, 
1864.— General Grant, after tlie battle 
of Coal Harbor, now changed his base 
to the James river, proposing to cap- 
ture Petersburg, and then Richmond, 
from the southeast. Butler, from For- 
tress Monroe, had captured City Point 
and Bermuda Hundred on May 5th, but 
his advance upon Petersburg on the i6th 
had been defeated by Beauregard. On 
the i8th, Grant's army having arrived, 


the Federal guns an advance was made, 
and when the Union troops had crowded 
into the fort a heavy fire was opened 
upon them by the Confederates and 
4,000 were slaughtered. The Confeder- 
ate loss was but 1,000. 

Petefshut'ff and Richmond cap- 
tured, April 2-3, 1865. After an all-night 
cannonade a general assault was made, 
compelling the evacuation of Peters- 
burg and Richmond. With Lee's with- 
drawal law and order ceased to exist in 
Richmond. The city was fired, and riot 
and plunder reigned until the Union 
army entered when the city was put under 
martial law. 

Fhilippi, Va., June 3d, 1861 —A 
fight occurred here between the Union 


SLATINGTON, PA. 


ELMER PETER, 

Blacksmith and General Jobber. 

HORSE SHOEING A SPECIALTY 
Opposite L. V. R. R. Depot, Slatington, Pa. 

IIA.IL HO.A.ID HOXJSB, 

HENRY BITTNER, Proprietor. 

NEAREST HOUSE TO DEPOl 

Accommodations First-Class. 

Wert, John, Merchant Tailor, Lower 
Main St. 


J OHN H, K E I S E R , 

And general jobbing in li^'ht work. Repairing 
•of all kiiuls of Guns aud Revolvers a Specialty. 

Near L. V. R. R. Depot, Slatington, Pa. 


THOMAS KERN, 

Dealer in all kinds of Dressed and Undressed Lum- 
ber, Sidings, Doors, BHuds, Mouldings, 

Shingles, etc. 

Sri^ft^TIIsTG-TOIsr, 1=^^. 


Manufacturer and Dealer in 

i^ll Hinds Slate ICantels, Brackets, Etc., 

Church Street, Slatington, Pa. 


a general assault was made upon the 
Confederate works, which was repulsed 
by Lee's army, which had come to the 
defence of Petersburg the night before. 
The Union army lost in this campaign 
70,000 and the Confederates 40,000 men, 
and Grant now begun a regular siege. 

Petersbnrf/ 3Itne J^jcplosion, July 
30, 1864. One of the strongest forts in 
front of Petersburg was mined by Burn- 
side's corps. The gallery of tlie mine 
was 510 feet long and 18,000 cubic feet 
of earth was removed in its construc- 
tion, in cracker-boxes made into wheel 
barrows. Eight thousand pounds of 
powder was deposited m tlie mine. At 
dawn it was exploded and the garrison 
of 300 men destroyed. Under fire of 


force, under Colonels Kelly and Dumont 
and 1,500 Confederates under Colonel 
Porterfield. The latter was captured, 
with 380 stand of arms, a regimental 
flag, valuable papers and a large amount 
of baggage. Tlie only Union man injured 
was Col. Kelly, who was wounded. 

PihHowii, Kf/., Nov. 9, 1861. — Gen. 
Nelson, with 3,000 Unionists, attacked 
the camp of Colonel Williams with 1,000 
Confederates. A sharp skirmish ensued, 
and after losing 40 killed and a large 
number wounded the Confederates fled. 
The Union loss was 6 killed and 24 
wounded. 

Port Gibson. May i, 1863.— Grant's 
canal across Millikin's Bend having 
proved a failure, he determined to run 



146 



THE REBELLION. 



the fleet past the Vicksburg batteries, 
which was successfully done the night of 
April 16. At Port Gibson he encountered 
a Confederate force, which was defeated 
after a hard fight. 

I*ort lif'jHiblic, rVf..June9, 1862. — 
At this point General Shields attacked 
the Confederates under Gen. Jackson, 
but was defeated and driven back five 
miles. Jackson then crossed the Shen- 
andoah and burned the bridge behind 
him, thus rendering further pursuit im- 
possible. 

Port lioijal, S. €., Nov. 7, 1S61.— 
This place was attacked by a combined 
land and naval force under General W. 
T. Sherman and Com. S. F. Dupont. It 
consisted of 15,000 troops and fifty war 


them at i o'clock and fought them until 
dark, driving them from their position 
with a loss of 160. Union loss was 27. 
Garfield was msde a Brigadier General 
for his skill in this afiair. 

Prairie Grove, Arh., December 7, 
1862. Hindman, with a large force of 
Confederates, attacked Herron's force 
of 4,000. He was without cavalry, but 
his artillery inflicted a heavy loss upon 
the enemy, so that in preparing to renew 
the fight in the morning the Confederates 
had disappeared. 

Rappalia n nock Station, Ta. — In 
October, 1863, General Sedgwick, of 
ISIeade's army, met Ewell here and cap- 
tured 1,600 of his men. Sedgwick lost 
300. 




Slatington, Vd>. — Continued. 


THE CARROTS ADVOCATE^ 

$1.00 PEK TEAR. OIECULATION, 960. 

Published Every Saturday 

At Lehighton, Carbon County, Pa. 

A. V. MORTIMORE, Sr., 

Notary Public and Collecting Agent, 

LEHIGHTON, PA. 




R. R. WILLIAMS, 

Plain and Ornamental Slating Done at Short Notice. 

ALSO DEALER IN AMERICAN ROOFING SLATE. 

All Okdei;s PKl)MPTL^■ Atienued To. 

SI.ATINGTON P\ 










LEHIGHTON, PA. 


A. J. LITZENBERGER, Agt. 

Dealer in Agricultural Implements and 
parts for repairs for all kinds of machines- 
and implements, and Standard Guanos 
and Phosphates. 

BANK ST., LEHIGHTON, PA. 


; 


FREDERICK BRINKMAN, 
AJaiihlB anil l3i]own ^tnnR ^oijl'^s, 

LEHIGHTON, CARBON COUNTY PA. 
Monuments, Tombs, Tablets, Stones, etc. House 




work of all descriptions furnished at the Shortest 
Notice, and at prices lower than any other Estab- 
lishment 


Sheckler, John, Watchmaker, Lehighton 
St. 




vessels and transports. Forts Walker 
and Beauregard were captured, and Hil- 
ton Head, a point most advantageous for 
operations against Charleston and Sa 
vannah, fell into the power of the Fed- 
erals. 

Presfonhtfi'f/, Jv*/.. January 7, 1862. 
Colonel J. A. Garfield was sent by Gen. 
Don Carlos Buel, with two regiments 
and 300 cavalry to dislodge 2,500 Con- 
federates under Humphrey Marshall 
from their position in Eastern Kentucky. 
Upon Garfield's approach Marshall fled 
up the Big Sandy, but was overtaken 
and defeated by the United States cav- 
alry at Jennis' creek. The Confederates 
gained a strong position at Prestonburg 
and made a stand. Garfield attacked 


Hivhmond, FV^., captured April 3d, 
1S65. (See Petersburg and Richmond.) 

Hit'h Mountain^ T'ff., July 12, 1S61. 
Colonel John Pegram, with 1,500 Con- 
federates, occupied tliis strongly fortified 
position, which Gen. McClellan ordered 
Colonel Rosecrans to reduce. He started 
from Beverly to attack Pegram's rear, 
but was himseh" surprised by the Con- 
federates, who were prepared for him. 
Rosecrans renewed the fight and drove 
the enemy before him at the point of the 
bayonet, killing, wounding and captur- 
ing about 400. The Union loss was 18 
killed and 40 wounded, Rosecrans was 
made a Brigadier General for this vic- 
tory. 

lioanoke Island, N. C, February 

i 





THE REBELLION. 



147 



7-8, 1862. An expedition of land and 
naval forces under the command of Gen. 
Burnside and Com. Goldsborough, with 
16,000 troops, attacked and carried tlie 
Confederate fortifications on this island, 
capturing 3,000 prisoners and destroying 
all the Confederate fleet e.xcept two 
vessels. Union loss was 50 killed and 
212 wounded. 

Momneij Bridf/e, W. 77f.— Colonel 
Lew Wallace, commanding the Indiana 
Zouaves, left Grafton by an unfrequented 
mountain road, and on June 11, 1861, 
surprised the Confederates, compelling 
them to abandon their battery at Rom- 
ney Bridge. This caused Gen. Johnston 
to evacuate Harper'^ Ferry under the 



Fort Pickens committed great havoc 
with the Confederate navy-yards. Tliis 
so enraged the Confederates that 1,400 
picked men were landed on Santa Rosa 
Island and surprised 150 zouaves and 
plundered their camp. The latter were 
reinforced from the fort and drove back 
the Confederates and sunk one of their 
vessels. The Union loss was 64; the 
Confederates lost 150. The Confederate 
iron-clad Manassas was then fitted up 
with an iron prow, and it drove off the 
bombarding fleet from Fort McRae. It 
did but little other damage, owing to 
incompetent management. 

Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. 
After the battle of Gaines' Farm, Gen. 
Lee, finding that McClellan had reached 



NEWPORT, PA. 



Gardner, Wm., Meat Market, Market St. 
Kaufman Bros., Barbers, Main St. 
Rlppman Augustiu, Cigars, Walnut St. 

c. nsr. si^-^iTH, 

Dealer in 

Confectioneries, Grlassware, Jewelry, Etc., 

S. E. Cor. Centre Square, Newport, Pa, 



DUNCANNON, PA. 



THE NEWPORT NEWS, 

COOK A FKV, I'ulilishers iiiid I'miirietovs. 

Publisbed Weekly as a Democratic Newspaper, at 

|l.-i5 (out of the County, fl.35; Per Annum, 

Invariably in Advance. Advertisiug Rates 

Furnished on Application. All kinds of 

Job Work executed satisfactorily 

and with Dispatch. 



Drnmmonds, Alexander, Confectioner and 

Shoe Maker, First St. 
Harper, Frank E., Barber, Front St. 

C. H. HEFLEY, Agt., 

Deai.kr in 

STAPLE AND FANCY GROCERIES, 

Teas, Wiiios, Iji«iuors and Cigars, 

FRONT STREET, DUNCANNON, PA. 

JOS. L. MICHENER, 

DEALER IN 

Oysters, SonfectioDGry, Ice Sream, Etc. 

iDXjr<ro-A.3sriTOXsr, f-a.. 

Moses, S. II., Undertaker and Furniture 
Dealer, Front St. 



supposition that a heavier movement 
was intended. 

Sahin Cross Roads, La., April 8, 
1864. — Banks' forces were entrapped by 
the Confederates into a wedge-shaped 
ambuscade, and were defeated. Finally 
reinforcements saved the army from de- 
struction, but 2,000 out of 8,000 engaged 
were lost. The Red river had become 
so low that dams had to be built to float 
the fleet over the bars, and the expedi- 
tion returned to Vicksburg. The result 
of this expedition disappointed the gov- 
ernment, and Banks was suspended by 
General Canby. 

Santa liosa Island, on the Gulf 
Coast, October 9, 1861. — Col. Watson, 
commanding a small Union force at 



the James river with his supplies, again 
attacked him and endeavored to inter- 
cept his retreat, but was repulsed by the 
Federal troops under Sumner. 

SeUua, Ala., was captured by Gen. 
Wilson, April 5, 1865, with 2,700 prison- 
ers and 32 guns, from Gen. Forest. 

Sheridaii^'i Campaign. — In Aug., 
1864, Gen. Sheridan, with 30,000 Union 
troops, was sent to the Shenandoah val- 
ley to stop Early's raids. The armies 
met near Winchester on September 19, 
and in the engagement Early was de- 
feated and retreated rapidly through 
Winchester to the intrenchments at Fish- 
er's Hill. On tiie 22nd Sheridan de- 
feated him again at Fisher's Hill, and at 
Port Republic he captured Early's wagon 



14^ 



THE REBELLION'. 



train of seventy-five wa.s:ons. Early then 
Concentrated his army at Cedar Creek, 
but was again routed and driven twenty- 
six miles. Posting his army strongly, 
after this engagement, Sheridan made a 
trip to Wasliington. In his alisence 
Early surprised his camp, captured his 
artillery and sent his troops flying to- 
ward Winchester, October 19th. Sheri- 
dan had just returned, and at that point 
met the fugitives of his now defeated 
army. Putting spurs to his horse, he 
rallied his troops, who, inspired with 
new courage, rushed upon the Confed- 
erates, re-captured his camp and cannon, 
and routed them with terrible slaughter. 
Sheridan lost 17,000 men in this cam- 
paign, but he destroyed Early's army. 



and on the 22d he formerly occupied that 
city, capturing 150 cannon, 30,000 bales 
of cotton, and a large amount of muni- 
tions of war. Gen. Hardee, with 15,000 
troops, fled to Charleston. The capture 
of Georgia cost Sherman but 567 men. 

Slicrman in tJie Ca roJf n as.— heav- 
ing Gen. Foster at Savannah Sherman 
started for Columbia, S. C, February i, 
1S65. 

ShfloJt, or Pittsburg Landing, April 
6-7, 1S62. General Grant, after the bat- 
tle of Fort Donelson, determined to 
capture Corinth. While waiting at Shi- 
loli, with 33,000 Union troops, for Gen. 
Ruell, who was on his way from Nash- 
ville with reinforcements, he was sud- 
denly surprised by 40,000 Confederates 



Duncannon, Pa. — Continued. 



HEN RY SCHATT , 

Livery (a^ Feed Stable, 

C.4RRLA.UES AND HORSES TO HIRE. 

Jfitfli St. , Diitirtiinioii. To. 

DOWINGTOWN, PA. 



Black, S. A., Cigars and Tobacco, 0pp. 

R. R., Station." 
Dixon, Z. T., Cigars and Tobacco, 0pp. 

R. R. Station. 
Harris, John M., Barber, 0pp. R. R. 

Station. 
Himebright, T., Restaurant, Lancaster 

Ave. 
Mann, W. B. Restanraut, Lancaster Ave., 

in Center Scjuare. 



RAIL ROAD HOTEL. 

MRS. A. E. McFADDEN, Proprietress. 

First-Olass Hotel. Terms Moderate. 

Opp. r. R. R. station, Dowingtown. Pa. 

~ COATESVILLE, PA. 

J. C. DANCE, 

CARRIAGE BUILDER. 

Carriages, Various styles always ou baud. Xew 
ones exchanged for old. Kepairiug promptly 
attended to. ^. Main St., CoatesviUe, Pa. 



Emery, E. E.. People's Meat Market, 

Second Avenue and Chestnut St. 
Entrekin, J. M.. Capenter and Builder. 



and put an end to further raids toward 
Washington. 

Sficrnidii's March through ]\Ii.ssis- 
sippi was made in January and February 
1S64, as far as Meridian. He destroyed 
public property and devastated the 
country in his progress. Multitudes of 
refugees and negroes returned with him. 

Sherman's Jlarch to the Svfi. — 
November 16, 1S64, General Sherman 
burned Atlanta and started, with 60,000 
men, to destroy and lay waste the rich 
agricultural region of Alabama and 
Georgia to the sea coast. His lines 
spread out 60 miles wide, living on the 
country and leaving desolation behind. 
December 13th he captured Fort McAl- 
lister, one of the defenses of Savannah, 



under Generals Albert S. Johnston and 
Beauregard. The Confederates were at 
first successful. Grant was forced back 
to the river, and but for the protection 
of Foote's gun-boats would have been 
overwhelmed and his army completely 
demoralized. The battle raged all day 
and at night was undecided. That night 
Buell arrived, and in the morning Grant 
assumed the defensive and compelled 
the Confederates to retreat to Corinth. 
Gen. Johnston was killed the first day. 
Their loss was about 11,000. The Fed- 
erals lost 13,000. 

.S<>//^/* 3Iins, y. (.. April 19, 1S62.— 
Gen. Reno, with 4,000 Union troops, left 
Port Royal to threaten Norfolk from the 
rear. He landed near Elizabeth City 



THE REBELLION. 



149 



and attacked the Confederates in thuir 
chosen position at South Mills, defeatiui; 
them with considerable loss. 

South, Mountain, Mil., September 
14, 1862.— After Lee had defeated Pope's 
army he advanced to Frederick, Md., 
and sent Jackson around South ]\Ioun- 
tain to prevent the escape of Federal 
troops from Harper's Ferry. He calcu- 
lated upon McClellan's tardiness, in 
which he was disappointed, and a battle 
ensued which lasted all day, resulting in 
a Federal victory. The fight was severe, 
and the loss heavy on both sides, the 
Unionists losing 443 killed and i,So6 
wounded. General Reno was among 
tlie killed. The Confederates retreated 
towards the Potomac. 



eral force, marched upon Springfield, 
and sent JNIajor Zagonyi ahead, with 150 
cavalrymen, to reconnoitcr. He encoun- 
tered 2,000 Confederates drawn up on 
the brow of a hill, and charged them. — 
Notwithstanding a Federal loss of 84 he 
compelled the Confederates to retreat 
with a loss of 106 killed and 27 prisoners. 

SiiffoJh-, r7/.,May3, 1863.— Repeated 
efforts were made by the Confederates 
to recapture the Norfolk navy-yard, and 
early in April Longstreet, with 30,000 
troops, laid siege to Suffolk, and endea- 
vored to capture 14,000 Federal troops 
under General Peck. After a month's 
siege Longstreet abandoned the attempt. 

THiuu'. T<'iin.,]un<i 11, 1863. — Gen. 
Forrest with 5,000 cavalry and 2 batteries 



Coatesville, Pa. — Continued. 

WM. H. FAUST, SR^. 

-Mauufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in 

Tonic Beer K>ctra.cts, 

COATESVILLE , PA. 

I-t. ID. FOI?.ID, 

UNDERTAKER (o^^^ FURNITURE DEALER 

No. 227 Clifstiuit St., Coiitt'svillc, Pa. 
Repairing promptly atten ded to. 

DIAMONDS, FINE WATCHES, 

JEWELEV AND SILVEEWAEE, 
126 Main St., Coatesville, Pa. 
Repairing a Specialty. 

Jacobs, Elwood, Barber, First Avenue and 
Main St. 



Steele, Alfred, Pool and Billiard Parlor, 
I 31ain and First Ave. 

i THE FAMOUSTONIC ROOT BEER 

i A Strictly Temponnce Beverage. 

A Great Blood Purilier, l.ivi'r Kegulator and 
liiglily rei-oiinuended as a iJyspepsia Cure. 
Extracts made and sold at wholesale and retail by 

JOHN H. FAUST, G Main St., Coatesville, Pa. 

"^ LEWISTOWN, PA. 



Teeth Extracting Made a Pleasure 

Sets of Teeth from $10 to $50. 

Filling Teeth is a Specialty. 

Without Pain I All Work Warranted First-Class. 

JDK. 31. K. THOMPSON, 

Room No. ;5U West .Market Street, near the 

Coleman House, Lewistowu, Pa. 



SEWI NG M ACHI NES. 



■ SpottHifJvania Coiirt-Honsr, Miiy 

10-12, 1864. — General Grant, after the 
Battle of the Wilderness, ordered a 
flank movement of his whole army. 
General Lee's effort to defeat it brought 
on one of the bloodiest struggles of the 
war. During the engagement General 
Hancock made a charge upon the Con- 
federates and captured 3,000 prisoners 
and 25 pieces of artillery. The Confed- 
erate losses were about 10,000, and the 
Union losses were much larger. It was 
here that Grant sent his famous despatch 
to the War Department: "I propose to 
fight it out on tliis line if it takes all 
summer." 

Spi'ingficld, 3Io., October 24, 1861. 
General Fremont, commanding a Fed- 



of artillery attacked the Union cavalry 
commanded by Colonel R. B. Mitchell, 
at Triune, Tenn. Forrest was defeated. 
Yickslmrff, Miss., November, 1862. 
Measures were first made to capture this 
place in November, 1862, by Generals 
Grant and .Sherman, and, in accordance 
with plans agreed ui)on, .Sherman em- 
barked from Memphis with 30,000 troops 
for the mouth of the Yazoo river, while 
Grant was to attack the main body of 
the Confederates and drive them into 
Vicksburg, and the combined forces 
were then to lay siege to the place. 
Meanwhile General Grant had collected 
14,000,000 worth of supplies at Holly 
Springs, Miss., for the Union army to 
subsist on during the siege. Grant left 



I50 



THE REBELLION. 



Colonel Murphy with i,ooo men to guard 
these supplies, and ordered 4,000 more 
to his assistance. Murphy was careless, 
and was surprised by the Confederate 
cavalry under Van Dorn, and, after a 
short conflict, he surrendered before the 
reinforcements arrived. The victors de- 
stroyed what plunder they could not 
carry with them. This necessitated Gen. 
Grant's withdrawal and the abandon- 
ment of the siege of Vicksburg by this 
expedition. 

llchsbiti'ff Cfi]>t«n'e(h ]u\y 4, 1863. 
May 18, General Grant and Admiral \ 
Porter invested this place, and on the 
19th General Grant attempted to carry 
the Confederate works by storm, but 
was repulsed. Three days later Grant 



oners, 132 cannon, and 50,000 stand of 
arms. The Federal loss during the siege 
was nearly 10,000 killed, wounded and 
missing. 

Vienna. 77/., July 17, 1S61. — Gen. 
McDowell stationed a regiment along 
the railroad, fifteen miles from Alexan- 
dria. While en route on the train 300 
of them were fired upon by a Confeder- 
ate masked battery, as the cars were 
entering the cut at Vienna. The Union 
troops returned the fire, inflicting a 
considerable loss to the Confederates, 
while they sustained a loss of five killed, 
six wounded and thirteen missing. 

Wildevncss, Va., May 5, 6 and 7, 
1864. — General Grant, on assuming com- 
mand of the entire Union army, decided 



Lewistown, Pa. — Continued. 

Established 1S57. 

E. FRYSINOER, 

CIGAR MANUFACTURER 

AND TOBACCO JOBBER, 

52 JE, Mavhet St., L,i'ifistoifn, I'd, 

M. J. McCOY, 

Repairs all kind of JE^VELRY, WATCHES, 
CLOCKS, Etc. 

Give me a call, and I guarantee yon good work. 

E. MARKET ST., LEWISTOWN, PA. 

McClintic, R. H. & Brc, Furniture and 

Undertaker, W. Market St. 
Rhodes, J. H., Barber, E. Market St. 
Stratford & Steiuer, Marble Works. 



UNION HOUSE. 

[NEWLY FURNISHED. 1 
E. MARKET ST., LEAVISTOAVN, PA. 

Good Ueals and Loiging at Low Bat;s. 

Sufficient Stabling Attached. 
HENEY WOOD, Propiietor. 

HUNTINGDON, PA. 



C3r. "Vv^. :BXjnsrn>T, 

Upholstering and Kepairing of Furniture. 

Furniture mads to order. Full line of Moulding. 

Moderate Prices. 

Mifflin, bet. Fiftli siud Sixth, Himtingdoii. Pa. 



Cottage Plaining Mill Co. 
Supt. 



J. C. Dunkle, 



determined to renew the attack along 
j the whole line, which was twelve miles 
i long, but again suffered another repulse 
; more disastrous than the first. These 
two assaults resulted in a Union loss of 
3,000 men. It was evident now to Grant 
that Vicksburg could not be taken by 
storm, and he now prepared to ap- 
proach it by a regular siege. In the 
meanwhile Porter kept up a continuous 
bombardment from his fleet, and Grant 
pressed closer every day to the doomed 
city. Grant's forces were about 30,000. 
After a siege of forty-five days, during 
which time the Confederates and inhab- 
itants of Vicksburg were reduced to a 
condition of starvation, Pemberton sur- 
rendered to General Grant 27,000 pris- 



upon two important campaigns. The 
Army of the Potomac to advance on 
Richmond, and that of Gen. Sherman to 
maich against Atlanta to engage the 
Confederates under General Jolmston. 
Both armies were to move in concert to 
prevent the co-operation of Lee and 
Johnston. Grant's army advanced across 
the Rapidan to the Wilderness, where a 
terrible battle with the Confederates 
ensued, lasting three days, with indeci- 
sive results, both armies holding the 
same ground as when the battle com- 
menced. In this engagement the Con- 
federates lost 10,000 and the Federals 
20,000. 

WiUianisburg, Va., Mays, 1862. — 
The Confederates, 10,000 in number, in 



THE REBELLION 



151 



command of Magruder, evacuated York- 
town May 3d. and retreated towards 
Williamsburg. They were pursued by 
General Stoneman's cavalry, supported 
by the divisions of Generals Hooker and 
Kearney. On the morning of the 5th 
they made a stand and were attacked by 
the Federals, and a furious battle en- 
sued, lasting all day, when the Confed- 
erates were driven from the field by a 
charge made by General Hancock. The 
Union loss was 2,000, four hundred of 
whom were killed. Tlie Confederates 
lost about 1,000. McClellan, the follow- 
ing day, occupied Williamsburg. 

Wilson's Cveeh, Mo., August loth, 
1861. — General McCulloch, commanding 
about 23,000 Confederates, ordered an 
advance on Springfield. General Lyon, 
with only 5,000 troops, met him at Wil 
son's Creek. He divided his army into 
two divisions, one of which, under Gen. 
Siege], assailed the Confederates in the 
rear, while he attacked him in front. — 



The battle was a desperate one, but the 
Confederates held the field at a cost of 
3,000 men. The Federals returned to 
Springfield, losing about 1,300, including 
General Lyon. 

Winchester, V<i. May 25th, 1862. — 
General Banks, with 5,000 Union troops, 
was attacked by Ewell with 20,000 Con- 
federates at this point. Notwithstanding 
his inferior force, Banks held the Con- 
federates at bay 5 hours. Jackson then 
reinforced Ewell, and Banks was forced 
to make a hasty retreat and reached the 
Potomac safely. 

Wiiichesfer, June 15, 1863. — Ewell's 
corps arrived at this point, which was 
occupied by Milroy with 10,000 Union 
troops. After a heavy skirmish, finding 
the odds were too great, Milroy retreated 
to Harrisburg, Pa. This was the begin- 
ning of Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania 
and Maryland, which finally terminated 
in the battle of Gettysburg. 



Huntingdon, Vz,.— Continued. 



Vpholstf )•<'!•. Caiifr, Miittfe.s.s Mini iif'arfufer, 
JHokcr and Iti'^xurcf of Furniture, 

Will go auy distance to do Upholstering or any 
■work iu that line. 

Huntingdon, Pa. 

Farmer's Hotel, Wm. W. Baker, Prop., 

333 Peun St. 
Kleine, L. B., Photographer, 518 Wash- 

ino;ton St. 



Manufacturer of 

^aiiijiages; Buggies l^agcns, 

Of Every description. 



Lewis, E. W., Grocer, 325 Alleghney St 

and 345 Penn St. 
Slaughter, Orlando, Barber, 613 Penn St. 

THE LOCAL NEWS~ 

Jill tltill(/<ioil, I'll. 

Largest Circulation and best Advertising medium 
iu the Juniata Valley. 

Address HUGH LINDSAY, Prop. 



Dr. J. C. YoDER, 

536 PENN STREET, HUNTINGDON, PA. 



BEDFORD, PA. 



Arandale House, Alsip & Smith, Propr's. 
Bell, G. W. Barber, Washington House. 



SURRENDERS, INVASIONS, ETC., DURING THE REBELLION. 

(Numerically Arranged.) 



Fort Moultrie, in Charleston Har- 
bor, was evacuated by General Ander- 
son, December 26, i860, and Fort Sumter 
occupied. His force was iii Federal 
soldiers. 

United States Properti/ and muni- 
tions, valued at 11,209,500, was surren- 
dered to Texas by General Twiggs, on 
February 18, 1861. 

Fori Sumter was evacuated by Maj. 
Anderson, April 14, 1861. On the nth 



General Beauregard demanded its sur- 
render, and, on being refused, com- 
menced the bombardment on the 12th, 
and continued it during the 13th, until 
terms of evacuation were agreed upon. 
The soldiers retained their arms and 
fired a salute of 50 guns before taking 
down the Union flag, which they carried 
with them. 

Gosport Navy-Ya rd . at Norfolk, 
Va., was evacuated, and shipping de- 



152 



THE REBELLION. 



stroyed by the Union forces, April 21, 
1S61. 
Ai-1ht(itou Ilf'iffhts OccHpk'fl. — 

May 24, 1861, thirteen thousand Union 
troops under General McDowell occu- 
pied Arlington Heights. This was the 
first great move of Union troops into 
Virginia. 

General Pegfcim, with 900 Confed- 
erate troops, surrendered to General 
McClellan, July 14th, 1861, near Beverly, 
W. Va. 

Kanawha Vallej/ Kracaated on 
July 29, 1S61, by General Wise, who re- 
treated before the Federals under Gen. 
Cox. 

Illinois TJtreatencd by General 
Pillow, with 12,000 Confederates, July 31, 



seize Louisville at the same time, but 
was foiled by General Anderson, the 
hero of Fort .Sumter, who was in com- 
mand of Camp Joe Holt, near that city. 

Kenfuehj/ was invaded by seven 
regiments of Confederates commanded 
by General Zollicoffer, October 21, 1861. 
While raiding through the State he came 
upon a Union force just mustered under 
Colonel Garrard. He made two attacks 
upon them at Camp Wildcat, in Rose 
Castle Hills, but was driven off. Gen. 
W. T. Sherman was now appointed to 
command the Department of the Cum- 
berland. 

Heaufort, X. C, was occupied by 
the Union forces December 6, 1861. 

NasIiHlle Evaciiafefl, February 16, 



Bedford, "Bz,.— Continued. 



Cleaver, Cbas. W., Printer and Stationer, 
Odd Fellows Building. 

GROS S & NA I L , 
CARRIAGE MANUFACTURERS, 

AND GENEKAIi BLACKSMITHS, 

Tliit-teenth and Mitflin Stt-vvts, lii-dford, Pa. 



Eaie Bargains in WATCHES, CLOCES and JEWELEY at 

Rl DENOU R'S. 

I^-REPAIKINU PKOMl'TLV UONE.=S» 

All "Work and Goods Guaranteed. 

J. W. RIDENOUB. Pitt St., Bedford, Pa. 

The Favorite, Five Drawer Pearled 
Machine, The Singer Man'f g Co., J. R. 
Ritchey, Manager. 



BETHLEHEM, PA. 

AMERICAN HOTEL, 

H. T. MILCHSACK, Prop. 

X. E. Cor. Kroad and New Sts.. Bethlehem, Pa. 

Terms ifflSO Per Day- 

TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS. 

BETHLEHEM BOTTLING WORKS^ 

J. HAHKY LEll, - - - Proprietor. 

Bottler of 

SOFT DRINKS, BEER, PORTER and ALE 

Cunow's Alley year Main Street. 

PENIrY 15. BI3CH0FF, 

Fashionable Boot and Shoe Maker, 

29 Main Street, Bethlehem, Pa. 



1861. This danger was averted by Gen. 
Fremont, who took 3,800 volunteers from 
St. Louis, on 8 steamboats, to Cairo, 
the point intended to be invaded. Gen. 
Pillow abandoned his project and re- 
treated. 

Foits Hatteras and Clarlc, at 
Hatteras Inlet, surrendered to a com- 
bined land and naval force under Gen. 
Butler and Com. Stringham, after a two 
days' contest, August 28-29, 1861. The 
trophies were 715 prisoners, 25 cannon 
and 1,000 stand of arms. 

Coltunbus and llirknian, Kf/., 
were seized September 4, 1861, and for- 
tified by the Confederates under General 
Polk. General Simon Buckner started 
with three regiments of Confederates to 



1862. — Upon the news of the fall of Fort 
Donelson a regular stampede began 
from Nashville for Chattanooga. Stores 
were thrown open, bank vaults were 
emptied, and $2$ per hour was paid for 
hack hire. 

Price was Driven front Missonri 
February 25, 1862, by General S. R. 
Curtis, after a series of skirmishes and 
manoevers. 

Arnttj of the Potomac changes its 
base. — April i, 1862, General McClellan, 
with 120,000 troops, embarked for For- 
tress Monroe, intending to march upon 
Richmond from that point. 

Tennessee and Jlississippi was 
raided in April, 1862. — General Mitchell 
conducted an expedition through these 



THE REBELLION. 



153 



States, capturing 160 prisoners and 117 
locomotives and coaches at Huntsville, 
on the Memphis and Charleston R. R. 

Yorhtoivn Evdciiated, May 3, 1862. 
After withstanding McClellan's siege, 
with but 10,000 men, for a whole month, 
Magruder retired to Williamsburg. 

JIe}H2)ftfs Captured, June 6, 1862. — 
Commodores Davis and Ellet attacked 
the Confederate fleet, causing all the 
vessels to be sunk or abandoned, Mem- 
phis was then occupied by Gen. Wallace 
from Grant's army. 

Confederate Congress adjourned 
in a panic May 8, 1862, because of the 
approach of the Federal army To save 
Richmond, General Johnston ordered 
"Stonewall" Jackson, 'who was in the 



Cine in nati Th-reateued.~Gneri\\3.s 

roved through Kei7,Tucky and Tennessee 
during July and August, 1S62, destroy- 
ing public and private property. Gen. 
J. H. Morgan was the most dreaded of 
these, and after dispersing some Federal 
cavalry and destroying several miles of 
railway, he began to threaten Cincinnati. 
Green Clay Smith organized a superior 
force, aided by the business men, and 
drove him back into Tennessee. 

Texas Loyalists 3Iassacred, Au- 
gust 9, 1862. Sixty Germans, while at- 
tempting to flee the State, were over- 
taken and fiendishly murdered in a cane 
brake on the Nueces river, by Lieut. 
Lilley's band of guerillas. 

Pope and Lee on the Rappahan- 



Bethlehem, Pa.— Continued. 



Eggert, H. B., Portraits, 142 S. Main St. 

F. H. BOEHM, Prop'r. 

Strictly flrst-class, good stabliug and attentive 
hostlers. Day or week boarding. Terms reasonable. 

Main, Cor. Canal Sts., Bethlehem, Pa. 

E. E. GERNERD, D. D. S. 
SXJI=l.(3-EOISr IDEISTTIST, 

No. 9 Broad Street, Betlilehein, Pa. 
TEETH EXTRACTED WITHOUT PAIN. 



H. J. COTH &, BRO., 

Sracticaf interior ©ecoratorni), 
Paper Hangings, Frescoing and Painting. 

Orders by iMail, Promptly Attended to. 
7 and 9 Main St., Bethlelieni, Pa. 

Hesse, Anton, Book Binder, 144 S. Main. 

Jacoby, C. A., Old South Bethlehem 
Laundry. 

Jones, V. S., D. D. S., Dentist, Cor. Market 
and Main Sts. 

Knauss & Wiutersteen, Machinists, 145 S. 
Main St. 

Laubach, C. D., China, Glass and Queens- 
ware, 22 S. Main St. 

Lehigh Valley Cornice Works, Jas. P. 
King, Prop., Cor. Broad and Market Sts. 



Shenandoah Valley with 15,000 troops, 
to make a demonstration toward Wash- 
ington and prevent the junction of 30,- 
000 troops, under McDowell, with Gen. 
McClellan. Fremont and Banks were 
also in the mountains with 15,000 troops 
each. By a series of rapid and brilliant 
manceuvers Jackson accomplished his 
purpose, and finally joined the army de- 
fending Richmond. 

Stuart's Raid. — While McClellan 
lay inactive on the banks of the Chicka- 
hominy General J. E. B. Stuart, with 

1,500 cavalry, made a daring raid. He 
dispersed two squadrons of cavalry, cap- 
tured 165 prisoners, a number of horses 
and mules, a large quantity of supplies, 
and returned to Richmond unharmed, 
June 14, 1862. 



nock. — August 23, 1862 Lee attempted 
to crush Pope before he could be rein- 
forced. The Rappahannock was be- 
tween them, which Lee crossed and 
attempted to flank Pope. A heavy rain 
foiled him. 

Braf/g Iiivades Kentuch-y. — In 
August, 1862, Bragg, with 65,000 men, 
started from Chattanooga to Louisville. 
Buell, learning his design, began pursuit. 
Reaching Mumfordsville on the 17th of 
September, Bragg captured a Federal 
division of 4,500 men. Meantime Buell 
had reached Louisville, and the Confed- 
erates turned back, plundering as they 
retreated, without hindrance from Buell. 
The United States government ordered 
Buell to act on the ofiensive. His army 



154 



THE REBELLION. 



was now 100,000. Me followed Bragg 
to Perryville, where p. severe but inde- 
cisive battle was fmiglit. Bragg fled 
during- tiie night, leaving 1,200 sick and 
25,000 barrels of pork, but he took with 
him 4,ocK) wagons loaded with plunder. 

3Ianassos tfiiiictfon Srizcff by 
Stuart, August 26, 1S62. He captured 
3txj Federals and a large quantity of 
railroad rolling stock and supplies. 

Mdnjhntd IiwadetJ. — Gen. Lee 
moved up the Potomac and crossed into 
M.uyland at Point of Rocks, September 
2, 1S62. 

CinciuitdtU Ohio, TtrfeudetJ.—On 
September 12. 1S62, General Lew Wal- 
lace, by vigorous action, had gathered 
40,000 volunteers from Cincinnati, Cov- 


ton, crossed the Blue Ridge mountains 
in pursuit, but so slowly that Lee escaped \ 
to Gordonsville. 

Jianhs' liiiid through Western Lou- 
isiana. — Leaving Baton Rouge on the 
nth of January, 1S63, Banks marched to 
Pattersonville and defeated 1,100 Con- 
federates and destroyed a gun-boat. He 
made another expedition up the Red 
River, April 12, 1S63, to devastate the 
region West of tlie Mississippi. The 
Confederates were driven back to Pat- 
tersonville, and at Bisland Gen. Dick i 
Taylor was forced from his position. — 
Taylor tlieii burnt several steamers, 
transports of supplies and bridges, then - 
fled. The ram Queen of the West was 
captured and burnt by the Federals. — 


Bethlehem, Pa. — Con fin ued. 


OLD ODD FELLOWS HALL. 

GEORGE WAHL, ProD. 
Saloon and Restaurant. C'i>ld and Warm l.nuch 
at all hours. Oysters and Fish in season, Choice 
1 Liquors and Ci>rars at the bar. 

31 y<ir St., I{>tlil>'lii'tn, l^a. 


LEHIGH VALLEY HOTEL. 

H. DIETRICH, Prop. 

Centrally I.iuatcd. Good Ai-oonimodations^ 
Day o"r week board. Bei^t of !?tablitig. 

JSecoinl, Cor. yotlin tn i>ti>ti St.. liitlilflD'm, I*a. 

LUCKENBACH &. KRAUSE, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 

iron. Steel, lUiilders", CarriaLre, Blaeksniiths' and 

Saddlery Hardware, 

25 S. :>l!»in St.. Ittthlehein, Pa. 

LYNN & MOYER, 

Painting, Graining and Kasoniining, 

And Dealers in Fine Wall Papers, 

Paper Hanging a Specialty. 

Prompt attention to Orders by Mail or Telephone. 

}5,-)^- Brond St., Betlileliem. Pa. 


FRANK PETEES & SON. 

Maiiufaeturers ot 

Carriage Bendiogs, Brewers Chips, U 

BETHLEHEM, PA. 


S. S. SCHNELLER, 

Undertaker, Embalmer and Funeral Director, 

Dealer in I'lidertakcrs Supplies. 

BOYD'S GRAVE VAULT IN STOCK. 

Orders by Telephone Promptly Attended to. 

21 New St., Bethlehem, Pa. 


ington and Newport, who had thrown 
up entrenchments and prepared to re- 
ceive Kirby Smith's attack. At this 
, date 15,000 of his men under General 
Heath appeared before the city, but, 
frightened by its bold front, he retreated 
under cover of night. 

Franhfort Scixvil. September 12. 
1S62, by Kirby Smith, from which he 
planned the capture of Louisville, Ky. 
Jl(npet''s Ferry Sti r rendered. — 
Sept«Hiber 14, 1S62, Colonel Miles, with 
12,000 Federals, surreiukred this im- 
portant place without much resistance. 
Miles was killed after the surrender. 

Lee Retreated Into I irginhi on 
November 4, 1S62, followed by McClel- 
lan, who, under orders from Washing- 


Banks then pushed on and captured 
Alexandria on the Red River. 

Griersoit's Co ral r 1/ Jia id. —Start- 
ing from La Grange, Georgia, April 17, 
1S63, he went down through Ripley, 
Macon, Montrose and Hazlehurst to 
Baton Rouge, where he arrived ISLay 2. 
He destroyed telegraphs, railroads and 
other property to the amount of about 
|6,ooo,ooo on this raid. 

Sfonemeii's i'aralrtf liaid. May 
3rd, 1S63. — This General, with 10,000 
troopers, crossed the Rappahannock, 
tore up the Virginia Central Railroad, 
swept round to within a few miles of 
Richtnond and returned in safety. 

Colonel Strei(//if and one thousand [ 
seven hundred Union troops was cap- 



THE REBELLION. 



155 



tured by Forrest's cavalry at Cedar Bluff, 
Ga., on May 8, 1S63. 

l{a!/iiioiuf.3Iiss..w<\s captured May 
12, 1863, by General McPherson, after a 
hard fight. 

Lee's SecomJ Xorfltern Itirasion, 
June 13, 1863. — Organizing his army into 
three corps under Longstreet, Ewell 
and A. P. Hill, and leaving the latter to 
hold Fredericksburg, General Lee began 
his march into Maryland and Pennsylva- 
nia. 

Port Hiiflson SurreiKJei'eff July 
9, 1863. — This place had been first in- 
vested by General Banks, May 24. Nu- 
merous unsuccessful attempts had been 
been made to take it by storm. The 
garrison was reduced to starvation, and 



were helpless women and children; 581 
were wounded, many of them mortally. 
About 80 of th-p' murderers were killed. 

Little liork, Ark., surrendered to 
General Grant's forces, September 10, 
1863. 

Kilpatrick's JRaid with 5,000 cav- 
alry, to release prisoners on Belle Isle 
and in Libby Prison, was made February 
28, 1864. He failed to accomplish it, 
but captured 500 prisoners. Colonel 
Ulric Dahlgreen was killed on this raid. 

SJteridau's Jiaid.— On May 9, 1864, 
General Grant sent Sheridan, with a 
large force of cavalry, to cut Lee's com- 
munications. He destroyed part of the 
Virginia Central Railroad and 1,500,000 
rations, liberated 400 Union prisoners, 



B ethlehem, 7d.,—Confin2ied. 

J . L. SPENGLER, 
Cellar and Sink Hole Contractor, 

Estimates fiiniisbed on Application. Orders by 
Slail promptly attended to. 

34. Ettvveiiie St., Bctlilclii'iu , Fa. 

nsr. B. ste:]ve, 

Mauulinturer of and Dealer in 

Fine Havana and Seed Cigars, 

Also a full line of Smokers Articles. 

B4 B r aad S treet, Bethlehem, Pa. 

Steuben, E. L. , Coal and Wood, Foot of 

Union St. 

W . H . S Y M O N S . 

Contractor and Builder, and Dealer in Builders' 
Sup|)iies. Estimates and Speciticaiious furnished 
on application. Work done in any jiart of State. 

419 Goepp St., Bethlehem, Pa. 



Manufacturer 



and Dealer in 



^!-F U R N I T U R K,4> 

Also Furnishing- Undertaker, Embalmer 

and Funeral Director, 

And Dealer in lindcrtakers Supplies. 

n A. M AIS ST., liETIILEHEM, I'A . 

Washington House, T. F. Lawall, Prop., 
Cor. Main and Garrison Sts. 



South Bethlehem, Pa. 



Contractor f^'b Builder, 

Estimates for HuildiuLrs of all kinds. 
Fourth Street, South Bethlehem, Pa. 



Berger, Moris, Carpenter, Walnut, St. 



was compelled to subsist on rats and 
mule meat for food. In this desperate 
state, and hearing of the fall of Vicks- 
burg, Gardner surrendered, with 6,400 
prisoners of war. The Mississippi was 
now open. 

John 3Iorgan and his gang of four 
thousand guerrillas was captured by the 
Home Guards in Ohio, July 26, 1863. 

Quant relVs Jitiid. — The town of 
Lawrence, Kansas, was surprised in the 
middle of the night of August 13, 1863, 
by 300 guerillas under the leadership of 
Quantrell. The town was set on fire 
and 182 buildings burned to the ground, 
and $2 000,000 worth of property de- 
stroyed. One hundred and ninty-one 
persons were killed, many of whom 



assaulted the outer defences of Rich- 
mond and mortally wounded the Con- 
federate General Stuart, returning to the 
Army of the Potomac May 25th. 

Ft (/lit for the WelOon Itailroad, 
June 24, 1864. — A Union cavalry force of 
8, 000 attempted to seize this railway, 
but was defeated by a superior Confed- 
erate force. 

Early's Northern Ji<(i(J. — To com- 
pel Grant to raise the siege of Peters- 
burg, Lee sent Early with 20,000 men to 
invade Maryland and threaten Washing- 
ton City. He crossed the Potomac on 
July 5, 1864. On tlte 9th he defeated 
General Wallace on the Monocacy, who 
was there to check his advance on the 
Capitol. Early pushed up within gun- 



156 



THE REBELLION. 



shot of Washington, but finding a large 
army defending it — Griint having sent 
Smith's corps for that fs^^urpose — he re- 
tired with large booty, first sending a 
detachment of cavalry northward to 
Pennsylvania. 

Cita tuber shtirg, I*o.. burned July 
30, 1864, by Jubal Early's cavalry, be- 
cause his demand for |;2oo,ooo in gold or 
1500,000 in greenbacks was refused. 

Lftsf Inrastoit of 3Ifssonri. — Oct. 
25, 1S64, Sterling Price attempted to re- 
cover this State for the Confederacy. 
He was defeated at the Little Osage 
River by Generals Curtis and Pleasan- 
ton. 

Colmuhia, S. C, Surren tiered to 
Sherman, February 17, 1865. By order 


General Sheridan Captured a 

large quantity of Lee's supplies and 
some prisoners at Appomatox Station, 
April 6, 1865. 

Lee's Surrender was demanded by 
Grant, April 7, 1865. He replied that 
"the occasion for the surrender of the 
Army of Northern Virginia had not yet 
arrived." 

Lee's Ca2ntulation. April 9, 1865. 
Seeing that a further struggle was use- 
less. General Lee sent a note to General 
Grant, asking a meeting. It took place 
at William McLean's residence at Appo- 
mattox Court-House on Sunday at 2 p. 
M., when the army of Northern Virginia 
was surrendered. 

3Iobile Eraeuated, AprW 11, 1865. 


South Bethlehem, Pa. — Continued. 


LAPIER HOTEL, 

PATRICK BOYLAN, - - Proprietor. 

CHOICE WIXES A^"D LICiUORS, 
BEER. PORTER and CIGARS at the Bar. 

LOCUST, COE. SECOND ST., Soufi Bethlehem, Pa. 

C. E. McGOVERN, 

SAI^OOBJ 'im RESTAURANT, 

Pool RooiTi Attached- 

CHOICE WINES, BEEE, POETEE AND CIGAES, 
Third St., Cor. New, Soutli Bethlehem, Pa. 


FRANK BILLIARD, 

CONTRACTOR IN WELL DIGGING, 

(fss I'dols, Cellars and Sliat't siiikiiit;-. 

Jobs executerl at any distance. 

Philadelphia Koai, Adjolnlns Town, South Bethlehem, Pa. 

R. A. BITLING. 

^laniifactnn'r and Dealer in Hardware, Stoves, 
Wood, Willow and Tinware, Kooflug and Spout- 
ing Specialties. 

BIKCH, COE. FOURTH ST., S:\ith Bethlehem, Pa. 


jVoiitT|ainptcn Saw anil l^Ianing Mill, 
i^iTTEii sz beck:. 

Second Street, South Bethlehem, Pa. 

Window Frames, Doors, Blinds, Sash, Monldings, 
Sawing, Shaping and Carving. 

STAI R RAI L BUI LDING. 

Teleiihoiie Ccmnt'Ctioiis. 

CHURCH FrRXITlRE A .SPECIALTY. 


GEORGE GEHRI NG , 

Contractor in House and Sign Painting. Grain- 
ing and Paper Hanging Specialties. Send for 
estimates. 

New. Cor. Fourth St.. South Bethlehem, Pa. 


of Wade Hampton, a large quantity of 
cotton was burned, from which the city 
was speedily in flames. 

Charleston, S. €'., was evacuated 
February 18, 1865, and the city fired 
by the Confederates. When Sherman's 
troops marched in they aided the citi- 
zens to save the city from the flames. 
Two hundred persons were killed by 
the explosion of powder at the depot. 

inimiufjfon, N. C, was evacuated 
by the Confederates and occupied by 
General Schofield, February 22, 1S65. 

IHlson, Invoileil Alabama and 
Georgia in March, 1865, with a large 
cavalry force. He had captured five 
cities, 288 pieces of artillery, 6,820 pris- 
oners, losing but 725 men. 


This city did not fall when Farragut 
closed its harbor. It was yet defended 
by Forts Spanish and Blakely, com- 
manded bj' General Dick Taylor, who 
had marched from Louisiana with 15,000 
men to assist Gen. Maury in the defense. 
Gen. Canby, with 40,000 Union troops,' 
besieged them on the 27th of March, 
and had possession of them by the nth 
of April. 

3Ioiityotnery, Ala., the first capitol 
of the Southern Confederacy, surren- 
dered to General Wilson April 12, 1865. 

Colinnbifs, Ga., was seized by Gen. 
Wilson, April 16, 1S65. 

Shennan's Truce with Johnston, 
April 18, 1865.— Learning of Lee's sur- 
render, Johnston sent a note to his pur- 



THE REBELLION. 



157 



suer asking a truce. A paper was drawn 
up between them recognizing the gov- 
ernments of the Slates in rebellion and 
according them political privileges. It 
was rejected at Washington, and Sher- 
man was ordered to grant no terms but 
those granted to Lee. 

Macon, Go., Surrendered to Gen. 
Wilson, April 20, 1865. Wilson here re- 
ceived the first information of Lee's 
surrender from Howell Cobb. 

tToIiHston^s Surrender to Sherman 

took place April 26, 1865, upon the terms 

accorded to Lee. Wade Hampton, with 

with his cavalry, refused to surrender 

and withdrew. About 25,000 troops were 
here given up, and the surrender in- 
cluded all the soldiers in the seaboard 
States under Johnston's command. 
tTeJf'erfiou Darts Captured May 



II, 1S65, while fleeing to the Florida 
coast, near Irwinsville, Georgia, by two 
troops of cavalry under Lieutenant Col- 
onels Pritchard and Hardin. He was 
taken in female disguise. 

(reneral Kirhy Siitith surrendered 
to General Canby, May 26, 1865, the last 
regular army movement of the war. 

General liirlifwd Tai/lof surren- 
dered to General Canby at Citronville, 
Ala., May 4th, 1865, upon the terms 
granted to Lee. 

Last Battle of the War, at Pal- 
metto Ranche, Texas, May, 13, 1865, be- 
tween a Union force under Col. Barrett 
and Confederates under Colonel J. E. 
Slaughter. The last volley was fired by 
a colored regiment of United States 
troops. 



South Bethlehem, "Sz,.— Continued. 

C. W. RENNIG'S 

ew ^treet I Vestaurant, 

CHOICE WINES, ALES, LIQIORS and CKIARS, 
69 and 72 ^ew St., South JBethleheni, Pa. 

Contractor in Slate and Tin Hoofing, 

AND DEALER IN ROOFING MATERIALS. 

Send for Estimates. 

Agent for Dauiers Roofing Slate, Slate Yard, 

New Street Hill, South Betlileliem, Pa. 



Contractor in House and Sign Painting, Grain- 
ing, Glazing and Paper Hanging, Specialties. 

Third St., Bet. New and Vine, 

SOUTH BETHLEHEM, PA. 

ALLENTOWN, PA. 



Architects. 



L . S . J ACOBY , 

Civil Engineer and Architect, 

Plans, Estimates and Specifications furnished on 
application. General superintendence of construction 
given at moderate rates. 

Second National Bank Building, AUentown, Fa. 



NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS, ETC 
TJie Blockade of Southern ports 
was declared April 17, 1861, by a procla- 
mation from President Lincoln. 

SewelVs Boinf, May 20, 1861.— A 
Confederate battery at Sewell's Point, 
and 2,000 Virginia troops, fired upon the 
Potomac flotilla, consisting of four 
armed propellers and the flag-ship Thos. 
Freeborn. The battery was silenced 
and the Confederates retreated. On May 
29, after reducing this battery. Captain 
Ward, who commanded the flotilla, cap- 
tured two schooners with 50 Confeder- 
ate soldiers. 
Aquia Creeh\ — The Confederate 



., DURING THE REBELLION, 
batteries here were shelled May 31 and 
June I, 1861, by four gunboats com- 
manded by Captain Ward. 

A Goufedevate Battery at Pig 
Point was attacked by the Harriet Lane 
June 5, 1861, by order of General But- 
ler, who wished to ascertain its strength. 
Owing to shallow water he could not 
approach nearer than 1,800 yards, and 
could not reach the battery with her 
guns. She was struck twice by the long 
range guns of the Confederates, and 
had five men wounded. 

MattJiias Bohit, ]une 27th, 1861. — 
Captain Ward, with the Potomac flotilla, 



158 ADVERTISEMENTS. 



The Curative Power 

OF 

Electricity Demonstrated. 

THE TRENTON 

LOCATED AT 

No. 104 West State Street, Trenton, N. J. 



MRS. FROF. L, P. CRAMER, - PRINCIPAL 

(4ENTLFJIEN IN ATTENDANCE. 

JJfl Letten addreUed to thu Initltution will receiye promjit attention. 

KLKCTRICITY. 

-^I^^^ITS WONDERS AS A CURATIVE AGENT. =S=0 
A CARD TO THE LADIES. 

Prof. Louisa P. Cramer, a graduate from the Philadelphia College of Electro-Therapeutics, has opened 
in this city an institution for the scientific applic.ition of the various modifications of Electricity. This im- 
ponderable agent skillfully applied «i/M(?«^i/!ofA'J or other unpleasant sensations. Our system is unlike that 
practiced by any physician in the city. No lady sufferer, from any cause, should delay one hour. All kinds 
of Uterine Difficulties treated with success. Prolapsus, Weak Piack, Weak Kidneys, Weak Lungs, Leucorr- 
hoea, Rush of Blood to Head, Narrow Chest, Sciatica, Headaches, Neuralgia, Acute Pains of all kinds, Ner- 
vousntss. Nervous Poslration, and many other troubles which our space will not admit of mentioning. No 
charge for consultation Cures are generally rapid, painless and permanent. 

COMPETENT^ LADY OPER ATOR IN ATTEyPAXCE. 

VV^M A. RHINEHART, 

urkish J Hussli 



25 Pine Street, Bradford, Pa. 

T. D. GERROW, 

«4GR0CERIES RND PROYISIONS,)>» 

SECOND AVENUE, BEAVER FALLS, PA. 

V^ATSON & ROYS, 

FANCY AND STAPLE GROCERIES, 

^Llv IVINDS OR COUNTRY PRODUCE, 

2227" OecLa-r Street, :3ea--vsr :Falls, IPa,. 



NEW, LARGE AND ELEGANTLY KURNISHED. 

STRICTLY Flf^ST'CL/fSS /fT $2 PER D/ff. 

REFfcRENCE:-IT'S PAST REPUTATION. 

R. DENNIS, - - - - Proprietor. 

GOOD LIVERY IN CONNECTION. EIjTDIE^LEIXD, 1='^^ 



THE REBELLION. 



159 



reduced the Confederate battery at this 
point without loss; but while sighting a 
cannon he was mortally wounded from 
a shot fired from the shore. 

Siimffi: — This privateer ran the 
blockade at New Orleans, June 30, 1861, 
and preyed upon the United States mer- 
chantmenin the West Indies. Entering 
the port of Gibraltar, she was guarded 
by the United States gunboats Tuscarora 
and Kearsage. Her crew here aban 
doned her and escaped to Liverpool, 
where they joined the Alabama. 

Confederate Frivateer Savan- 
nah was captured June 3, 1861, by the 
Perry, off Charleston harbor. This was 
the first vessel bearing the Confederate 
flag that was captured. 


Confederate government had appointed 
Mason and Slidell (former United States 
Senators), as ambassadors to England. 
They ran the blockade, and at Havana 
sailed on the British mail steamer Trent 
for Europe. On November 8th, i86r, 
they were overtaken by the United 
States frigate San Jacinto, Capt. Wilkes 
commanding. The Trent was stopped 
and boarded, and the envoys were seized 
and carried to Boston and imprisoned. 
England demanded their release. Sec- 
retary Seward conceded that the arrest 
was in violation of the law of nations, 
and the ambassadors were liberated. 

Charleston Harbor liJochaded. 
December 20, 1861, the United States 
government loaded 25 condemned mer- 


Allento-wn, "Ss..— Continued. 


Boots and Shoes. 


Agricultural Implements. 

Beidler, Cbas., Manufacturer of Agri- 
cultural Implements, 226 E. Hamilton. 


P . H . STE LTZ , 

Dealer in 

BOOTS, SHOES AND RUBBERS, 

Ciistoni Work and KeiJairins Si)ecialties. 
116 N. SEVENTH ST., ALLENTOWN, PA. 

Brewers. 

Lieberman, ,Jos. vt Co., Cor. Sixth and 
Union Sts. 


BarlDers and News Depots. 
Reimer, Wm. , Hamilton, Cor. Seventh St. 


Boarding Houses. 


Brick Manufacturer. 


Mrs. SOLOMON B. YEAKEL, 

Private Boarding. Strictly tirst-clasB. Cen- 
trally Located. Good accommodations. Cliarges 
reasonable. 

■413 Hamilton Street, Allentown, Pa. 


EDWIN KIRCHLINE, 

Manufacturer of Common and Pressed Brick, 

Lchigli St., Soutli of ('it.v, Allentown, Pa. 


Pefrellte<apfKfe(l,]uly 28, 1861.— 
This vessel, which had been captured by 
the Confederates in December, i860, 
slipped out of Charleston harbor as a 
privateer. Sighting the St. Lawrence, 
she gave chase, supposing her to be a 
merchantman. The St. Lawrence pre- 
tended flight, but when the Petrel was 
near enough she discharged three shots 
and sunk her. Part of her crew were 
saved and taken prisoners. 

Pamlico Sound. — United States 
gunboat Monticello shelled a Confeder- 
ate force with great slaughter, October 
5, i86r, defeating their attempt to land 
in Pamlico Sound and attack a Union 
camp. 

Mason and Slidell Affair.— The 


chantmen with granite and sunk them at 
the entrance of Charleston harbor. The 
vessels either sunk in the sand, or were 
carried out to sea by strong currents, 
thus failing to accomplish the desired 
result. 

Mason and Slidell were released 
January 2, 1862, by order of the United 
States government, and sailed for Eu- 
rope to obtain aid for the Confederacy. 

Com. Foofe's Flotilla, consisting 
of 12 gunboats (7 of them ironclads), 
carrying 126 heavy guns, was fitted out 
at St. Louis January 31, 1862. 

Fort Henri/ Captaretl. — February 
6, 1862, Foote's fleet bombarded this 
fort, which was armed with 17 heavy 
guns and flanked by rifle pits. It was 



i6o 



THE REBELLION 



reduced in less than an hour and the 
garrison fled to Fort Donelson. 

EJizdhefh Citi/, February, 1862.— 
The Co-'lederate flotilla sailed up the 
Albemarle Sound, from Roanoke, where 
it was attacked by the United States 
fleet. After a fierce engagement of 30 
minutes all the Confederate vessels but 
one were burnt or captured. 

T/te Coiif/'fJerafe I* rirateei' l<!,a.sh- 
ville was destroyed, after a fierce con- 
flict with the Montauk, Captain Worden 
commanding, February 28, 1862. The 
Nashville was built in a Confederate port 
for the Confederates, and was famous for 
the number of American merchantmen 
she had destroyed. 

Merritnac and 3Ionitor. — The 



destroyed the entire United States fleet 
and had the Atlantic seaports at her 
mercy. 

Ftn't PiUotr, ]\Iay 10, 1862. — A naval 
engagement occurred here between part 
of Foote's flotilla and Com. Hollins' 
Confederate fleet of rams, aided by the 
fort. The Confederate fleet was driven 
back to the protection of the fort, and 
finally escaped down the river. 

Dvewt'tys Bluff Fiffht. — Com. John 
Rogers, with a fleet of five Federal 
vessels pursued Huger, who had com- 
manded Norfolk, vip the James river. 
He was stopped by a battery at Drew- | 
ry's Bluff", and, after ?. combat of three | 
hours, was compelled to withdraw, on 
the 15th of i\Iay, 1S62. Federal loss was ' 
27 and the Confederate 15, 



AUentown, Pa. — Continued. 



Broom Manufacturer. 



PRESTON LONG, 

Proprietor of the Allentowu Broom Works, 
jvlanufacturer of Plain and Fancy Brooms and 
Whisks. 

Kear of 616 Hamilton St., AUentown, Pa. 

Carriage Builders. 

J . L . SHUMAN , 

Manufacturer of 

mm[ AND SLEIGH WOOD-M, 

319 Union St., AUentown, Pa. 



WILLI AM WOL F , 

Mannfacturer and dealer in Carriages and Bug- 
gies, Coaches, Phaetons. Tiuck Wagons, Sleighs, 
Hand and Horse Hose Carriages, etc. Repairing 
ol all kinds done with neatness and dispatch. 

326 and 328 X. Seventli St., AUentown, Pa. 

Chair Manufacturers. 



BANKS & MATHIAS, 

WHOLESALE 

i^haiT Manufacturers, 

All Goods Warranted as Eepresented. 

All Orders Promptly Attended To. 

Court, Cor. Hall St., Alleutown. Pa. 



Confederates had raised the United 
States frigate INIerrimac, which w-as scut- 
tled and sunk in the Norfolk navy-yard, 
plated her with railroad iron, and fitted j 
an immense iron beak to her prow. — 
This done she attacked the Union fleet 
at Fortress Monroe and sunk the Cum- 
berland and Congress, on the qth of 
March, 1862. That night the Monitor, an 
iron-clad vessel with a single revolving 
tower, containing two ii-inchguns(an in- 
vention of Capt. John Errickson), sailed 
into Hampton Roads. When the Merri- 
mac reappeared in the morning she was 
assailed by this "Cheese Box," and after 
five hours severe conflict, was compelled 
to return to Norfolk badly damaged. 
But for this the Merrimac might have 



Fdi'vagut Attempts to Hun the 

Port Hudson batteries, March 13, 1863. 
Farragut's fleet, consisting of 4 frigates, 
5 gunboats and 6 mortars, attempted to 
move silently up the Mississippi river 
one very dark night. They were seen, 
and, by the light of a bonfire, were 
under heavy fire for an hour and a half, 
when they retired, leaving the frigate 
Mississippi in flames. 

TJie Ha in Atlanta was captured, 
June 17, 1S63, by the Monitor Weehaw- 
ken. Com. John Rogers, commander, ofT 
South Carolina. 

Alabama Dest)'oijefJ by the Kear- 
sage, June 14, 1864. This formidable 
British built Confederate privateer, 
Semmes, commander, was caught in 



THE REBELLION. 



[6l 



Cherbourg harbor, France, and being 
ordered to leave port, was sunk by the 
United States war vessel Kearsage, Cap- 
tain Winslow, after an hour's contest. 

Mobile BIocKatJcd, Aug. 5, 1864.— 
This harbor was defended by Forts 
Gaines and Morgan, a fleet, the iron-clad 
ram Tennessee, and sunken torpedoes. 
Admiral Farragut's squadron undertook 
its capture. Passing the forts after an 
hour's severe fighting, the fleet engaged 
the Confederates. In order to direct 
the movements of his vessels. Admiral 
Farragut had mounted to the maintop of 
the Hartford and lashed himself to the 


rigging. After a desperate conflict the 
fleet and the forts surrendered. 

Privateer Florida Captured Oct. 
7, 1864, in the Port of Bahia, S. A., by 
the United States steamer Wachusett, 
Capt. Collins. She was taken to Hamp- 
ton Roads, where she was sunk. 

TJie lilochade of Southern Ports 
ended June 23d, 1S55, by proclamation 
of President Johnson. 

Privateer Shenandoah delivered 
up at Liverpool, June 28, 1865. She was 
built in Scotland and manned by Eng- 
lishmen. She destroyed thirty vessels 
worth 11,354,958. 


AUentown, "Bz..— Continued. Cutlery Manufacturer. 


Cigars and Tobacco. 

J ACOB H . FINK, 

Manufacturer of Pure Havana and Domestic Cigars, 
Standard Brands of Tobacco and Smokers Supplies. 


F RANK K E PP L E R , 

Mamifactnrer of Ueneral Cutlery aud Polisher. 
Razors concaved, Lawn Mowers and Clipper 
Sharpening a Specialty. 

11 South Sixth Street, AUentown, Pa. 


Contractors and Builders. 


244 Lehigh St., AUentown, Pa. 


ls/£ J nVE-A-Xl^WEIjIj 


Cigar Box Manufacturer. 


Contractor and Builder. Plans, Estimates and 
Specifications furnished on application. 

Shop and Office, Court St., Sesidence 133 S. Fifth St. 


JOHN M. STEVENS, 


]\Ianufacturer of Cigar Boxes and Dealer in latest 
Improved Cigar Box Machinery. Cigar makers 
Supplies constantlj' on hand. 

16 and 18 S. Church St., AUentown, Pa. 


MONROE NEWHARD, 
Contractor in Flag Stone Work, 

Curbing a Specialty. Estimatesr furnished on 
application. 

fiorfloii, Cor. Kintli St., AUentown, Pa. 


MISCELLANEOUS ITEM 
Ariiif/ Medical Department. — 

From May, 1861, until the final muster- 
ing out of the service, 5,825,000 soldiers 
were treated in field and hospital. Of 
these 166,623 were fatal. 

Disbandiuij United States Arnitj 
began June 2d, 1865. It took several 
months, as there were 1,034,064 volun- 
teers upon the rolls. The total enlist- 
ments during the war was 2,678,967. — 
The Confederates had about 2,000,000. 
The entire loss of both armies was about 
600,000 killed and 400,000 disabled and 
crippled. 

United States Navy had 7,600 

men at the beginning of the war and 

51,500 at its close. Government had 
built 208 war vessels and bought 418. 
C. Vanderbilt gave the United States 
a steamer worth $1,000,000. The navy 
captured 1,504 blockade runners. 


S OF THE REBELLION. 

United States Paij Department. 

The disbursements during the war were 
$1,100,000,000. Losses from defalcations 
and accidents less than jgi, 000, 000. Ex- 
pense of paying the army |6, 000,000, or 
less than |^ of i per cent. 

Confederate Flag.— The first cap- 
tured during the war was taken from 
Alexandria, Va. May 23, 1861. 

Col. E. E. Ellsworth, May 24, 1861, 
was shot by Jackson, proprietor of the 
Marshall House, Alexandria, Va., while 
hauling down the Confederate flag from 
that hotel. Jackson was shot dead on 
the spot by Frank E. Brownell, one of 
Ellsworth's companions. 

''Contrabands." — This famous 
phraze originated with General Butler 
May 24, 1861. Three negroes escaped 
from the Confederates and came into the 



l62 



THE REBELLION. 



Union lines at Fortress Monroe. Butler 
pronounced them "contrabands of war. " 

JldUecJ^'s niundfi-.—^ov. i8, iS6i, 
Gen. Halleck succeeded Gen. Hunter 
in Missouri. Thousands of refugees 
flocked into the Union lines. As the 
Confederates obtained early informa- 
tion of the movements of the Union 
armies, General Halleck, by proclama- 
tion, on November 29th, forbade fugi- 
tive slaves to enter the lines upon the 
ground' that they were the offenders. 
This proclamation was speedily counter- 
manded. 

Bell Metal Caunon.— March. 8th, 
1862, artillery had become .so scarce in 
the Confedercy that General Beauregard 
appealed to the people to donate bells 



first cartel was signed July 22, 1S62, but 
it was a source of much contention 
throughout the war. 

" OiKilier" Giiiiboaf. — In March, 
1863, the Confederates had captured the 
" Indianola," a powerful iron-clad of 
Porter's fleet ; also the Union ram 
"Queen of the West." The former 
was disabled and her captors were re- 
pairing her. Com. Porter rigged up an 
old flat-boat in resemblance of a ram, 
and set up pork barrels on' her deck to 
imitate smoke-stacks. This "Quaker" 
was started at night past the Vicksburg 
batteries, from which it received a heavy 
fire. As it did not respond it was 
thought to be some new formidable 
Federal monster, and at its approach 



AUentOwn, Pa, — Contractors a}id Builders 
Co7itinued. 



JAMES NAGLE, 
CONTRACTOR and BUILDER 

111 Brick and Mason AVork, 

Estimates furuished on Application. 

538 N. Ninth St., Allentown, Pa. 

LEWIS L.SHELDON, 

Carpenter, Contractor and Builder, 

Plans, Estimates and Specifications furnished on 
application. 

915 Turner St., Allentown, Pa. 

Press and Cloak Makers. 

MRS. MAUD LONGNECKER^ 
Dress ^ Cloak IVIaker, 

Is still at Her Old Residence. 

Plain and Fancy Sewing at reasonalile Kate: , 

/O.T S. SfVinth St., AHfufoirii, I'a. 



Dye Works. 



WM. H. HECHT, Proprietor 

Ladies Dresses, Sacques, &c., Dyed without 
Kipping. Cotton, Woolen and Worsted Yarns, 
Gloves and Feathers a Specialty. 
134 N. Seventh St., Allentown, Pa. 



Fire Brick Manufacturer. 

JOSEFH IDO'\A7-]Sri]SrC3-, 

Manufacturer Fire and Stove Linings and Fire 
Bricks of all descriptions. 

Ollice. Hamilton. Cov. Third Sts.. 
ALLENTOWN, PA. 



and iron. The result was that churches, 
public institutions, plantations and fami- 
lies responded with such liberality as 
nearly to strip the country of iron and 
brass. 

Butler's Famous "Woman Order," 
May 15, 1862. — The women of New Or- 
leans insulted Union officers and soldiers 
grossly and without provocation, until 
to stop it General Butler in an order de- 
claied that " any female who shall, by 
word, gesture or movement, insult or 
show contempt for any officer or soldier 
of the United States shall be regarded 
and held liable to be treated as a woman 
of the town plying her vocation." This 
order was efTectual. 

Exchange of Prisoners. — The 



the " Queen of the West " fled, and the 
Indianola was blown to fragments to 
prevent her recapture.. 

Veteran. Beserve €or2)s was or- 
ganized April 28, 1863, for light garrison 
and hospital duty, by soldiers who, from 
wounds and disease, were incapable of 
active service. Over 60,000 men entered 
this corps. 

Andersonville. — November 27, 1863, 
Captain Winder established a military 
prison at this point, which became noto- 
rious in the annals of suffering under 
the management of Henry Wirz. It 
was enclosed by a strong stockade sur- 
rounded by a line of earthworks. The 
famous "dead line" was about 19 feet 
inside the stockade. If prisoners: crossed 



THE REBELLION. 



163 



it they were shot. 49,485 Union prison- 
ers were registered here, of whom 12,- 
462 died and 328 escaped. Aug. 9, 1864, 
33,006 were in the pen 

Peace Contniissioners at Niagara. 
In July, 1864, Horace Greely met some 
Confederate envoys on the Canada side 
of Niagara Falls, to propose terms of 
peace, but as Mr. Lincoln would listen 
to no terms involving the independence 
of the South, and as Mr. Davis insisted 
upon that, the attempt came to naught. 



Amnesty/ Proclamcftio}i issued by 
President Johnson, May 29, 1865, offered 
full pardon to all engaged in the late 
rebellion, with fourteen exceptions. 

Aleocatider H. Stevens and other 
Confederate prisoners were released on 
parole from Fort Warren, Boston, Oct. 
II, 1865. 

War Ended.— April 2, 1866, Presi- 
dent Johnson, by proclamation, an- 
nounced the close of the war. 



Allentown, "^z,.— Continued. 



Grroceries and Provisions. 



Dealer in Groceries, Vegetables, Teas, Coffees, 
Spices, Confectionerj'. Butter and Eggs Specialties. 

•H S. Kif/lifli St.. .tflt'iitown, Pfi. 

Horse Shoers. 

J". J". SOU-A-XDT, 

Practical and Fancy Horse Shoer, 

Any difficulty in the movenicut of your Uorse, 
whicia may be "remedied by shoeing will be treated 
in a scientiflc manner. Quarter cracked feet can be 
healed and satisfaction given. 

Church St., Allentown, Pa. 



Hotels. 



FIRST WARD HOTEL, 

JOSEPH REX, - - - - Proprietor. 

Centrally Located. Good Accommodations. 

146 E. Haiuilton St., Allentown, Pa. 

MERCHANTS' HOTEL, 

JSoff. V« to 30 y. Seventh St., AUeiitoirti, I'd. 

.JOS. S. LEVAX, - Proprietor. 

J. F. NEWHAEL, Clerk. 

Accoramoditions First-Class. Location Central. 

Large Sample Kooms for Commercial Men. 



UNION AND CONFEDERATE OFFICERS. 



George B. McCIellan, May 14th, 
1861, appointed Major General of the 
Ohio River Volunteers, including those 
from West Virginia, 

BenJ. F. Butler, May 16, 1861, ap- 
pointed Major General of the Depart- 
ment of East Virginia, with headquar- 
ters at Fortress Monroe. 

fJoseph E. fJohiiKOii was appointed 
to command the Confederate troops at 
Harper's Ferry, May 23, 1861. 

Major General Patterson was 

superceded in the command of the Army 
of the Shenandoah on the 19th of July, 
1861, by General N. P. Banks. 

General George B. 3IcClellau was 

appointed to command the Army of the 
Potomac July 22, 1861, in place of Gen. 
McDowell. Rosecrans succeeded Mc- 
Clellan in West Virginia. General Lee 
took Garnett's place in the Confederate 



army. General Garnett was killed at 
the battle of Carrick's Ford. 

General Fremont was superseded 
in his command November 2, 1861, by 
General Hunter. 

Generffl Beauregard was ordered 
to the command of the Confederate 
army in the West, January 27, 1862. 

Biiell was relieved October 30, 1862, 
for his unsatisfactory conduct of the cam- 
paign, and General Rosecrans appointed 
to the command of what was now called 
the "Army of the Cumberland." 

General McClellan superseded by 
Burnside, November 5, 1S62, because of 
his failure to destroy Lee's army. Burn- 
side planned to act against Richmond, 
making Acquia Creek his base of sup- 
plies. 

Batler Sti2)erseded by Banks Nov. 
I 9, 1862. Butler's administration of the 



164 



THE REBELLION. 



government of New Orleans was marked 
with great ability and he left the city in 
a better condition than had ever been 
known before. 

Iinnisi<7<' SiiperfiefJpfJ by Hooker 
in command of the army on the Rappa-i 
hannock, January 26, 1863. 

General Hunter Superseded in 
command of the Department of the 
South by General Gilmore, June i, 1863. 



Militarif Aff'<rirs in the West. — 

October 16, 1863, General Grant was ap- 
pointed commander of the consolidated 
armies of the Ohio, Cumberland and 
Tennessee. Sherman was appointed to 
the Tennessee army and Thomas to 
succeed Rosecrans. 

liohert E. Lee was made General of 
all the Confederate armies February i, 
1S65. 



Allentown, '^z..— Hotels Contmued. 



Machinists. 



PENNSYLVANIA HOTEL, 

mTTXKlt it HAKTMAN, I'lopiii'tors. 

SEVENTH, COR. LINDEN ST., 

ALLENTOWN, PA. 

Boarding ty the Day or Week. Stabling for 150 Horses. 



Marble Works. 



ROMIG MARBLE ^ GRANITE WORKS. 

IVIKS. EI^IZA AA'EISS, Proprietress. 

JACOB U. BOMIO, Manager. 
NINTH, COR. LINDEN ST., ALLENTOWN, PA. 



GEO. L. KNAUSS & CO. 

MACHINISTS, 

Manufacturers and Repairers of Light Machinery, 
Screw Cutting. Foot Lathes, Models, Tower Clocks, 
Knitting Machines, Lrintini; Presses, Engines, 
Ventilating Fans, Show Windows, Racks, Brackets, 
Sewing Machines, &c, 

H itufl 10 S. eiiiiirli St.. Alhtifoirn, Pa. 

CHARLES SPANGLE, 
Manufacturing Machinist, 

BRASS AND IRON FOUNDER, 

Cor. Third and AValiuit Sts., Allcutowii, Pa. 

jNlachinery .Manufactured. ^Models made to Order. 

General Repairing a Specialty. Castings of every 

Description made. Small Stationery Engines, 

Mining and Hoisting Machinery made. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



Seeession Ordmanee of Mississippi 
was repealed August 22, 1865, by a Con- 
stitutional Convention, which also de- 
clared slavery abolished. 

Alahamafhy a Constitutional Con- 
vention held September 10, 1865, nulli- 
fied her secession ordinance, repudiated 
her Confederate war debt and declared 
slavery abolished. 

South Carolina held a Constitu- 
tional Convention September 13, 1865, 
which nullified her ordinance of seces- 
sion and declared slavery abolished. 

Xorth Carolina held a Constitu- 
tional Convention October 2, 1865, which 
nullified her ordinance of secession, de- 
clared slavery abolished and repudiated 
her State war debt. 

Georf/ia held a Constitutional Con- 
vention October 25, 1S65, which nullified 
her ordmanee of secession, repudiated 
its State war debt, and declared slavery 
abolished. 

Florida held a Constitutional Con- 
vention and nullified her ordinance of 
secession, October 28, 1865. 

Te.ras held a Constitutional Conven- 
tion February 10, 1866, which nullified 



its ordinance of secession, repudiated its 
State war debt, and declared slavery 
abolished. 

Tennessee was readmitted to the 
Union, and her Senators and Represen- 
tatives admitted to Congress, July 23rd, 
1866. 

Virginia was readmitted into the 
Union January 26, 1870. 

Mississippi was readmitted into the 
Union February 17, 1870. 

Te.r(ts readmitted to the Union March 
29, 1870. 

Te.sf-Oath aboli.shed by House of 
Representatives February i, 1871. 

Aninesti/ Debate in the United 
States House of Representatives oc- 
curred in January, 1876. creating great 
e.xcitement. It was proposed to remove 
all political disabilities from citizens of 
the South except Jeft~erson Davis, 

Paehard Gorernwent in Louisi- 
ana was recognized January 14, 1877, 
over the rival Nichols government. — 
Each had been inaugurated January 8. 

United States Troops entirely 
withdrawn from the South in 1877. 



ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



165 



ARMY AND NAVY OF 

Was/iiiif/toii took command of the 
army July 3, 1775, under a lar5j;e elm 
standing on Cambridge Common, Mass. 
It numbered less than 14,000 men. Mili- 
tarj^ supplies, especially powder, were 
scarce, and discipline was almost un- 
known. Washington at once introduced 
the latter. 

CoHf/ress <killed upon the States, 
February 5, 1780, to fill up their quotas 
so as to make an army of 35,000, which 
did not then exceed 10,000 men. 

Uniform Militia Si/sfcni for the 
United States was adopted by Congress 
May 8, 1792, which has, with slight vari- 
ations, continued until now. 

United Stt/fes A<fr//. — The Alger- 



THE UNITED STATES. 
Washington's request Alexander Ham- 
ilton was made Major General. 

Provisional Arimj Disbanded, 
May 10, 1800, by order of Congress, be- 
cause of the favorable reception o*" our 
envoys by France. 

West J*oint United States Military 
Academy founed March 16, 1802. 

ff'ar of the Kpaalettes. — In 1839 
the medical corps of the United States 
army protested against wearing an aigui- 
lette instead of an epaulette upon the 
shoulder. Considerable excitement fol- 
lowed, which was ended by the triumph 
of the epaulettes. 

Matin if ill tite f". S. Navy.— In 
1842 Captain Alexander S. Mackenzie, 



Allentown, ^^.— Continued. 

Photographers. 

THE WERTZ GALLERY, 

GALLERY OF 

Prtistic Photography, 

Largest Photographic Establishment 

IN THE LEHIGH VALLEY. 

F. E. COURTNEY, - - Manager. 

No. 546 Hamilton St., Allentown, Pa. 



Printers. 
Rice, Harry S., 16 S. Church St. 
Potters. 



Allentown Pottery ani Terra Cotta Works. 

CHAS. BACH, Proprietor. 

Manufacturer of Flower Pots, Hauyiu^' liaskcfs. 
Lawn Urns, Vaaes, Chimney Tops and Oniamental 
liriek work. 

Ponn St., bet. Fouith and Fifth Sts., near Gordon St., 

ALLKNTOWN, I'A. 



Restaurants. 



WM . C . GE RMAN , 

Restaurant and Oyster Depot in every variety. 
At the old popular place. Give me a call. 

30 South .Sixth Street, Allentown, Fa. 



iiie troubles caused Congress, March 27, 
1794, to authorize the building of six 
frigates of 32 guns each. 

War Measures in 17in. — Con- 
gress arranged to raise 80,000 militia 
and a small navy, but forbid privateer- 
ing under heavy penalties. 

Nav>/ Dejtartment created by Con- 
gress April 30, 1798, and Benjamin Stod- 
dert, of Maryland, appointed Secretary. 

Provisional Artntj, — Congress, on 
May 28, 1798, authorized the President to 
enlist 10, ceo men for three years. 

Coin Ilia nder-in -Chief. — General 
Washington was nominated Lieutenant 
General of all the United States armies 
by the President July 2, 1798, and unani- 
mously confirmed by Congress. At 



hanged Philip H. Spencer, son of the 
Secretary of War, and two others of 
his crew for mutiny. A naval court of 
inquiry justified his act. 

Nav<ff School at Annapolis, Md., 
was opened October 10, 1845, under di- 
rection of Hon. George Bancroft, Secre- 
tary of the Navy. 

Ar^ny Itatioits. — The orignal sol- 
dier's ration was one pound of beef or 
three-quarters of a pound of pork, one 
pound of bread or flour, one half gill of 
spirits or its value, and at the rate of 
one quart salt, two (juarts vinegar, two 
pounds soap and one pound candles to 
every one hundred rations. In 1832 four 
pounds of coffee and eight pounds of 
sugar to every 100 rations was substi- 



1 66 



ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UrtlTED STATES. 



tilted for the liquor. August 3, 1S61, it 
was increased one and one-half pounds 
of bread or flour, or one pound of hard 
bread, fresh beef as often as may be 
possible in place of salt beef; beans, rice 
and liominj- twice a week, one pound of 
potatoes three times a week; tea to be 
substituted for coffee if desired, and 
other food to be provided for to some 
extent. This ration being found too large 
was afterward diminished, but the army 
was well fed through the war 

Grand Arm if of the rotomacwas 

fully organized, equipped and disciplined 
and in July, 1S61, numbered 125,000. It 
was increased by the following March to 
220,000. 


enlist negroes for camp duty, construct- 
ing intrenchments, or any other service 
for which they were found competent. 
In 1S64 they were unconditionally en- 
listed as troops. The whole number in 
service was one hundred and eighty-six 
thousand and seventeen. 

Armu of Virifinia was organized 
July 20, 1S62, for the defense of Wash- 
ington. It consisted of 50,000 efliicient, 
troops under Major Generals Sigel, Mc- 
Dowell and Banks. When readv for 
action General Pope asked McCel'an to 
co-operate with him, but he refused, 
whereupon Pope recommended that a 
General-in-Chief be appointed superior 
to both. General Halleck received this 




Allentown. T&.—Cofififu/ed. 


Tailors. (Merchant and Practical .) 




Slaters and Roofers. 

GEORGE ABLE, 

PRACTICAL SLATER, 

Estimates of Work Furnished on Application. 
•.".'<> yorth Triitli Stnrt, AlhiittHiii . I'a. 


NATHAN HEFFNER &, SON, 

MERCHAXX TAILORS, 

Custom Work and Cutting Specialties. 

;?1T Itidsie Koi»<l, VUontown, Pa. 

Wheelrights. 
Miller, A(l:im B., Union, Cor. Third Sts. 




TRENTON, N. J. 




Herzog, G. 

GEORGE NEUMILLER, 

And Dealer in Slaters Supplies, 
9'i9 TVKXKK ST.. ALLENTOAVX. PA. 




Barbers. 




A. J . LE I NS , 

sn.^^"^ ±isrc3- s.^A^i_jOo:]Nr. 

And Dealor in 
FINE CIGARS A> O TOHACCOS, 

■"i.")? E. Penv St.. Tioutoii. N. .1. 
Niedermeier, Casper, 33 Cliuton St. 




Irou-CUul steam Hams were first 
. constructed for the United States service 
' upon the Mississippi by James B. Eads, 
of St. Louis, Mo., in 1S61. 

Armtj of the Potomae, at Harri- 
son's Landing, July S, 1S62, was visited 
by President Lincoln. McClellan re- 
ported his strength at 50,000 after the 
battle of Malvern Hills, with only 9,000 
present and fit for duty. Thus had a 
splendid army of 160,000 been reduced 
by the disastrous peninsula campaign. 
A council decided to transfer the army 
to Washington. 

Colored Troops.— ]\\\y 17th, 1S62, 
Congress authorized the President to 


appointment. He ordered McClellan to 
transfer his army to Acquia Creek. 

Lieutentmt General Grant. — This 
office had expired with Washington. On 
March 4, 1S63, Congress created it again, 
and conferred it upon Grant, who was 
thereby placed in command of all the 
United States armies, numbering Soo,- 
000 men. The Confederates numbered 
400,000. 

General of the Armies of the Uni- 
ted States was the title created and con- 
ferred upon U. S. Grant, July 25, 1S66. — 
General W. T. Sherman was promoted 
to be Lieutenant General in Grant's 
place. 





PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



167 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



Ffrst Tresidfiit. — George Washing- 
ton was unanimously elected first Presi- 
dent of the United States in February, 
1789, and John Adams was chosen Vice- 
President. They were inaugurated on 
April 30th, 1789, in Federal Hall, New 
York City. 

The Second Presidential Cam- 
jKfif/H. in 1792, resulted in the reelec- 
tion of George Washington as Presi- 
dent and John Adams as Vice-President. 
The anti-Federalists supported George 
Clinton, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron 
Burr for Vice-President. Washington 
and Adams were inaugurated March 4, 
1793, each for a second term. 

Til i yd rrmidenfial Campaiffn, 



ists. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, and 
Aaron Burr, of New York, received a 
similar Democrat-Republican nomina- 
tion. The two latter received 73 votes 
apiece, but, being equal in number, it de- 
volved upon the House of Representa- 
tives to choose which should be Presi- 
dent. Adams had 65, Pinckney 64 and 
Jay I vote. Feb. 17, iSoi, on the 36th 
ballot, the House of Representatives 
elected Thomas Jefferson President and 
Aaron Burr Vice-President. They were 
inaugurated March 4, 1801. 

Fifth Fresidenfial Cf(ni2)f(iffn. — 
In 1804 Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, 
and George Clinton, of New York, were 
the candidates of the Democrat-Repub- 



Trenton, N. J. — Continued 

Boarding. 
Gray, James S., 133 E. Front St. 

Boots and Shoes. 



F E NTON B ATTYE , 
FASHIONAIJLK 

37 Market Street, Trenton, N. J. 
'V^nVE. JOHUNTSOTsT, 

Dealer in TOBACCO AND CIGARS, 

282 Clinton St., Trenton, N. .1. 



Blacksmiths. 



G . E . HOOPE R . 

Blacksmith ^ Tool Manufacturer^ 

COR. CALHOUN ANT) HANOVER STS.. 
TRENTON, N. J. 



Caterers . 
Closson, F. S., 130 Ogden St. 

243 Allen Street, Trenton, N. J. 
McKenney, Simon P., 140 W. State St. 



JTfPG. — The Federalists supported John 
Adams, of Massachusetts, for President, 
and Thomas Pinckney, of Maryland, for 
Vice-President. The Democrat-Repub- 
licans supported Thomas Jefferson, of 
Virginia, and Aaron Burr, of New York. 
Of the electoral votes John Adams had 
71, Thomas Pinckney 59, Thomas Jeffer- 
son 68, Aaron Burr, 30. According 
to the Constitution, John Adams was 
elected President and Thomas Jefferson 
Vice-President. They were inaugurated 
March 4, 1797. 

Fourth Pi'esideutal Cani2>fii(/n. 
The fourth occurred in iSoo. John Ad- 
ams, of Massachusetts, and C. C. Pinck- 
ney, of South Carolina, were nominated 
by a Congressional caucus of Federal 



licans, and C. C. Pinckney, of South 
Carolina, and Rufus King, of New York, 
of the Federalists. The former received 
162, and the latter 14 electoral votes. 
Thos. Jefferson as President, and George 
Clinton, as Vice-President, were inaug- 
urated March 4, 1805. 

Si.rth rresidential Cftnijxiiffn 
was in 1808. James Madison, of Virgi- 
nia, and George Clinton, of New York, 
were the successful candidates of the 
Democrat-Republicans, and C. C. Pinck- 
ney, of South Carolina, and Rufus King, 
of New York, were supported by the 
Federalists. Madison received 122 and 
Chnton 113 electoral votes. Pinckney 
and King received 47 votes. The in- 
auguration of James Madison, of Virgi- 



i68 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



nia, and Rufus King, of New York, as 
President and Vice-President of the 
United States took place March 4, 1S09. 
Madison wore a snit of American broad- 
clotli on the occasion. 

JS<-rf'iif/i l*ri'si(l<'iitiiil Campaiqu 
— First PoHtical Convention. — In INIay, 
1S12, at a Congressional caucus, James 
Madison was renominated for President, 
and Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, 
for Vice-President, by the Democrat-Re- 
publicans. A political convention, in 
which eleven States were represented, 
the first ever held in the United States, 
assembled in New York and nominated, 
as opposition candidates, De Witt Clin- 
ton, of New York, and Jared Ingersoll, 
of Ponnsvlvania. for President and Vice- 



Vice-President were inaugurated March 
4, 1S17. 
yhifh T*resf(IriifioI Cffmjuiiijn 

in 1S20. — IMonroe and Tompkins were 
re-elected with but slight opposition. 
Out of 235 electoral votes Monroe re- 
ceived 231. Three electors had died 
and one voted for John Q, Adams. The 
inauguration of James ]\Ionroe, of Vir- 
ginia, as President, and Daniel D. Tomp- 
kins, of New York, as Vice-President, 
occurred March 4, 1S21. 

Trnt/t rrrshleiitial Cfnnpaitpi. — 
In 1S24 four candidates were in the field: 
John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, 
William H. Crawford of Georgia, Henry 
Clay of Kentucky, and Andrew Jackson 
of Tennessee. Neither candidate re- 



Trenton, N. ^.— Caterers Continued. 

Catrrrr, 

340 Montgomery St., Trenton, N- J. 

Clothing . 
Brown, Israel, 440 Broad St. 

J OHN H . WA LTON . 

Fine Custom Made Clothing, 

CLEANING AND REPAIRING, 
31-^ Nortli AVillow Street, Trenton, N. J. 



Cigars and Totacco. 

S. M. CLAYTON, 

Boots and Shoes Repaired and DIade lo Order, 

And Tealer in Choice OICAKS AND TOBACCO, 

16 Bank St., Trenton, N. J^ 

Crippen, J. B., 26 W. Hanover St. 
~ nT D E C K el N I C K^ 

Oigar Ji'IariUja-ciurer, 

147 SECOND ST., TRENTON, N. J. 
C. C. DECKELNICK. 

CIGAR MANUFACTURER, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
156 Xorth AViUow .Street, Trenton, X. J. 



President. INIadison received 12S, Gerry 
I 131, Clinton 89, and Ingersoll S6 electo- 
ral votes. James Madison, of Virginia, 
as President, and Elbridge Gerry, of 
Massachusetts, as Vice-President, were 
inaugurated March 4, 1S13. 

FJijhth T'rcshJcnfi'af C<nnpaicfn. 

IS Id, — In Congressional caucus the 
Democrat-Republicans nominated James 
Monroe, of Virginia, for President, and 
Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, for 
Vice-President. The Federalists nomi- 
nated Rulus King, of New York, and 
John E. Howard. Monroe and Tomp- 
kins received 1S3 electoral votes. King 
34 and Howard 22. James Monroe as 
President and James D. Tompkins as 



ceived a majority of the electoral vote, 
hence the election devolved upon the 
House of Representatives, by whom 
John Ouincy Adams was elected Presi- 
dent and John C. Calhoun Vice-Presi- 
dent. The popular vote stood as fol- 
lows; Andrew Jackson, 155,872; John 
O. Adams, 105.321; Henry Clay, 46,587; 
William H. Crawford, 44,282. The in- 
auguration of John Ouincy Adams of 
Massachusetts as President, and John C. 
Calhomi of South Carolina as Vice- 
President, occurred ]March 4, 1825. 

Eh'fcntU J*r<'sitfeiifi<il CdiupaUj}) 
in 1S2S, resulted in the election of An- 
drew Jackson of Tennessee and John C. 
Calhoun of South Carolina. They were 
the candidates of the Democrats, as they 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



169 



now called themselves. Their oppo- 
nents, the National Republicans, sup- 
ported John Quincy Adams of Massa- 
chusetts, and Richard Rush of Pennsyl- 
vania. General Jackson received 178 
and Calhoun 171 electoral votes; Adams 
and Rush 83 votes each. The popular 
vote was 647,231 for Jackson and 509,097 
for Adams. The inauguration of Andrew 
Jackson of Tennessee as President, and 
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina as 
Vice-President of the United States oc- 
curred March 4, 1829. 

Political National Convention. 
The second in the country (the first was 
in 1812), was held at Philadelphia in Sep- 
tember, 1830, by the Anti-Masons.— 
Ninety-six delegates were present. The 



Martin Van Buren of New York for Vice- 
President of the United States. They 
made no nomination for President be- 
cause Jackson was the unanimous choice 
of the party for re-election. 

Twelfth rresidential Campaign, 
1832.— Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, 
and Martin Van Buren of New York, 
were the Democratic candidates, except 
in South Carolina, where they supported 
John Floyd of Virginia, and Henry Lee 
of Massachusetts. The National Re- 
publicans supported Henry Clay of Ken- 
tucky and John Sergeant of Pennsylva- 
nia. The Anti-Masons supported Wil- 
liam Wirt of Maryland and Amos Ell- 
maker of Pennsylvania. Jackson had 
219 electoral votes. Van Buren 189. 



Trenton, IT. J. — Cigars and Tobacco Con. 
CHARLES EMMONS, 

DEAl.EH IN 

IMPORTED CIGARS AND TOBACCOS. 

Also a Fine Line of Confectionery, 
540 Clintoia St-, Trenton, N- J, 

Fisher, John E., 34 Spring St. 
Hanauer, Frederick, Tobacco and Cigars, 
337 N. Warren St. 

WILLIAM MUGGINS, 

Dealer in 
FINE CIGARS & TOBACCOS, 

Pottery Sponges a Specialty, 
350 Clinton Aveinie, Trenton, N. J. 

Lehmann, M. J., 29 Barnes St. 



MRS. A. E. LEVY, 

MAX! i'A( J I liKii or riSK eiGAltS. 

And Dealer in TOBACCO, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 

147 East State Street, Trenton, N. J. 

J. M. MARTI NO, 

DEALf^K IN 

118 S. Gree ne St., Trento n, N. J. 
Mars, John, 615 South Warren St. 

f7 p- mors e , 

157 Hamilton Ave., Chanibersburg:, N. J. 

Dealer in Tobacco aud Cisars, Mauufacturer ol' 
the Plantation Cigar, Post Office, Trenton, N. J. 

Niedermeier, Casper, 33 Clinton Ave. 
Rowley, C. B., 309 Broad St. 



presiding officer was Francis Granger 
of New York. It adjourned to hold 
another the following year to nominate 
Presidential candidates. 

National Anti-3Iasonir Conven- 
tion was held in Baltimore, Md., in 1831. 
It nominated William Wirt of Maryland 
for President, and Amos Ellmaker of 
Pennsylvania for Vice-President of the 
United States. 

National Heiynhlicana assembled 
in convention at Baltimore December 
12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay of 
Kentucky for President, and John Ser- 
geant of Pennsylvania for Vice-President 
of the United States. 

Democratic CoHt'f?itf/ou assembled 
at Baltimore in May, 1832, and nominated 



Their popular vote was 687,502. Clay 
and Sergeant had 49 electoral and 530,- 
189 popular votes. Floyd and Lee had 
II electoral votes, Wirt and Ellmaker 
had 7, and their combined popular vote 
was 33,108. The inauguration of An- 
drew Jackson of Tennessee as Presi- 
dent, and Martin Van Buren of New 
York as Vice-President of the United 
States, occurred March 4, 1833. 

Detnocratic National Convention 
was held at Baltimore Md., in ]May, 1835, 
which nominated Martin Van Buren for 
President, and Richard M. Johnson of 
Kentucky for Vice-President. The two- 
thirds rule was first adopted m this con- 
vention. 

Thirteenth Presidential campaign 



170 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



occurred in 1836. The Democratic can- 
didates were Martin Van Buren of New 
York and Richard M. Johnson of Ken- 
tucky. The National RepubHcans, now 
known as Whigs, siii^ported General 
William H. Harrison of Ohio, and Fran- 
cis Granger of New York. The result 
gave Van Buren 170 electoral votes, 
Johnson 147, and a popular vote of 761,- 
549. General Harrison had 73 electoral 
votes and Granger had 77. The popular 
Whig vote was 736,656. The inaugura- 
tion of Martin Van Buren as President, 
and Richard M. Johnson as Vice Presi- 
dent, occurred March 4, 1S37. 

Libert !/ raitij Comention was 
held at Warsaw, New York, November 
13, 1S39, by the Abolitionists, who nomi- 




Martin Van Buren and R. M. Johnson 
were the Democratic, and James G. 
Birney and Francis J. Lemoyne were the 
"Liberty" party, or Abolition candi- 
dates. This was known as the "log 
cabin and hard cider" campaign. Gen. 
Harrison had 294 and John Tyler 234 
electoral votes, and a popular vote of 
1,275,015. Van Buren had 60 and John- 
son 48 electoral and 1,128,702 popular 
votes. The "Liberty" party cast a 
popular vote of 7,059. General William 
Henry Harrison of Ohio, and John Tyler 
of Virginia, were inaugurated as Presi- 
dent and Vice-President of the United 
States March 4, 1841. 

Fi-esideiifial Inauguvattou of 
John Tyler. — William Henry Harrison, 




Trenton, N. J. — Cigars and Tobacco Con. 


DEALER IN 

^|.6R0GERIE3. KLeaP, FEED.> 

830 Clinton Street, Chambersburg-, N. J. 

STAR COAL AND WOOD CO., 

N. B. YARD, Sole Owner. 

Office and Yard. 331 Southard, Corner East Carroll Street. 
TPlEIsTTOlXr, KT. J. 




DEALER IN 

Chjurs, Toharro, Conffrfioitcri/, 

AND ICE CREAM MANUF-U'TUKER, 
255 Willow Street, Trenton N. J. 




Coal and Wood. 




Darrah, Alfred, 5 Thomas St. 
Derry, A. C, 35 Market St. 
Gasaway, S., 318 North Willow St. 




Coopers. 




COOPER AND TANK BUILDER, 

And Dealer in Coal and Wood, 
Perry Street, Near Stockton, Trenton, N. J. 

All kiuds of Casks ,<md B.arrels boimht and sold. 

Cook, Geortje, 913 Broad St. 
\ Reister, Fred. 133 and 137 Jefferson St. 




D . S . HUL L F I SH . 

Doaloi- in 

326 Pei-ry Street. Trenton, N. J. 




nated James G. Birney of New York for 
President, and Francis J. Leymoyne of 
Pennsylvania for Vice-President. 

iVhhj Xational Conrenfion. — The 
1 first was held December 4, 1S39, at Har- 
risburg, Penna., and nominated General 
William Henry Harrison of Ohio as 
President, and John Tyler of Virginia as 
Vice-President. 

DenHnrtitir Xafional Convention 
' at Baltimore, held May 5, 1840, nomi- 
' nated Martin Van Buren for President, 
' but made no nomination for Vice Presi- 
dent. 

Fouvtecvth Pvesiih'ntinJ Catu- 
j}(u'(/n.—ln 1840 General William Henry 
Harrison of Ohio, and John Tyler of 
Virginia, were the Whig candidates, 


President of the United States, died on 
April 4, 1841, and John Tyler, Vice- 
President, was inaugurated President on 
April 6, 1841. 

Whiij Convention met at Baltimore 
on May ist, 1844, and nominated Henry 
Clay of Kentucky for President, and 
Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, 
for Vice-President. 

Democratic Convention met at 
Baltimore on May 27, 1844, and nomi- 
nated James K. Polk of Tennessee for 
President, and George M. Dallas of 
Pennsylvania for Vice-President. 

Fifteenth Vresidentiat Campaign. 
In 1S44 James K. Polk and George M. 
Dallas, the Democratic candidates for 
President and Vice-President, received 





PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



171 



170 electoral and 1,337,243 popular votes. 
Clay and Frelinghuj'sen received 105 
electoral and 1,299,068 popular votes. 
Birney and Morris, supported by the 
Liberty party, received 62,300 votes. 
The inauguration of James K. Polk of 
Tennessee as President, and George M. 
Dallas as Vice-President of the United 
States, occurred March 4, 1S45. 

Deniocrafir National Conreii- 
tfoii met at Baltimore May 22, 1848, and 
nominated Lewis Cass for President and 
William O. Butler for Vice-President. 
This convention split into two sections, 
the "Barnburners," or free-soil Demo- 
crats, who opposed the extension of 
slavery, and the "Hunkers," who wished 
to let slavery alone, 't'he former finally 
withdrew from the party. 


Butler, 1,220,544 popular, 127 electoral; 
Van Buren and Adams, 291,263 popular, 
and no electoral votes. The inaugura- 
tion of Zachary Taylor of Louisiana as 
President, and Millard Fillmore of New 
York as Vice-President of the United 
States, occurred Rlarch 4, 1849. 

Jlilhii'd F'ilUnove was inaugurated 
President of the United States July 10, 
1S50; vice, President Taylor, who died 
July 9, 1S50. 
~^ iTeniocratic Convention met at 
Baltimore June i, 1852, and nominated 
Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire for 
President, anlTWilliam R. King of Ala- > 
bama for Vice-President. 

Vh iff Convention met June 16, 1852, 
and nominated General Winfield Scott 


Trenton, N. J. — ConHnued. 
Compressed Yeast. 
Fleischmann & Co., 19 S. Warren St. 


Dry Goods, Notions, Etc. 
Baker, Wm. & Son, 25 E. State St. 

WA LTER FIRTH, 

Dealer in 

DRY GOODS and GROCERIES, 

Cor. Clinton Ave. and East St., Trentcn, N. J. 


Confectionery, Fruits, Etc. 

H AML ET POOL E , 


Confectioner and Tobacconist, 

100 Clinton St., Chambersburg, N. J. 


Dressed Beef. 
TRENTON BEEF CO., 

WHOLES 4LE DEALERS IN 

^wiJt's 6Iiicaga iDrEssefl l^EEf, 

Kinggold St., Near Phila. & Beading K. E. Station, 


J OHN W . JAEGER, 

Dealer iu 

Confectioner^^, Kmits, 

CIGARS AND TOBACCOS, 
353 Jiast Perry St., Trenton, N. J. 


Electric College. 
Cramer, Mrs. Prof. L. P., 104 W. State. 


Wright, W. , 341 Fair St. 


Whiff National Convention met 

at Philadelphia July 7, 1848, and nomi- 
nated General Zachary Taylor of Louisi- 
ana for President, and Millard Fillmore 
of New York for Vice-President. 

Sijcteenth Presitlential Campaign. 
In 1848 Lewis Cass of Michigan, and 
William 0. Butler of Kentucky, were 
the nominees of the Democrats for Pres- 
ident and Vice-president. The Whigs 
supported General Zachary Taylor of 
Louisiana, and Millard Fillmore of New 
York. The candidates of the Free- 
Soilers were Martin Van Buren of New 
York, and Charles Francis Adams of 
Massachusetts. The votes were as fol- 
lows, viz.: Taylor and Fillmore, 1,360,- 
loi popular and 163 electoral; Cass and 


of Virginia for President, and William 
A. Graham of North Carolina for Vice- 
President. This was the last Whig con- 
vention. 

Free-Soil Parti/. August 11, 1852, 
nominated John P. Hale of New Hamp- 
shire for President, and Geo. W. Julian 
of Indiana for Vice-President. It de- 
nounced slavery as a "sin against God 
and a crime against man." 

Seventeenth Presidential Cam- 
paign. — In 1852 the campaign occurred 
with the following result, viz. : Pierce 
and King, Democrats, had 1,601,474 
popular and 254 electoral votes; Scott 
and Graham, Whigs, had 1,386,578 popu- 
lar and 42 electoral votes; Hale and 
Julian, Free-Soilers, had 156,149 popular 



172 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS ANP' CONVENTIONS. 



votes. The right of secession had been 
discussed in several Southern conven- 
tions this year. The inauguration of 
Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire as 
President of the United States took 
place March 4, 1S53. William R. King 
was in Cuba, and was sworn in as Vice- 
President March 24 by United States 
Consul Sharkey. 

Htjniblh-ati Coiireution met at 
Philadelphia June 17, 1S56, and nomi- 
nated John C. Fremont of California as 
President, and William L. Dayton, of 
New Jersey, as Vice-President. It de- 
clared in favor of internal improvements, 
the right to prohibit slavery- and polyga- 
my in the Territories, and of admitting 
Kansas as a free State. 



anan and Breckinridge had 1.838,169 
popular and 174 electoral votes; Fre- 
mont and Dayton had 1,341,264 popular 
and 114 electoral votes; Fillmore and 
Donelson had 874,534 popular and 8 
electoral votes. The latter carried the 
State of Maryland. The inauguration 
of James Buchanan as President, and 
John C. Breckinridge as \ice-President 
of the United States, took place March 
4, 1S57. 

HepitbJican Coiireiifion met at 
Chicago May 16, 1S60, and nominated 
Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for Presi- 
dent, and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine 
for Vice-President. 

CoustitiitioiKil Z'nion Parti/, at 
its convention in Baltimore ^lay 19 i860, 



Trenton, N. J. — Continued. 
Fnrnitnre. 



l^-FURNITURE SOLD ON INSTALLMENTS. 



Groceries and Provisions. 

JOHN H. GILBERT, 
Dealer in 

4<i6 Montgomery St.. Treuton, X. J. 



Mathews. S. H.. 243 Allen St. 



I . L . R E YNO L DS . 

Groceries,^ F*roN'ision& 

381 Clinton Ave., Trenton, N. J. 

Hatters. 

Staiger, Chas.. 7 X. Warren St., Masonic 
Temple. 

Hotels. 

BiiOoosBUP.y Rouse. 

S7j FAIR ST.. TREXTOX. X.J. 

FINEST BRANDS OF WINES, 
LIOrOKS and CIGARS. 

TIM. FURLONG. - - - Proprietor. 



Kiiou'-Xothing Concent ion met 

February- 22, 1856, and nominated Mil- 
lard Fillmore of New York for Presi- 
dent, and Andrew J. Donelson of Ten- 
nessee for Vice-President. This party 
was a secret organization, opposed to 
foreigners, and favored a naturalization 
only at'ter 21 years residence. This was 
the only campaign in which the party 
presented candidates for President and 
Vice-President. 

Democratic Conctntion met at 
Cincinnati June 2, 1S56, and nominated 
James Buchanan of Pennsylvania for 
President, and John C. Breckinridge of 
Kentucky for Vice-President. 

Kiyhteenth Presidential Ca.mpa.\gj\ 
of 1S56 resulted as follows, viz. : Buch- 



nominated John Bell of Tennessee for 
President, and Edward Everett of Mas- 
sachusetts as Vice-President. 

Democratic Xational Convention 
held at Charleston, S. C, April 23, 1S60, 
split upon the doctrine of "popular sov- 
ereignty." The delegates from several 
slave States seceded and adjourned to 
meet at Richmond, Va.; the Northern 
delegates adjourned to meet at Balti- 
more, Md. The latter held their con- 
vention at Baltimore, June iS, 1S60, and 
nominated for President Stephen A. 
Douglas of Illinois, and for Vice-Presi- 
dent Hershel V. Johnson of Georgia. 
The Democratic seceders met in conven- 
tion at Baltimore, June 28, i860, and 
nominated John C. Breckinridge of Ken- 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



173 



tucky for President, and Joseph Lane of 
Oregon for Vice-President. 

XiiK'tt'enfJi Presidential Campaign, 
Nov. 6th, 1S60.— As the resnlt of this 
election Abraham Lincohi and Hannibal 
Hamlin were the successfnl candidates, 
receiving iSo electoral votes and a pop- 
ular vote of 1,866,352; Breckinridge and 
Lane 72 electoral and 845,763 popular 
votes; Bell and Everett 39 electoral and 
589,581 popular votes, and Douglas and 
Johnson 12 electoral and 1,375,157 popu- 
lar votes. Lincoln and Hamlin carried 
all the Northern States except New Jer- 
sey, which cast three electorals for Lin- 
coln and four for Douglas. The inaugu- 
ration of Abraham Lincoln as President, 
and Hannibal Hamlin as Vice-President 


tion of Lincoln and Johnson, who re- 
ceived 2,216,067 popular and 212 elec- 
toral votes; McClellan and Pendleton 
had 1,808,725 popular and 21 electoral 
votes. Eleven States in the Confederacy 
had Si electoral votes, which would not 
have changed the result if they had all 
been cast for the defeated candidates. 
Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as 
President, and Andrew Johnson as Vice- 
President of the United States, March 4, 
1S65. 

Andreir tToJntson was sworn in as 
President of the United States April 15, 
1865, by Chief Justice Chase, vice. Presi- 
dent Lincoln, who was assassinated on 
April 14, 1865. 

Hepuhtivdn National Convention. 


Trenton, N. Z.— Hotels Continued. 

DICKINSON HOUSE, 


Importers of Cloaks. 
Baker Wm. & Son, 25 E, State St. 


p. C. KILLMURRAY, - - Proprietor. 
Millham, Trenton, N. J. 

xHonvE^ft^s ivd:"urii.rjE:isr's 
Perry St. House, 

No. 510 PERRY ST., TRENTON, N. J. 

Choice Wines, Liunors, 

Ales, Porter, Lager Beer and Cigars. 


Jeweler. 

WORKING JEWELER, &c., 

Ta the Trads. 

REPAIRS NEATLY EXECUTED. 

169 West Hanover Street, Trenton, N. J. 


Laces, White Goods, Etc. 
CO TO ELDRIDCE'S, 

No. 18 East State Street. Trenton, N. J 

For Laces, Ilamburgs, White Goods, Ladies' 
aud Childiens Muslin Underclothing, and Gent's 
Fiuulshing Goods. 


H. B. rAUL. E. K. ALE. 

PAUL & ALE, Proprietors 

S'T^ft.TE STI^EEX HOTJSE, 

Cor. State aud Chantcry sts.. Trenton. X. ,1. 1 
Street Cars Pass the Hotel to aud from the Depot. 


of the United States, took place at Wash- 
ington, D. C, RIarch 4, 1S61, notwith- 
standing fears of violence. 

BepuhUcau National Convention, 
held at Baltimore June 7th, 1S64, nomi- 
nated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for 
President, and Andrew Johnson of Ten- 
nessee for Vice-President. It took a de- 
cided stand and opposed any compro- 
mise upon the question of the rebellion. 

Deuiorrafic National Convention 
met at Chicago August 29th, 1864, and 
nominated George B. McClellan of New 
Jersey for President, and George H. 
Pendleton of Ohio for Vice-President of 
the United States. 

Twentieth Presidential Campaign, 
November S, 1S64, resulted in the elec- 


met at Chicago, 111., May 20, 1S6S, and 
nominated U. S. Grant of Illinois for 
President, and Schuyler Colfax of Indi- 
ana for Vice-President of the United 
States. 

Deniocrfttir National Convention 
met at New York, July 4, 186S, and nomi- 
nated Horatio Seymour of New York 
for President, and Francis P. Blair of 
Missouri as Vice-President of the Uni- 
ted States. 

Twentjf-Jirfit Presidential Campaign. 
November 3, 186S, General Grant and 
Schuyler Colfax, the Republican nomi- 
nees, were elected President and Vice- 
President of the United States. They 
received 214 electoral and 3,015,071 pop- 
ular votes; Seymour and Blair received 



174 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



80 electoral and 2,709,613 popular votes. 
Nine of the electoral votes cast for the 
latter candidates were from the State of 
Georgia. U. b. Grant was inaugurated 
President, and Schujler Colfax Vice- 
President of the United States March 4, 
1S69. 

Liberal Hepuhlican Convention. — 
Horace Greely of New York and B. Gratz 
Brown oi Missouri, were nominated May 
1, 1S72, for President and Vice-President 
of the United States by the "Liberal Re- 
publicans," in convention at Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

yatioiiffl Deuiorraffc Convention 
was held at Baltimore July 9th, 1S72, and 
adopted the candidates and platform of 
|- ^he Liberal Republicans. 


Ohio for President, and William A. 
Wheeler, of New York for Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

Xafionaf Greenback Convention 
met at Indianapolis, Ind., May 17, 1876, 
and nominated Peter Cooper of New 
York for President, and Samuel F. Carey 
of Ohio for Vice-President of the United 
States. 

Demoe vatic Natiotial Convention 
met at St. Louis, Mo., June 27, 1876, and 
nominated Samuel J. Tilden of New 
York for President, and Thomas A. Hen- 
dricks of Indiana for Vice-President of 
the United States. 

Tirrnti/third Presidential Cam- 
paign, November 7, 1S76.— The votes 
were as follows, viz. : Tilden and Hend- 


1 


Trenton, N. J. — Continued. 


MRS. S. WILLIS, 

12 E. State St., Trenton, N. J. 


: 


Laundries. 




•_'05 !uul 207 Greene St.. Trentnu, X. J. 

Manufacturer Ladies and Misses Shoes. 1 
Vausant, Isaiah, 211 N. Warren St. 




Music Dealer. 
Ruhlman, John S., 36 E. State St. 




Odorless Escavator. 
Johnson, Henry, 330 E. Allen St. 




Millinery , Etc. 


Photographers. 




]m%. JENNIE Nl^0N, 

l-te aud U8 Broad St.. Trenton. N. .1. 


J. E. NORTH. 
lnstcnitaiiECus 5^l]atcgraijl]Ei|, 

ji Centre Street^ Trenton, N. J. 


■ 


yational lieptiblicnn Convention 
met at Philadelphia June 5, 1S72, and 
nominated U. S. Grant for President, 
and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts for 
Vice-President of the United States. 

Ttreuti/secoml Presidential Cam- 
paign, November 5, 1S72, resulted in the 
election of Grant and Wilson, Repub- 
licans. They received 2S6 electoral and 
3'597.o7o popular votes. The Demo- 
crats and Liberals received 47 electoral 
and ?, 834,079 popular votes. U. S. Grant 
and Henry Wilson were inaugurated 
President and Vice-President of the 
United States ^Larch 4, 1S73. 

IlepnblU'au Xtition<fl Convention 
met at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 14, 1S76, 
and nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of 

< 


ricks, Democrats, received 1S4 electoral 
and 4, 284,885 popular votes. Hayes and 
Wheeler, Republicans, received 166 elec- 
toral votes. Peter Cooper, Greenback, 
81,740 popular votes, and Green Clay 
Smith, Prohibitionist, 9,522. Louisiana, 
Florida and South Carolina were in 
doubt. If the electoral vote of any one 
of the doubtful States should be given 
to Tilden and Ht ndricks it would elect 
them, but if all of the doubtful States 
should be given to the Republicans 
Hayes and Wheeler would have 185 
electoral votes, and would be elected 
President and Vice-President. 

Elector<(l Com mission Bill. — To 
settle the dispute of the doubtful States, 
and to avoid all further controversy, 





PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND CONVENTIONS. 



175; 



Congress passed a bill January 29, 1877, 
which was signed by the President, en- 
titled the " Electoral Commission Bill." 
It provided that in the case where dou- 
ble returns were made by several States 
they should be referred to a commission 
composed of five Senators, five Con- 
gressmen and five Justices of the Su- 
preme Court. The Senate vote on the 
bill was yeas 47, nays 17. The House 
vote was yeas 191, nays 96. January 30, 
1877, Senators Edmunds, Morton, Fre- 
linghuysen, Thurman and Bayard, and 
Represesentatives Payne, Hunter, Ab- 
bott, Garfield and Hoar were elected 
members. January 31, 1877, Chief Jus- 
tices Clifford, Miller, Field, Strong and 
Bradley were also chosen to serve on 



New York for Vice-President. A strong 
effort was made to nominate Gen. Grant 
for a third term, over 300 delegates vot- 
ing solidly for him 36 times. 

Gi'f'ciihark {'onrfiiffon met at 
Chicago, 111., June 11, 1S80, and nomi- 
nated General J. B. Weaver of Iowa for 
President, and B. J. Chambers of Texas 
for Vice-President of the United States. 
The same party held a convention in 
St. Louis March 5, iSSo, and nominated 
Stephen B. Dillaye of New Hampshire 
for President, and B. J. Chambers of 
Texas for Vice-President. 

Democratic Xdtional Convention 
met at Cincinnati, O., June 24, 1S80, and 
nominated Winfield S. Hancock of New 
York for President, and William H. 



Trenton, N. J. — Continued. 



Plumbers. 
Kafer, Geo. W., 14 S. Warren St. 

Proprietary Medicines. 



DR. EDWARD THOMPSON, 

Dealer iu all kinds of Herbs, Barks and Roots, 
aud Manufacturer of Popular Bitters and Cele- 
brated Liniments. 

49 "West Hanover Street, Trenton, N. J. 



Hestaurants. 

Crusen, Mrs. J. D., 619 S. Warren St. 

Continental Restaurant and Lodging 
House, T. .1. West, Prop'r, 6 S. War- 
ren St. 



Shooting Gallery. 



J AME S S . MA RT I N , 

IIFLE INiB PISTOL GILLEIY. 

LONGEST RANGE IN TRENTON, 
500 Ferry Street, Trenton, N. J. 

Tailors , (Merchant and Practical.) 
CAULLET & DOOLING, 

MERCHANT TAILORS, 
Perfect Fit Guaranteed, 

10 W. State St., Masonic Hall, Trenton, .\. J. 

Roe, .J. D. & Son, 43 and 45 E. State St. 



this Commission. It gave the votes of 
the doubtful States, by a vote of 8 to 7 — 
'Judge Bradley voting with the Republi- 
cans— to Hayes and Wheeler, and on 
March 2, 1877, they were declared elected 
President and Vice-President of the 
United States. President Hayes and 
Vice-President Wheeler were inaugu- 
rated March 5, 1877, as the 4th occurred 
on Sunday. Hayes' title to the office 
was pronounced irrevocable by Mr. Bur- 
chard's (of Illinois) bill, which passed 
the House of Representatives June 14, 
1878, by a vote of 215 to 21. 

National Republican Convention 
met at Chicago June 8, 1880, and nomi- 
nated James A. Garfield of Ohio for 
President, and Chester A. Arthur of 



English of Indiana for Vice-President of 
the United States. 

Indepentlent Labor Parti/ met 
in Convention at Sharon, Penna., July 
29, 1880, and nominated Garfield and 
Arthur as their presidential ticket. 

Twenty -fourth Presidential Cam- 
paign ended November 2, 1880. Gar- 
field and Arthur, the Republican candi- 
dates were elected, receiving 214 elec- 
toral and 4,449,053 popular votes; Han- 
cock and English, 155 electoral and 
4,442,035 popular votes; Weaver and 
Chambers received 307,306 popular votes 
and no electoral votes. The inaugura- 
tion of President Garfield and Vice- 
President Arthur took place March 4th, 
1881. 



176 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



25 TO 50 PER CENT. SAVED. 



WILLIAM T. TOTTEN, 

PATENT MEDICINE DEALER, 

672 North Tenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 



I^?"'Sen<l for our Price Lift of tlioiitJaiuls of I'nteiit Ak'dicines, 
Soaps, 'roilct Waters, Perfumeries, Akohol, Syringes, Sponges, 
Chamois, Oatmeal, Glyceriue, C^ulnine, (Quinine Pills, Plasters, 
Liniments, ifcc, &i-. 

Totteit"» Kxpeetoraiit for Couglis and Colds— per hot. 40c 
Jnyiie'N '• " " " " " 65c 

Ayer's Sarsaparilla " ()9c 

Totieu'!* " lOOdosos •' i)9c 

Kiinkel*st Bitter Wine of Iron — for Dyspepsia '• G5c 

Totten's " " " " " " 40c 

Totieii'N Beef, Wine and Iron pint bottle, 49c 

Hop Bitters per bottle, tiOc 

'I'oi ten's Hop Tonic " 49c 

Bro¥rii*s Iron Bitters '' (i9c 

Tot ten's Iron Compoiind .. " 59c 

Tolten's Pure Norwegian Cod Liver Oil pint bottle, 49c 

Pond's Extract of Witch Hazel li ounce bottle, :i5c 



Totten's 

Pond's 

Totten's 

Pond's 

Totten's 



8 

...16 
. . . It) 
...32 
...32 



15c 
tiSc 
30c 
$1.40 
40c 



Totten's Aqua Ammonia, 30° Strength pint bottles, 12c 

Tolten's '' '• '• " quart bottles, 30c 

Tolten's Imported Bay Rum pint bottle, 50c 

SelieneU's .Mandrake Pills 15c 

Tolten's " " 10c 

Jrtyne's Sanative " He 

'I'otten's Liver " 10c 

Do you Notice the Difference in Prices? 

SEHNTID FOPl OXJIi I^IilCE LISXS. 

II mil i>li I'fff'.s IloinvD/Hitli ir Sin'rifirs, 



25c size 15c. 

50c " 30c. 

$1.00 •' tlOc. 



$3.00 size $1.25 

.""■.OO '• .-i.Vo 



Stationery, Baking Powders, Gelatine, Lye, Beef Extracts, 
Spices, Dyes, Insect Powders, etc., &c. Scud for our Price Lists 
of thousands of Patent ^ledicines, &c., &c., and 



DUELS BETWEEN NOTED PERSONS. 



177 



Clirster A. Artfiur was sworn in as 
President of the United States Septem- 
ber 20, 18S1, vice, President Garfield, wlio 
was assassinated by Charles Guiteau on 
July 2, and died at Elberon, New Jersey, 
September 19, 1881. 

ItepnbUeaii Xiitional Convention 
met at Chicago, 111., June 3, 1S84, and 
nominated James G. Blaine of Maine for 
President, and John A. Logan of Illinois 
for Vice-President. 

Denioci'atic National Convention 
met at Chicago, 111., July 8, 1884, and 
nominated Grover Cleveland of New 
York' for President, and Thos. A. Hen- 
dricks of Indiana for Vice-President. 

The Prohibitionists, or Temper- 
ance party, nominated John P. St. John 
of Kansas for President, and William 
Daniel of Maryland for Vice-President. 

The Greenlmrh, or Labor party, 
supported Benjamin F. Butler of Massa- 



chusetts for President, and A. M. West 
for Vice-President. 

Ttveutu-iifth Presidential Cam- 
paign. — The election took place Novem- 
ber 4, 1884. and the Democrats succeeded 
in electing Grover Cleveland, President, 
and Thomas A. Hendricks, Vice-Presi- 
dent. This was the first success of the 
Democrats in twenty-four years, Buch- 
anan being the last President elected by 
them. Cleveland and Hendricks secured 
aigelectoral and 4,911,017 popular votes; 
Blaine and Logan received 182 electoral 
and 4,848.334 popular votes; St. John 
and Daniel received 151,809 popular and 
no electoral vote; Butler and West re- 
ceived 133,825 popular and no electoral 

vote. Belva A. Lockwood, a female 
Equal Rights candidate, received twelve 
votes in Texas. The inauguration of 
Grover Cleveland President, and Thos. 
A. Hendricks, Vice-President, occurred 
on March 4, 1S85. 



Rices & COMPANY, 703 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa 

Business and Financial Brokers. — Special Agents for the sale of Business Stands, 
and Manufacturing Corporation Stocks. The negotiation of Partnership, procural of 
Special Capital for legitimate enterprises and the organization of Joint Stock 
Companies were established in August, 1872. Business transacted in any part of the 
United States or Europe. 

PRESS COMMENTS. 

"In connection therewith, has grown up an extensive system of business, the chief 
representatives of which in this city are Messrs. Riggs & Co. These gentlemen have 
been engaged since 1873, in the sale of the Stock, good will and fixtures of business 
houses, in the negotiation of partnerships, and in obtaining of capital for legitimate 
enterprises, as well as the organizing of joint-stock Companies. Messrs. Riggs & Co. 
have elaborated a most comprehensive and efficient system. ' "— A^. } '. il/ercaii tile Review. 

"Messrs. Riggs & Co. have provided the business community of Philadelphia with 
an institution that has long been needed. They are thoroughly reliable, and are wannlj' 
endorsed by many of our leading business men, and by their wide connections and 
great experience are enabled to secure to their clients advantages impossible to be 
fovmd elsewhere." — Sunday Times. 



DUEL.S BETWEEN 
Duel in Neiv lHnf/land. — ^June 18, 
1621, Edward Doty and Edward Leister, 
servants of Mr Hopkins, fought upon a 
challenge of single combat with sword 
and dagger. One was wounded in the 
hand, the other in the thigh. The pun- 
ishment adjudged by the whole company 
was that "they should lie with head and 
feet tied together for 24 hours, without 
meat and drink." They were released 
at the end of an hour upon their own 
and their masters' request and promise 
of better carriage." 



NOTED PERSONS. 

Duel on Bo.ston Commons. — In 

1728 a duel was fought on Boston Com- 
mons between two young men named 
Woodbridge and Phillips. They met 
alone in the night and used short swords 
in the fight. Woodbridge was killed, 
and Phillips fled to France to escape the 
penalties of the law. 

Button, Gtvinnett, of Georgia, a 
signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, and General Lackland Mcintosh, 
a Revolutionary officer, fought a duel 
with pistols at a distance of twelve feet, 



178 



DUELS BETWEEN NOTED PERSONS. 



May 27, 1777. Gwinnett was killed and 
Mcintosh was wounded. The quarrel 
grew out of a rivalry for a brigadier 
generalship. 

(ii'Hcrd/s Codtralfadrr and Con- 
way fought a duel July 4, 1778. It grew 
out of the opposition of Conway to 
Washington. Conway was wounded, and 
thinking he was going to die, wrote a 
penitent letter to "Washington for his 
dishonorable attacks upon his character. 

Major (ivncral Charles Ja-c and 
Colonel John Laurens, an aid of Wash- 
ington, fought a duel in 1778. Laurens 
challenged Lee on account of slander- 
ous remarks made by him concerning 
Washington, defending his conduct at 
Monmouth in courtmartialing Lee. The 



punishment, at the discretion of a court- 
martial." The practice of dueling had 
become at this time so frequent in the 
army that it demanded legal measures 
for its suppression, and the erroneous 
impression of honor made it impossible 
for one to decline a challenge without 
socially ruining his character. 

Henry Clay and Humphrey Mar- 
shall fought a duel in 1808. Both were 
wounded. They were both members of 
the Kentucky Legislature at the time. 

Gen. Andreir tiffchsou and Senator 
Thomas H. Benton fought a duel in 1813. 

Oen.Arinfsfe(((f T. .l/ason. United 
States Senator from Virginia, and John 
M. McCarty fought a duel near Wash- 
ington, D. C. in 1819. The former was 
killed and the latter wounded. 



Trenton, N. J. — Tailors Continued. 



JAMES SMYTH, 

liERCHANT JAILOR, 

154 North G-reene Street, 

TRENTON, N- J- 

Walker, A. J., N. W. Cor. Broad and 
Factory Sts. 

Tea and Coffee. 

Great Imperial Tea Co , Corbett & Hayes, 
Proprietors, 10(5 Broad St. 



Veterinary Surgeon. 
Stull, Dr. John, Cor. State and Chancery. 

Wines and Liquors. 

CHARLES GROPP, 

'^h\2,. liii|uoi] anil ticigErBpEi] 
s ^^ Ij o o nsr , 

No. 308 Biidsro Street, Trenton, N. J. 



LIBERTY HOUSE, 

JAS. BLACK, Prop'r. 

dl^mt^ Miti^St Jiinnm-s unit (ligars, 

("or. ("I'litrc ami Fcirv Sts.. Trenton. N- .1. 
I O HM LT^(^Ht]R 

ilNmOUOR I UG[R OEEB SULOON 

336 N. Greene St., Trenton, N. J. 



atlair terminated in the wounding of 
Lee. 

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron 
Burr, then Vice-President of the United 
States, fought a duel at Weehawken, N. 
J., July II, 1804. Hamilton fired into the 
air and was mortally wounded by Burr. 
The challenge was given by Burr because 
of Hamilton's successful opposition to 
Burr's political aspirations. 

Conyression(fl Action Against Du- 
eling. — In 1806 Congress passed a law 
"that no officer or soldier should send a 
challenge to another officer or soldier to 
fight a duel, or accept a challenge if 
sent, upon pain, if a commissioned offi- 
cer, of being cashiered; if a non-com- 
missioned officer of suflTering corporeal 



Lieut, l^'rancis Ji. ll'liite, of the 

Marine Corps, and Lieut. William B. 
Finch, of the United States Navy, fought 
a duel on an island in Boston harbor in 
1819. The former was killed, and Finch 
afterward assumed the name of Bolton. 

Stephen Deeatnr, Jr.. and Com- 
modore James Barron fought a duel at 
Bladensburg, Md., March 22, 1820. De 
catur was killed and Barron wounded. 
The latter was commander of the Chesa- 
peake who surrendered to the Leopard 
in 1S07. The duel grew out of a discus- 
sion of that affair. Decatur was a brave 
naval officer, and celebrated for his gal- 
lant conduct in the Mediterranean agamst 
the Algerine pirates. 

Dueling Treated as Murder in 



DUELS BETWEEN NOTED PERSONS. 



179 



Illinois.— In 1820 William Bennett was 
hung for killing Aipiionso Stewart, at 
Belleville, St. Clair County, 111., in a 
duel. This fatal case made dueling for- 
ever discreditable in Illinois. It is the 
only case where a man has been hung in 
this country for killing another in a duel. 
Georgt' T. Wot more and George F. 
Street, attorneys at law, fouglit a duel 
in New Brunswick in 1S21. They had a 
difficulty in court. Wetmore was killed 
and Street was tried for murder and ac- 
quitted. 

irotn-fi r/r-///. of Kentucky, Secretary 
of State, find John Kiindolph, United 



account of being near-sighted. Their 
pistols overlapped one another when the 
duelists were in position. The quarrel 
grew out of politics. Both were killed. 

(Jouffi'f'ssinen, fTonathan CUley, 

of Maine, and William J. Graves, of 
Kentucky, fought a duel near Washing- 
ton, I). C, February 24th, 1838. The 
former was killed at the third fire. The 
trouble originated in a cjuarrel with Jas. 
Watson Webb, who was determined 
upon the death of Cilley, 

Tivrlhuf iti, the District of Colum- 
J3ia.— In 1839 Congress passed a law pro- 



Trenton, N. J. — Wines and Liquors Con. 

MRS. R. SEVERS, 

5^- Pennington Ave., Trenton, N. J. 
Wcstenburgcr, John, 32 S. Warren Rt. 

BURLINGTON, N. J. 



Dealer in and Mamifactiircr of 



H 



S3 Kast Broad Street, Burlington, N. J. 



HARNESS MANUFACTURER, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 
EAST UNION STRKET, I'.URI.INdl'ON, N. J. 
RKl'AIKING A SPKCIAI^TY. 

Bishop, Wm. R., Seeds, Fertilizers, etc.. 
Foot of Hit^h St. 

C. P. BREWIN, 

MKRCHANT TAILOR, 

-'2!» lliuli Street, Kiirliiifrtoii. N. .1. 
A I'ERFFCT FIT GUARANTEED OR NO PAY. 



Burlington Thread Co. 

ISAAC W. BUCK, 

STO¥ES. MMTEBS, HIMCES. 

TIN ROOFINa AND SPOUTINa, 

ir, K. Hi-diHl St., Hiirliiiiildii, N..I. 



States Senator from Virginia, fought a 
duel April 8th, 1826, near Little Fails 
Bridge, on the Potomac. The duel grew 
out of a speech made in the Senate, in 
which Randoli:ili used insulting language 
in referring to Mr. Clay. The latter de- 
manded satisfiiction, and on being re- 
fused, challenged Randolph. The par- 
ties met and exchanged fire without any 
effect, and on the second call Clay fired 
again without hitting Randolph, wlio 
then fired in the air. As neither were 
hurt a reconciliation took place. 

Thoma.s BhliUe and Spencer Pettis 
fought a duel in Missouri in 1831. Pis- 
tols were used at a distance of five feet, 
which was chosen by Mr. Biddle on 



hil)iting the giving or accepting a chal- 
lenge within the District of Columbia. 

United States Senator David C. 
Broderick and Judge D. S. Terry, both 
of California, fought a duel September 
21, 1859. Broderick was killed. The 
cause was Broderick's outspoken anti- 
slavery sentiments. Terry was upon the 
Democratic list of electors in 1880, and 
was tile only one not elected, owing to 
the remembrance of that duel. 

A Duel Between Ex-Speaker Carter 
of the Louisiana Legislature, and Chief 
of Police Badger of New Orleans, with 
rifles, occurred February 15th, 1872, at 
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Nobody 
hurt. 



i8o 



PIRATES AND PIRACIES. 



PIRATES AND PIRACIES. 



Ifarami. Cuba, was destroyed in 
1554 by French buccaneers. Santiago 
had been compelled to pay a ransom of 
|So,ooo for its safety but a short time 
before. 

Pirafrs Capturefl on New England 
Coast in 16S9. — Thomas Hawkins and 
Thomas Pound, pirates, had ravaged the 
coast when Captain Sanniel Pease, of 
the sloop Mary, captured thmi near 
Woods Hall, after severe fighting. Dur- 
ing the engagement Captain Ptase was 
wounded, from the effects of which he 
shortly afterward died. 

l*ir<(frs. — In 1696 many buccaneers 
were capturing valuable prizes. It was 
thought great wealth could be obtained 



tion broken up, by Dutch, English and 
Spanish ships, 

C(fj}f. Willidin Jv/f^r? was arrested 

in Boston July 6th, 1699, by Governor 
Bellemont, who sent him to England to 
be tried for piracy. He was tried, con- 
victed and executed in London JNIay 24, 
1701. He was the son of Rev. John 
Kidd, of Scotland. He went to sea 
when a boy and became an excellent 
navigator. In 1691 New York paid him 
^150 for protecting it against freeboot- 
ers. He was commissioned and furnished 
with a vessel to capture pirates. In 
1696-7 he went to Madagascar and turned 
pirate himself. He captured the Ouidah 
Merchant, in which he sailed to the West 



Burlington, N. 1.— Continued. 

IF YOU WANT A. «001> I>INNEB 

GO TO 

CALDWELL & MARSHALL, 

It East luion Street. f5urlinjitou, N- J. 

;8SrMEALS AT ALL HOURS .-C ft 

Everich, J. W., Livery, Sale and Exchange 
Stables, E. Union St. 

THEODORE T. HORN, 

PRACTICAL PAINXER, 
IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. 
Bl ItT.TNOTOX, y. J. 

E. "W-. j-.A-CK:soisr, 
MENS' FURNISHING GOODS, 

;U1 HIGH ST., BURLINGTON. N. J. 



Milnor, Thomas & Son, Coal, "Wood, «&c.," 

Cor. St. iMary and Pearl Sts. 
Reeves, Lemuel C, Claim, Pension and 

Insurance Agent, 12 E. Union St. 
Severns, J. T. c% Sons, Contractors and 

Builders. 

HOWARD STORY, 

l)t':ilfr ill 

Meiv and Second- Hand Furniture 

241 High St., Burlington, N. J. 

Sprasiue, Thomas II., Boots and Shoes, 
32o High St. 



GEORGE TOMLIN, 

]VEER,cia:^A-:isrT T-A.iLOii, 

OPERA HOUSE BUILDING. 
Burliuu'tou, N. J. 



by recapturing them, for which purpose 
a comi)any in England, under royal 
sanction, fitted out the Adventure, giving 
the conunand to Captain William Kidd. 
He sailed from New York on his mis- 
sion, with instructions forbidding him to 
leave the Atlantic waters, but failing to 
find the object of his search, he went to 
Madagascar, which was at this time a 
noted resort for pirates. 

CartaffeiKi, S. A.^taken by pirates. 
In 1697 Pointis, with seven ships and 
1,200 men, captured Cartagena, S. A. 
The booty amounted to |S,ooo,ogo, but 
Pointis kept most of the plunder, and 
his disappointed men robbed the city 
again. His fieet was afterward nearly 
destroyed, and the buccaneer organiza- 



Indies, and leaving it near Hayti came 
to the New England coast in a sloop. 
He opened a correspondence with Gov. 
Bellemont with a view to reinstate him- 
self with the government. Upon the 
Governor's promise of protedion he 
visited Boston and was arrested. He 
had buried ^i4,oooon Gardiner's Island, 
which Bellemont afterward secured. — 
Hundreds of persons have wasted time 
and money in the vain effort to discover 
other treasure reputed to have been 
buried by Kidd. 

l*ir<ite liUtch Heard. — This noto- 
rious freebooter was captured and slain 
upon the Carolina coast in 1718. 

Capt. I*Jiinij*s, a pirate, captured 
the fishing sloop Dolphin oft' Cape Ann, 



PIKATKS AND I'lRACIES. 



r8i 



and impressed her crew, among whom 
were John Fillmore (great grand sire of 
Millard Fillmore), Edward Cheeseman 
and an Indian. These three successfully 
plotted to take the pirate. They killed 
Phillips and two others and carried the 
vessel into Boston, May 3, 1724. 

I'ii'Htes llitinjcd in Boston. — In 
1726 Fly, Cole and Gncnville were exe- 
cuted for piracy, before wliich Dr. Cole- 
man preached a sermon to iIkih in oltl 
Brattle Street Church. Captain Fly did 
not go in the church, and submitted 
smilingly to the penalty of the law. 

]\ <if */vrs- /V<7ffiY'fA upon the United 


Mnia fidH (>nti'(t(/es punished. — The 
United States frigate "Potomac" de- 
stroyed Quallah Batoo, in Sumatra, Feb. 
6, 1S32, because the natives had massa- 
cered the crew of the Friendship and 
seized the ship and cargo. 

Pirates llinaj. — Gibbs and Wans- 
ley, two bloodthirsty pirates, who for 18 
years had been a terror to seamen, were 
executed by the United States Govern- 
ment April 30, 1831. 

''Ilareaueer of the /.ff/.y s.*'— "Bill 
Johnson," a notorious character claiming 
the above title, seized, robbed and burn- 
ed the new steamer Robert Peel, upon 


Burlington, N. Z,— Continued. 

Valentine, John S., Variety Store, 318 E. 
r.road St., Old No. 101. 


Hafs, Caps, Furs and Umbrellas, 

ArcMiIc liiiildiii^-. Main SI reel, 
Established 1360. Mount Holly, N. J. 

Parker, Jas. K., Boots and Shoos, Mill St. 


MT. HOLLY, N. J. 


wiiiiiiHM J. w^mm, 

stoves, Heaters, Ranges, Tinware, <5sc.. 

Main St., Mount Holly, N. J. 
Till IJooliii;,', Spout iiitc, I'liiiiibiuKanil Cum I''ittiuy 
I'l'omptly iittciiiU'd to on rciiwoimhle t(M'in>i. 


S AMUE L A . REEVE . 

Tobacco, Cigars, Pipes, Snuff, &o., 

SUPERIOR ROOT BEER, 

Sherman's Boots and Shoes, High St. 


SAMUEL B. KEELER, 

Lumber, Lime, Hair,(Sement and Plaster^ 

MOUNT HOLLY, N. J. 


ELWOOD STEAD, 

Stoues, f-ieaters, f^aqges, Pumps 

TTN SrOlTINO, i:tr. 
Mill St., iiciir Mitiii, Moiuit II(ill.v. N. .1. 


States by Tripoli in 1801, and the Tri- 
polians immediately commenced pirati- 
cal depredations. 

The Sqmulron Under Commodore 
Richard V. Morris was, in 1802, ordered 
to the Mediterranean to protect Ameri- 
can vessels against Algerine pirates. 

A/f/fei's Decffffed IVtw against the 
United Stales in 1812, and conmienced 
pirating American merchantmen. 

ContnttHlore Perri/ was ordered to 
West India waters in 1819 to break up 
piratical expeditions, but his death pre- 
vented success. 

West India Pirafes were extermi- 
nated in 1823 by the United States fleet 
under Com. Porter. 


Lake Ontario, May 30, 1838. The steamer 
plied between Kingston and Ogdens- 
burg. 

Me.Hean J*irates captured the Am- 
erican bark "Brothers," August 27, 187 1. 
off Santa Anna. The crew escaped and 
were picked ui) by tlie bark "Harvest," 
whicii the pirates had also attacked un- 
successfully. 

I'iraei/ in New Yoric Harbor.— 

November 30th, 1878, the brig Mattaiio 
was boarded by river thieves, the Caj)- 
tain w()ini(k-d, the watchman bound, and 
tliL- raliin r(>l)bcd. Two of the roblxTS 
were subsetiuenlly sentenced lo IwciUy 
years each in State prison. 



l82 



INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 



INTERNAL. IMPROVEMENTS. 



Tjevee Aloiuj the Mississtppf. — 

In 1727 a mile of levee was constructed 
at New Orleans for protection against 
overtlows. 

Canals. — In 1762 the first canal route 
was surveyed between the Swatara and 
Tulpehacken creeks in Pennsylvania. 

Streets Gradetf and paved in Al- 
bany, N. Y.— In 1790 Elkanah Watson, 
an enterprising Yankee, took up his resi- 
dence in Albany, N. Y., and, by persist- 
ent efTorts, succeeded in getting a con- 
tract to grade and pave the streets of 
that city. He narrates the following as 



zons, although I did not run, as some o' 
my friends msisted, but walked off at a 
quick pace." 

First Ttirupihe in the United States 
was begun in June, 1792, between Lan- 
caster and Philadelphia. Two thousand 
two hundred and sixty-seven shares of 
stock were sold the first day. 

Canals. — The South Hadley and the 
Montague canals were chartered and 
begun in 1792. They were dug around 
the Connecticut river rapids. New 
York chartered two companies, one 
from the Hudson to Lake Ontario and 



Mt. Holly, N. 

^ WM . H . 



J. — Continued. 
SUTTON . 



Shauing aqd Uair Guttiqg Parlor, 

3I.\1)IS0N AVENIK, Near Pi'pot, 

MOUNT HOLLY, N. J^ 



READING, PA. 



Academy. 
Stewart Academy, The, J. A. Stewart, 
Principal, 25 S." Fifth St. 

Blacksmiths . 



DAVID TROOP . 

BLACKSMITH AND GENERAL JOBBER, 

HOKSK SHOKING A srECIALTY, 

122 Ash S treet, Reading. Pa- 

Blank Book Manufacturer. 



GEORGE KOENIG, 

BLACKSMITH AND GENERAL JOBBER, 

CAKKlAliK AM> AV V(;ON IIJONKK. 

Horse Shoeing- a Specialty, 
iriO VIIESTM T srUEIVV. ItEMH\G, PA. 



CHARLES F. HELLER, 

iOOI BIIDEB. PIPEI IllLEl. 

ANr> liI.A>'K BOOK MAKKK. 

Sixth and Washington Sts., Reading, Pa. 

Bleachery. 



STRAW GOODS BLEACHERY 
658 Penn St., Reading. Pa. 



some of the dangers he had to contend 
with: "Just after State Street had been 
paved at heavy expense, I sauntered 
into it, immediately after a heavy thun- 
der storm, and whilst regretting the '^'■'s- 
turbance in the sidewalk, and observing 
the cellars filling with water, for in that 
section, which was ni the present locality 
of the State Bank, the street in grading 
had been elevated about two feet, I 
heard two women in the act of clearing 
their invaded premises from the accu- 
mulation of mud and water, cry out, 
'Here comes that inlerna) paving Yan- 
kee.' They approached me in a men- 
acing attitude, broomsticks erect. Pru- 
dence dictated a retreat, to avoid being 
broomsticked by the infuriated Ama- 



Seneca Lake, and another from the 
Hudson to Lake Champlain. 

Public Tiirii2»ih'es. — Many compan- 
ies had been chartered, especially in 
Connecticut, where fifty had been incor- 
porated since 1803. The cost varied 
from |i,ooo to $14,000 per mile. 

Middlesex Canal. — Completed in 
1804. It connected Boston Harbor with 
the Concord River. It was 27 miles 
long and had 22 locks. 

National Hoad, from Cumberland, 
Md., to Ohio. In 1806 Congress author- 
ized and provided for its construction at 
public expense. It was the first great 
internal improvement constructed at the 
expense of the government. 



INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 



183 



BHe Canal.— Ap\-\\ 15th, 1817, the 
New York Legislature autliorized and 
appropriated for its construction. Its 
estimated cost was fc 752,738. The ca- 
nal was completed and opened in 1825 
with imposing ceremonies. It was 363 
miles long and cost 18,401,394. 

CrotoH A(/tfr(7tf(f, which supplies 
New York City with water from Croton 
River, forty miles distant, was completed 
in 1842. It cost 112,500.000. 

Sfispensfoii Brhh/r over Niagara 
was eret'^ed in 1S46 by John A. Rcebling, 
an American engineer. 

]VIic('lhi(f Jiri(Jf/e.— The suspension 
bridge over the Ohio at Wheeling, W. 
Va., was built in 1848 by C. Ellett. It 


upper part of New York City was dedi- 
cated for a permanent free park by a&. 
of Legislature. 

Steuben rille Iron Jirnlf/e. — An 
iron bridge, with a span 320 feet long, 
was built across the Ohio atSteubenville 
in 1S62. 

Cliieaffo Water Worhs. — Mar. 25, 
1867, water was admitted through the 
great tunnel, which is 62 inches high 
and 60 inches wide. It runs two miles 
out under Lake Michigan, and 72,000,000 
gallons daily can be pumped into the city. 

East Hirer Brhlffe, New York, was 
begun in 1870. Its span across the water 
reaches 1,595 feet, and it is 135 feet 
high above the river. It was finished 


Beading, Pa. — Coftiinued. 


Brick Manufacturer. 


Birds, Etc. 


JOHN A. PRINTZ, 
BRICK MANUFACTURER, 

Office, 059 Penn St., Eosidence, 31 3. Ninth St., 
READING, PA. 


C3-EO. 0. I^E^^SB, 

W hdU'salo and Hctai! Dcjiler in Bcliriiim Long 
15iec(l C'lniiry Hirds, also llai'tz MoiintJiin and St. 
Andi'i'wsluii-^;- (icrnian, Canarit's, Shi'^'inL; Birds, 
Parrots, Klc, 

56 S. Seventh St.. Reading, Vn. 


D. P. SHENFELDER & CO., 

ManiiracI iiicrs cil' 
BUILDING BEICK AND TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS 
Nos. 155, i.-)7. L-)!t, Kil Scliiiylkill Ave., 
KKADING, I'A. 


Box Manufacturer. 


Carriage and Wagon Builders. 


ALBERT THALHEIMER, 

MuniifiivtiifiT of JSo.fr.s, 

hi'uh'V in F.VNCY, K.VUE .V.\I» ilAI.'I* WOODS. 

OFFICE and FACTORY : WAEEHOUSES: 
1 143 Cedar Ctreet, H2 and 150 Cedar Strset, 
liE-A-IDIIINra-, I^-A.. 


DAN lEL REIDER. 

COACH. CARRIAGE AND BUGGY 

Washington, (or. Keii«l Sts., Kea<lin;>;, Pa. 


had a span of 1,010 feet. It was blown 
down in 1854. 

At'U'sian Well at St. Louis, Mo., 
was begun in 1S49 and completed in 
1854. Its depth is 2,199 f'^^t. It dis- 
charges 75 gallons per minute. It cost 
over 1 10,000. 

Iloosfte T mi It el ihrough. the Green 
Mountains, in Western Ma.ssachusetts, 
was begun in 1852, and after several fail- 
ures was finally completed by F. Shand- 
ley & Co. , of Canada, who, by the use 
of compressed air drills and nitro-glycer- 
ine, effected an opening through the 
mountain November 27, 1873. The tini- 
nel is nearly five miles long and cost the 
State nearly |io,oao,ooo. 

Central l*arh, N. Y. — In 1857 the 


and opened, to the public May 24, 1883, 
witli appropriate ceremonies. President 
Arthur and Governor Cleveland were 
present on the occasion. 

Great St. Louis liritlf/e across the 
Missi.ssippi was completed April, 1874. 
It cost 1 1 2,000,000. It was begun in Au- 
gust, 1869. It has two spans, one 502 
feet and the other 520 feet long. It is 
built of iron. Captain James B. Eads 
was the inventor and engineer. 

Stitro Tunnel completed July 8th, 
187S. It was begun in 1869 and cost 
13,500,000 in gold. It was constructed 
by Adolph Sutro to drain the Comstock 
silver mine. It is 2,000 feet below the 
surface and is four miles long. 



1 84 



THEATER AND DRAMA. 



THEATER AND DRAMA. 



Thentev at Lima, Peru, was built in 
1614, and was about the first erected on 
the continent. 

TJi<'(itrir<il Pfrfoi-UHfitcfs in Bos- 
ton first took place in 1750. The play 
performed was Otway's "Orphan." 

IiiNetv Yoih. — Theatrical perform- 
ances, under the management of Thos. 
Kean, were given in 1750. 

Tlie<(fi'i<-<fl Ti'otnx'. — The first in 
America commenced giving regular per- 
formances at Williamsburg, Va.,Sept. 
5, 1752. They continued to play in the 
larger cities until the revolution. 

Theatrical J'Jjiif bit ions were for- 
bidden by law in Pennsylvania in 17S6. 
Massachusetts had enacted a similar law 
just before. 

First American Plaif was written 
in 17S6 by Royal Tyler, afterward Chief 
Justice of Vermont. It was entitled 
"The Contrast," and was not a success. 

'• Vaif rants." — Actors were classed 
as "vagrants subject to arrest," by an 



act passed in South Carolina in 1787. 
The law classing them as such was re- 
pealed in 1791. 

Peuusiilvania. — The act which for- 
bade theatrical performances in Pennsyl- 
vania was repealed in 1789. 

Actors Arrested. — In 1792 a theater 
was opened in Boston in defiance of the 
law prohibiting them. During the per- 
formance the company were arrested on 
the stage, but were discharged from 
some legal defect in the papers. A sec- 
ond arrest was made, however, and the 
company disbanded. 

Massacit asetts repealed her law pro- 
hibiting theatrical performances in 1793. 

CJiarhtfte Cash man bid farewell 
to the stage, received a popular ovation, 
and was crowned with laurels, Novem- 
ber 7, 1874. 

Booth's Theater, New York, was 
sold for 1385,000 to Oliver Ames, Dec. 
6, 1874. 



VOIGT & RSU, 

steam Poiuer 
N. W. Cor. Tenth St. ancl Ridge Ave., 

Eutrauco on Tenth St., 



u^. T. 



Dealer in 



)on 



)ti 



eciioner 



, ^c; 6, 



y, oce vjream, 

CIGARS AND TOBACCOS, 

Fruits and I'egetahtes in Season, 
1.5 LACKAWANNA AVE., SCRANTON, PA. 



J. S. McC:flNN, 

iFormerly with M. Galaghcr.) 

Manufaclure[ of Pine Hainess, 

Satisfaction Guaranteed. 
Mail Orders Promptly Attended To. 

1611 KI1)(4E A VEX IE. PHILADELPHIA. PA. 

THOMAS B. POLEN, 

Dealer in 

Fancy arid Staple Groceries, 

TE,A.S ^^IsTID SFICES, 
CANNED GOODS A SPECIALTY. 

No. 13 Lackawainia .4ve., Soranton, Pa. 



MANUFACTURES AND ARTS. 



(See also Inventions 

3Ianiifactnres at Jamestown, Va.— 
In 1608 a glass-house was erected near 
the settlement. Clapboards and wains- 
cotting were also cut and exported to 
England. These were the first humble 
beginnings of American industries. One 
hundred and twenty persons arrived this 
year. 

liric/is. — The first manufactured in 



and Improvements.) 

the English colonies were made in Vir- 
ginia in 1612. 

Wine was e.xported to England from 
Virginia in 1612. 

Iron Works were established near 
Jamestown in 1620, the money for the 
purpose having been raised in England, 
and forty skilled workmen were sent 
out. 



MANUFACTURES AND ARTS. 



185 



Rope-Makiiiff from hemp began in 
Jamestown in 1621. 

Bi'irJiS and Lime were manufac- 
tured and mills were erected in New 
Amsterdam in 162S. 

Cloth-Making was begun in Row- 
ley, Mass , in 1638, by a company of 
Yorkshire clothiers who settled there. 

Brand!/ in the colonies was first 
made in Manhattan, now New York, in 
1640. 

Iron Works in New England. — In 
1643 John Winthrop, Jr., established 
works^ at Saugus, now Lynn, Mass, A 
small quart pot was the first article 
made, which is preserved in the family 
of Thomas Hudson, upon whose land 



Works, contracted to build for the city 
of Boston an "engine to carry water in 
case of fire." This was the first built in 
America. 

l*aprr-MifJ. — The first in America 
was built at Roxborough, near Philadel- 
phia, by Wm, Rittenhouse, Wm. Brad- 
ford and Thomas Tresse in 1690. One 
was erected in Massachusetts in 171 7. 

Xew Etifjlaiid limn was first dis- 
tilled in America from West India mo 
lasses at Boston in 1700. 

Enr/rariuf/ on Copper-Plate. — The 
first in America was a portrait of In- 
crease Mather in 1718. 

To7>afro-ripcs were advertised in 
the Mercury, published in Philadelphia 
in 1719, as follows: "Good, long Tay- 



Heading , Pa. — Carriage and Wagon Buil- 
ders Continued. 

SHADELL & FECLEY, 

-MauufacturiTS of 

DRAYS, CAKTS. RE and FARMERS" WAGONS, 

REPAIRING A SPECIALTY, 

n40 Church Street, Keaflituf, Pu. 

Carriage Repainter. 
Horn, Robt. A., 420 Court St. 

Carriage Bolt Manufacturer. 



Carpet Cleaning. 



^DI.LVAN ROBBINS, Prop. 

Keacling Automatic Larpel Cieauing. Manu- 
facturer aud Dealer iu all kiucls of Awuings, etc. 
Carpets cleaned without injury to fabric or loss of 
color. 

100 South Fifth Street, Reading, Pa. 



Cigars and Tobacco. 



ALBERT KNAB B , 

.Manufac'nrer of 

PHILADELPHIA CARRIAGE BOLTS, 

Tiiird, Cor. Lebanon V. R. R., 
READING. PA. 



J OHN K A L B ACH , 

Manufacturer of Pure Havaua and Domestic 
Cigars, and Dealer in Standard Brands of Tobacco 
and Smoker's supjilies. 

70 1 Walnut Streat, Reading, Pa. 

WM. J.^SCHEIFLEY, 

PUKE HAVAXA AND D(»ME-iTIC CIGARS, 

Tobacco and Smoker's Supplies, 

91'J PE^N STUEET, JtEAItlXG, PA. 



the works stood. Bog iron ore was 
used. 
Scythes and Edged Tools. — In 

1646 Joseph Jenks received a patent for 
fourteen years for making them in Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Copper-Snielti itg Works were set 
up by Gov. Endicott, at Salem, Mass., in 
1648. 

Wines and Hemp. — In 1651 premi- 
ums were offered by Virginia to encour- 
age the manufacture and cultivation of 
these articles. 

Iron Bloomerij and Forge were 
erected at Taunton, Mass., in 1652 by 
Henry and James Leonard. 

^imerican Fire Engine. — In 1654 
Mr. Joseph Jenks, of the Lynn Iron 



lern tobacco-pipes sold at 4s. per gross 
by the single gross, and 3s. for a larger 
quantity, by Richard Warden, tobacco- 
pipe maker, living under the same roof 
with Philip Syng, goldsmith, near the 
market-place, where any that have occa- 
sion may have their pipes burned at 8d. 
per gross." 

Repeating Fire-Arm, that would 
fire eleven times without reloading, was 
exhibited in Boston in 1725 by its maker, 
Mr. Pim. 

Steel. — In 1727 good steel was made 
from common iron by a Connecticut 
blacksmith. 

Bell Foundry at New Haven, Conn., 
established in 1736 by Abel Parmalee. 

Steam Engine for the New Jersey 



1 86 



MANUFACTURES AND ARTS. 



copper mines was built in 1736. It was 
the first built in America. 

J*aju'i' Jltutf/hifjs were first adver- 
tised and sold in America in 1737. 

TfHK' FoifiHfrf/. — The first in Am- 
erica was established at Germantown, 
Penna., in 1740, by Christopher Sower. 

Jfiiskefs 411x1 CdnnoH were first 
manufactured in America in 174S by 
Hugh Orr, at Bridgewater, Mass. 

Sf('(nti X(trff/(tffon was unsuccess- 
fully attempted by a Pennsylvania farmer 
in 1750. 

Sugar Miff.— The first in the United 
States was built near New Orleans in 
1758 by M. Delirenieul. 

Jlot'n Vomits were first made in 


was made by John Belmont, Philadel- 
phia, in 1775. 

Cotton Fartorg.— The first in Am- 
erica, being also the Jirsf joijit-stock 
manufacturing Company in the world, 
was organized and began operations in 
Philadelphia in 1775. 

Stocking Fact org. —The "Commit- 
tee of Safety" donated /300 in 1776 to 
Mr. Coxenfinder, of Maryland, to assist 
in its establishment. This was the first [ 
in America. 

Wool Card Teeth.— In ij-j-j Oliver 
Evans invented a machine for making 
300 a minute. 

Stoching-Franu'S were forbidden 
by law to be exported from England to 


Reading, ?s,.— Continued. 


soijonvionxr td. ^^si^, 

Manufacturer and Coutractor in 
STJiEET FA f JXG MATElilAL. 

1111 Spruce Street, Reading, Pa. 

"W-^f^KTlSrEI^ BROS., 

OoxLtractoxs aiicL IBTj.ild.exs, 
tstiuiates fnruishrd on ai)i)licati(>u Dealer* in 
Builders' Supplies. Jobhir.L: a Specialty. 

1735 Tnorne Street. Reading, Pa. 

COyTFACTOli and F>1 ILDEB. 

Estimates Furnished nii Application. 
33 North Third Street, Keacliug, Pa. 

Dentists. 


Coal and Wood. 


T. ID. B^^TJSHEIi, 
TJKST OIALITY OF COAI. A SPECIALTY, 

LOffice, 432 N. Fifth St., Reading, Pa. 
Coal Packets, Woodward St., Bet. Fifth and Sixth Sts. 


Confectionery and News Depot. 
Laing, D J., 543 Penu St. 


Contractors and Builders. 


JOHN ANGSTADT. 

Carpenter, Contractor and Builder, 

riaus, E>tiniim'j ami Spocitiration* l"urui#lied ou 
Appliciitit)!!. 

Shop and Office. SIS Court St., Beading, Pa. 


DR. F. L. DeCOUR, 

X3 E: IT T 1 S 'X- . 

3 X. Fourth St., Cind floor.; Reading;. Pa. 

Teeth extracted without pain by the Jilectric 
Apparatus. At Orwiirsburg, Scbuykill Co., first 
Monday of each mouth^ 


America in 1759, at New Westbury, 
Mass. 

Wall Papei.—ln 1763 paper hang- 
1 ings were first manufactured and used in 

the United States in New York. The 
j sheets were thirty miles long, and were 

stamped by means of blocks of wood. 

Carriages.— In 176S the manufacture 
of carriages was begun in New York by 
Elkanah and WiJliam Deane, from Dub- 
lin. They ofTered to make coaches, 
chariots, landaus, phaetons, post-chaises, 
curricle-chairs, sedans and sleighs at five 
percent, less than the cost of importa- 
tion. Few carriages had heretofore been 
used in the colonies. 

l*iaiio Fortv. — The first in America 


the United States under penalty of ^40, 
in 17S4. 

Cotton Mill.— The first in New Eng- 
land was started at Beverly, Mass., in 
17S7. Corduroys and bed-tickings were 
made. 

Salt Worhs at Syracuse, N. Y., be- 
gan in 1787 to manufacture about ten ' 
bushels per day. 

Dentist. — The first American dentist 
was John Greenwood, of New York, in 
178S. He carved a complete set of ivory 
teeth for General \Yashington. 

Water-Poner Cotton Mill. — The 
first successful one in America was set 
up in Providence, R. I., in December, 
1790, for Almy & Brown, by Samuel 
Slater, a young English mechanic, who 



MANUFACTURES AND ARTS. 



187 



conscructed the Arkwright machinery, 
with which the mill was equipped, fnmi 
memory, as it could not be imported. 

Jcwelvfi. — The first maniifoctured in 
the United States was in 1790 by Epaph- 
ras Hinsdale, at Newark, N. J. 

Salt MdinifactumJ from sea water 
in 1790 by Jolin Sears, at Dennis, Mass. 
The water was raised by a wind-mill and 
pump. His success caused the forma- 
tion of numerous companies. 

Carpet Fa rt or i/.— The first in Am- 
erica was established in 1791 at Phila- 
delphia by William P. Sprague 

SllJc -Dress. — The first manufactured 

I in the United States was made by the 

family of Rev. Mr. Atwater, Beauford, 


the straw with scissors, split it with her 
thumb nail, and bleached it in burning 
sulphur fumes. It was the foundation of 
a business. 

Aea<fe)H!/ of Fine Arts incorpora 
ted in New York in 1S02. 

Fiauo-Fitrtcs were manufactured 
at Boston in 1803 by Adam and William 
Brent. 

li road cloth. —The first of fine quality 
made in America was at Pittsfield, Mass. , 
in 1804, by Arthur ScholAeld, who also 
constructed his own machinery. 

Print h)f/ Cotton Coods by en- 
graved rollers, run by water power, was 
first done in 1810 by Thorp, Siddall & 
Co., Philadelphia. 

Silfv tras First manufactured by ma- 


Reading, Pa. — Dentists Continued. 


File Works. 


F P. LEV/IS, 

714 Penn Street, Beading, Pa. 
DR. J- E. SLEGEL, 

111 N. Fifth St, Reading, Pa. 


JOHN A. WERNER'S 
C'JfAMrioy FILE tfOJ^KS, 

If you want a uood tile try my liaiul-iut old tileu 
re-cut and waniiiited as good as lu'w. 

325 Bing-aman St., Reading, Pa. 

Fire Apparatus. 
READING FIRE APPARATUS WORKS, 

SUCCESSOR OF 

Levericli tire Apparatus Works 

OF NKW VOKK, 

Manufacturor of l-addcrs and Trucks of all de- 
scriptions. Hose Carriages for Parading or Duty. 
Hose Heals and Extension Ladders, etc. 
Address all t'onununications to 

W. W. WUNDER, Reading, Pa- 


Druggist. 


DRVGGISX and DEIVXISX, 

Inserts Artiticial 'IVctli witlioiif Tlati's, 
900 N. Ninth St., Keadiiig, Pa. 


Conn., in 1792. He raised the silk him- 
self. 

Ctochs. — The first in the world, with 
wooden wheels, was made by Eli Terry, 
of Connecticut, in 1792. He first manu- 
factured them by shaping the wheels 
with a penknife. He traveled through 
the country twice a year to sell them. 

Cotton Sea'htff-Thread was first 
manufactured at Pavvtucket, R. I., by 
Samuel Slater in 1794. Flax had every- 
where been used before. 

luited States AriiKnfi at Spring- 
field, Mass.,, for the manufacture of mus- 
kets, was established in 1795. 

lion nets were made of oat straw in 
179S by Betsey Metcalf, a girl 12 years 
old, at Dedham, Mass. She smoothed 


chinery in iSio at Mansfield, Conn., by 
Rodney and Horatio Hanks. 

Poirer Foonis, for weaving cloth, 
were constructed at Waltham, Mass., in 
1813. 

Stereoti/pinf/ was first done in Am- 
erica in 1813 at Bruce's foundry, New 
York; also by John Watts. 

Jirifish Fff'orts to break down 
American manufactures. — In 1815 Lord 
Brougham said in Parliament that "it 
was worth while to incur a loss upon 
the first exportations in order to stitle 
the rising manufactures in the United 
States," thereupon large .stocks of Eng- 
lish goods were shipped to America and 
sold at auction. The purchasers lost 



i88 



MANUFACTURES AND ARTS. 



heavily, one man losing |So,ooo on a 
single speculation. 

liemiiif/tou, Fire-Arms. — In iSi5 
Eliphalet Remington, living near Roch- 
ester, N. Y., forged a rifle barrel in a 
blacksmith shop. It was so skillfully 
clone that others were ordered, and from 
this sprung the great factory at Illion, 
N. Y. , and the Remington breech-loader 
is now one of the leading rifles of the 
world. 

JLithographinfj. — The first executed 
in America was the work of Mr, Otis, of 
Philadelphia, in July, 1S19. It Jwas first 
conducted as a business in the United 



Canterbury, Conn., by William Mason, 
in 1829. 

Horse Shoes were first made by ma- 
chinery in 1835 by Henry Burden, of 
Troy, N. Y. 

Gold Peris were first manufactured 
in America in 1835 by Levi Brown, of 
Detroit, Mich. 

Beef Siff/ar was first successfully 
manufactured at Northampton, Mass., 
by David L. Child, in 1838. A manufac- 
tory was erected at Chatsworth, 111., in 
1864. 

Anierican Watches were first made 
by machinery in 1850, at Roxbury, Mass. 



Reading, "S^.— Continued. 



Flour, Feed, Grain, Etc. 



Eighth Street Roller Mills and Coal Yard 

i\Iamifacturer Roller Patent Vienna Flour, Flour, 
Feed, Grains, Wood and Coal. 

'i44 and •^4(! Khihfh St., I},<i<lhif/, Pa. 

AARON YOCOM, Propr. 



Mountz, J. M., Franklin, Cor. Second. 
Groceries and Provisions. 

0_ A.. COLE, 

Dealer in (Groceries, Foreign and Domestic 
Fruits. Confectiobery and Farmers Produce. 
Canned Goods a i^pecialty. 
148 Franklin St., Reading, Pa. 



Harness and Saddles. 



n. ID. s^^nsriDs, 

Manufacturer of Light and Heavy, Single and 
Double Harness, and "Dealer in Saddles, Collars, 
Whips, Robes, Blankets, ifcc. 

30 X. E ighth St., Reudinn, fa. 

Heaters, Ranges, Stoves, Sec. 

JOHN P. DAUTH, 

Manufacturer of and Dealer in Stoves, Heaters, 
Ranges, &c. Steam and Hot Air Combination 
Furnaces a Specialty. Tin Roofing and Repairing 
Promptly Attended to. 

754 Peiiii Street. Reading, Pa. 

Stoves, Ranges, Heaters, Tin and Sheet Iron 
Worker. ^letalic Rooting a Specialty. 

33 N. Ehjhth St., Keadhif/, Pa. 



States in 1822, by Barnett & Doolittle, 
in New York. 

Hats and Bonnets were first made 
in 1821 out of a grass resembling leg- 
horn, that grew in the Connecticut val- 
ley, by Sophia Woodliouse, of Wethers- 
field, Conn. The Society of Arts in 
London, to wliom she sent specimens, 
advised its cultivation. 

Axes tvere First manufactured in 
America in 1826, at Collinsville, Conn. 
The company at first made eight broad- 
axes m a day, but the increase of busi- 
ness has been so great that it now uses 
600 tons of grindstones in a year. 

Power Looms for manufacturing 
diaper linen were first made and run at 



The process was invented by Aaron Den- 
nison and Edward Howard. In 1854 the 
manufactory was removed to Waltham, 
Mass. 

Cheese Fartorjf. — In 1S51 Jesse Wil- 
liams started the first in the world in 
Oneida county, N. Y. 

Paper Collars were first sold in 
New York in 1853. 

Kerosene Oil was manufactured from 
coal at Newton Creek, L. I., in 1854. 

Jiodnutn Gtin, of 15-inch bore, and 
weighing 49,000 pounds, was cast in 1859 
at the Fort Pitt Iron Works, Pittsburg, 
Pa., and placed in Forlrtss Monroe. A 
20-inch gun, throwing a 1,000 pound shot, 
has since been cast at the same works. 



PHILANTHROPIC ENTERPRISES, ETC 



189 



Philanthropic Enterprises and Benevolent Institutions. 



Jesuit Mission in Florida, for tlie 
conversion of the natives, was first es- 
tablished in 1566. 

Six (Tesuits were sent to the Potomac 
in Virginia in 1570, by Menendez, to 
found a mission. They were killed by 
the Indians. 

First Hospital. — "Hotel Dieu" was 
founded in Quebec, August i, 1639, by 
three nuns, who came for the purpose, 
under the patronage of the Duchess d' 
Aiguillon, neice of Richelieu. This was 
the first hospital in America. 

Green Sfnj 3£ission.— In 1669 Father 
Claude Allouez was sent to Green Bay, 
Wisconsin, to found an Indian mission. 



taught them himself every Sunday eve- 
ning. 

George IVhitefieUl established the 
" Bethesda Orphanage" at Savannah, 
Ga., in 1740. He raised money in Eng- 
land and America for this purpose, and 
had sixty-eight orphans under its care in 
a year. 

Seventh -Day DunJiers' Sunday 
School was established in 1740 at Eph- 
rata, Penn. It lasted 30 years. 

Fanieul Hall, Hostou, was built in 
1742, and given to the town by Peter 
Fanieul, a Hugenot merchant. It was 
built as a market and hall. In 1760 it 
was destroyed by fire and rebuilt, and 



Reading, Pa. — Continued, 



Hotels. 



C. S. BIRCH, - - - Proprietor. 

Centrally Located. Good Accommodations. 
Strictly First-class. Telegraph and Telephone 
connections. Bus to all trains. 

Fourth, Cor. Penn St., Reading, Pa. 

Bower's Hotel, Conrad G. Bower, Prop., 
1120 Elm St. 

CONTINENTAL HOTEL, 

O. ROMIO, - - - Proprietor. 

Centrally Located Good Accommodations. 

343 and 345 N. Ninth St.. Reading, Pa. 



CHESTNUT STREET HOUSE, 

PETER HELLMAXN, Piopr. 

OIJ Chestnut St., Urailiiu/, ra. 

Best Wines, Liquors, Sis. Best Acoommodations for Families. 

Enterprise Hotel; Jeremiah Bowman, Pro- 
prietor, Ninth, Cor. Chestnut St. 

GRAND CENTRAL HOTEL, 

JOHN B. BROBST, Prop. 

Centrally Located. Uood Sample Rooms. 

Strictly First-class, 

Telejtlionc <int1 Teh't/rajili Connections. 

Heated by Steam Throughout. 

407, 409 and 411 Penn St., Keading, Pa. 



Hosjtital at Uoston. — The first in 
the colonies was opened in Boston in 
1717, for the cure of persons afflicted 
with contagious diseases. 

Siibseri2)tion Library. — The first 
in the country was originated in 1731, by 
Benjamin Franklin, in Philadelphia. — 
Fifty subscribers at forty shillings apiece 
were the original stockholders. In addi- 
tion to this they agreed to pay ten shil- 
hngs annually for fifty years. 

" Dr. Bray's Associates '"' were or- 
ganized in England in 1731, to instruct 
negro children in the Southern colonies. 

Sunday Schooi of forty children 
was established by John Wesley in Sa- 
vannah in 1736. He catechised and 



afterward became famous as the "cradle 
of American Liberty." 

Pennsylvania Hospital was char- 
tered in 1751. It was the first general 
hospital in the colonies. 

Society for "Promoting Industry 
Among the Poor" set three hundred 
young women to work on Boston Com- 
mon, each at a spinning wheel, at its an- 
niversary in 1753. 

Insane Asi/liiin. — The first in the 
country was opened at Williamsburg. 
Va., in 1773. 

Army Hospital. — The first one in 
America was established at Cambridge, 
June 17, 1775, under charge of Dr. John 
AVarren, a brother of Dr. Joseph War- 
ren. 



igo 



PHILANTHROPIC ENTERPRISES, ETC. 



Ilarmony Society, consisting of 

twenty families from Wirtemberg, under 

the leadership of George Rapp, settled 

in Harmony, Butler county, Penn., as a 

business community, in 1804. They cul- 
tivated the soil on a large scale, and en- 
gaged in manufactures. It removed, in 
1814, from Butler county, Penn., to Indi- 
ana, and erected a village and factories 
on the Wabash River, which they called 
New Harmony. Within ten years they 
again removed to Economy, Penn. 

"Sisters of Charity" were first 
founded in the United States at Em- 
mettsburg, Md., in 1809, by Mrs. Eliza 
Seton, who was their first Mother Supe- 
rior. 



Ajiprentices' Library.— The first 
was organized in Philadelphia in 1819. 

Society for the " Reformation of 
Juvenile Delinquents " was incorporated 
by the State of New York in 1823. 

liohert O^veu, of England, having 
bought the Rappirt village and 30,000 
acres of land at New Harmony, Ind., 
began his social communistic experi- 
ment with 900 persons, April 27, 1825. 
The community lasted but a few years. 

Heforii I School opened in New York 
in 1825 by the " Society for the Reform- 
ation of Juvenile Delinquents." It is 
now upon Randall's Island. 

Neiv England AsyUi/in for the 
Blind was incorporated in Boston in 



Reading, Fa. — Hotels Continued. 
Half Way~House, George Smith, Prop., 

690 S. Amott St. 
Hotel and Restaurant, Frank Gruber, Pro- 

prietor. 18 S. Si xth Sj^^ 

HOTEL AND RESTAURANT, 

Centrally Located. Good Accommodations, 

JACOB WA1,TER, Prop. 

14 and 16 8. Seventh St., Reading, Pa. 

HlVIERCHANT'S HOTE L , 

.J. A. BKITTOX, Pnipi-ictor. 
Centrally Located te Business and Depots, 

Strictly First-class. Free Eus. 

Telegraph and Telephone Connections. 

(iUOD STABLING and ATTENTIVE PORTERS. 

Third, Cor. Penn St., Reading, Pa. 



PHILLIPPI HOTEL, 

Centrally Located. Good Accommodations. 

Changes Reasonable. 

A. TYSON PHILLIPPI, Proprietor. 

SIXTH, COK. BINGHAMAW STEEET, EEALING, PA. 

READING HOUSE, 

J. <T. SE AG REAVES, jfio/n-irtor. 

Centrally Located, only one square from P. & R. 
Di-pot. 'Strictly Ficst-class. Good Stabling. 
Attentive Porters 

i24 and 42S H. Sixth St., Beading, Pa. 

Sixth Ward Hotel, Francis Klein, Prop., 
331 Schuylkill St. 

UNION HOUSE, 

830 and 833 Penn St., Reading, Pa. 

.JArOB GOODMAN. - - Proi»ri("tor. 

Charges Moderate. Stabling for l.iO Horses. 
Reliable Hostlers always in Attendance. Street 
Cars pass the ioor. 



ScJiool for Deaf Mutes started in 
New York in 1811, but failed. 

American Colonization Society 

was organized in December, 1816, by 
Southerners at Washington, D. C. Its 
object was to colonize free negroes from 
the United States in some other country. 
It founded Liberia, in Africa, for that 
purpose. 

Asylum for Deaf 3Iutes.-The first 
in America was opened April 15, 1S17, 
by Rev. T. H. Gallandet, in Hartford, 
Conn. A New York school was char- 
tered the same day. Attempts to in- 
struct idiots were made in 1S18 at the 
Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Hartford, 
Conn. 



1829. In 1831 another was founded in 
York. 

Smithsonian Institute, Washing 
ton, D C, originated in a bequest from 
James Smithson, of England, to the 
United States Government, for the "dif- 
fusion of knowledge." The amount 
was nearly J^6oo,ooo, and was accepted 
by Congress July i, 1S36. 

Aid for Ireland. — In March, 1847, 
the United States war steamer "James- 
town" was sent with a cargo of provis- 
ions to the starving population of Ire- 
land. 

Astor Libra ry. — In May, 1848, John 
Jacob Astor's bequest was fulfilled. Dr. 
Joseph B. Cogswell was sent to Europe 



PHILANTHROPIC ENTERPRISES, ETC. 



191 



to purchase books. When the building 
was opened in 1854 70,000 volumes were 
placed on its shelves. 

School for Idiot Children was 
opened in July, 1S48, at Barre, Mass., by 
Dr. Hervy B. Williams. The same year 
one was opened at Perkins' Institution 

for the Blind at Boston. Dr. Seguin, of 
Paris, an instructor of idiots, visited the 
United States this year. 

Georffe Penhodif donated $300,000 
to establish a free literary and scientific 
institute at Baltimore, Feb. 12, 1857. 

Sanitary Conrinissiou. — The first 
organization of the kind was at Bridge- 
port, Conn., April 15th, 1861. Others 
speedily,followed. Its work was in con- 
junction with the medical force of the 
army during the civil war. By it trained 
nurses, delicacies and help of all kinds 



with |2oo,ooo worth of provisions con- 
tributed by New York merchants for the 
starving operatives of Lancashire. To 
protect it from Confederate privateers, 
fitted out in English ports, she was con- 
voyed by an American ship of war. 

Freednian's Bureau for relieving 
the wants of emancipated slaves, and 
educating them, was established by act 
of Congress March 3, 1865, and General 
O. O. Howard was made commissioner. 

Soldiers' Homes, or asylums for 
soldiers disabled in the war of 1812, the 
Mexican war, and in the rebellion, were 
established by Congress in 1865. They 
are supported by the United States gov- 
ernment. 

Elect Surds, a society for the im- 
provement of deaf mutes, was founded 
in 1866. It has now a number of lodges. 



Reading, "S&.—Coritinued. 



Ice, 



THE MINERAL SPRING ICE CO., 

WM. 7. CLOUS & SON, Agts. 
The Purest, Cleanest and Cheapest Ice delivered 
in the citv daily. Leave Orders at 30 N. Fifth St., 
lOii S. Fourth and 532 Spruce St. 

Office 429 Court Street, Readiuff, Pa. 



Iron Railings, 



NEUDOERFFER & CO., 

jManufactnrers of Iron Railinirs, Locks, Orna- 
meutaJ Cellar and Bank Grates, Bell Hanging. 
Repairing of all kinds done at reasonable rates. 

428 Court Street, Reading, Pa. 



Livery, Sale and Boarding Stables. 
H. M. AHRENS, Prop. 

Special attention to Weddings and Funerals. Good 
Rigs. Ladies' Riding and Driving Horses a Spec- 
ialty. Telephone Connections. 

Cherry, Bet. 5th and SthSts., Reading, Pa. 

H. F. & J. F. BOYERS, Prop's. 
tiivErj antl Boai]tIing ^tafiles, 

Special attention to Weddings and Funerals. Good 
Rigs and careful drivers. Ladies' Driving Horses a 
Specialty. Telephone Connections. 

Cherry Below Sixth St., Reading, Pa. 



were afforded to invalid soldiers. — 
Through fairs and other agencies I5, 000,- 
000 in money and J515, 000,000 in supplies 
were contributed. 

CJtristian Commission began with 
the labors of Mr. Vincent Colyer, of the 
Young Men's Christian Association of 
New York in 1861, after the first Bull 
Run battle. It aimed at elevating the 
moral and religious welfare of the troops, 
and also in supplying their physical 
wants. The money and supplies raised 
were about 16,000,000. The first year it 
had 1,069 ministers and laymen at work, 
and held 3,445 meetings in camp and 
hospital. 

Aid for Starring Englishman. — 

February 9, 1863, the ship George Gris- 
wold reached Liverpool from New York 



Peabodg Fund, for the cause of 
education in the South, was founded 
February 7, 1867, by a gift of |2, 100,000 
from George Peabody. 

Penikese Islttnd, off" the coast of 
Massachusetts, was donated by John An- 
derson, of New York, to Prof. Agassis, 
for a summer school of natural history, in 
April, 1873. Fifty thousand dollars cash 
accompanied the gift. 

Moody and Sankey began their 

labors October 24, 1875, in a Brooklyn 

rink, to congregations of 5,000. A great 

religious revival was the result. On Nov. 
21 they began services in Philadelphia, 
in an old freight depot at 13th and Mar- 
det streets, to an audience of about ten 
thousand. Great success has always at- 
tended their efforts. 



192 



ADVENTURES AND EXPLOITS. 



ADVENTURES 
T*acifit' Ocean was first navigated 
by Balboa in 1516. Several brigantines 
were built and launched through the 
energy of Balboa. The timber was cut 
on the Atlantic coast and dragged 
through forests and over mountains by 
Indians, negroes and Spaniards. Many 
of the former died from the severe labor. 
Balboa at last spread his sails upon the 
sea he had discovered. He cruised be- 
yond the Gulf of St. Michael and heard 
more of the wonderful wealth of Peru. 
First I'ot/fige around the world was 
accomplished by the Victoria, of Magel- 
lan's fleet. After his death she sailed 
by way of the spice Islands and Cape of 
Good Hope, arriving in Spain Sept. 6, 



AND EXPI.OITS. 

Antionia de Espejo started with an expe- 
dition to find Ruyz and his companions. 
They failed in this, but found the curious 

cities, of which they brought back won- 
derful accounts. Part of the expedition 
remained at Santa Fe, N. M. 

CatJx'ih-dl in the City of Mexico was 
begun in 1573. It was not finished until 
1667, nearly 100 years afterward. 

Lascllc's 1.000 - 31 He Jo tun ey, 
from Fort Crevecoeur to Fort Frontenac 
was accomplished by May 6, 1680 — 65 
days. 

SimJi'eii Treasiire Secured. — ^300,- 
000 was raised from a sunken vessel, on 
the Haytien coast, by William Phipps, of 
New England, in 1687. 



Beading. Pa. — Livery, Sale aftd Boarding 
Stables Continued. 

J-. S_ lilLX. Sz CO., 
LIVERY AMD BOARDING STABLE. 

Good Rigs and careful drivers. Ladies" Driving 
Horses, etc. Weddings and Funerals a Specialty. 
Telephone Connections. 

119 Pearl Street, Jtendiuf/, Pa. 

PETER HOCH, Prop. 

Special Attention paid to Weddings and Funerals. 
Good Rigs and Careful Drivers. Ladies' Riding and 
Driving Horses a Specialty. Charges Reasonable. 

Wo<kJ, Cor, Cherrif St., lieadhiff. Pa. 



Z REIDNAUER, 

Lsrmf S BQmBiM(^ irmm. 

Good Rigs. Special attentien to Weddings and 
Funerals. Ladies' Riding and Driving Horses a 
Specialty, Telephone Connections. 

24 South Fourth Street, Reading, Pa. 
Oyster, Chas. C, 124 Pearl St. 

Lumber. 

Wholesale and Retail 

LUMBER AND BUILDER'S MATERIAL, 
READING, PA. 

Hard Woods a Specialty, Yard, 3th and Sreenwich Sts. 



1522. Her commander was Juan Sebas- 
tian Cano. 
Florida to 3Iexico.—]u\y 22, 1536, 

Cabaca de Vaca and three companions, 
survivors of the ill-starred expedition of 
Narvaez into Florida, reached Mexico, 
after a journey of eight years across the 
continent. They were held prisoners by 
the Indians for a long time. They gave 
the first account of the Pueblo Indians, 
and their statements brought about the 
subsequent explorations of New Mexico 
and California. 

3Iis.sissip2yi River was first naviga- 
ted in 1543 by the seven frail brigantines 
built by the followers of De Soto, and in 
which they floated to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Cliff Cities of New Mexico. — In 1582 



Governor Fletcher, of New York, 
in 1693, having been authorized by the 
King to command the Connecticut mili- 
tia, went to Hartford on this business. 
In order not to hear his commission 
read. Captain Wadsworth, of the militia, 
ordered the drums to be beaten. Gov. 
Fletcher ordered silence, but upon Cap- 
tain Wadsworth's saying: "If I am inter- 
rupted again I will make the sun shine 
through you in a moment," he gave up 
the attempt. 

Rem arJiable Pedestrian . — Robert 
Metlin died in 1787, at Wakfield, IMass., 
aged ir5 years. He was formerly a 
baker at Portsmouth, N. H,, and u.sed 
to walk to Boston in a day — 60 miles — 



ADVENTURES AND EXPLOITS. 



^93 



to buy flour. This he did until he was 
80 years old. 

Kit Carson successfully drove 6,500 
sheep across the Rocky Mountains into 
California in 1853. 

Atlantic Ocean was crossed on a 
raft by three men in 1867. It was made 
of three-pointed cylinders 24 feet long 
and 12% feet wide, lashed together with 
boards and covered with canvass. It 
was called the Nonpariel, or American 
Life Raft. 

Type-Setting Extraordinary. — 
On Feb. 19, 1870, George Arensburg, in 
New York, set two thousand and sixty- 



N. Y., was blown up September 25, 1S76, 
by dynamite, under the supervision of 
General Newton. It was the consuma- 
tion of seven years' work. 

Atlantic Ocean Crossed in a whale- 
boat, by Captain Crapo and his wife, 
who reached Liverpool July 21st, 1877, 
from New Bedford, Mass. They had 
weathered three gales on the voyage. 

Quebec Harbor Obstructions in the 
St. Lawrence river were finally removed 
in August, 1877, by the Harbor Com- 
mission, after several years' work. The 
obstructions were tangled cables and an- 
chors, the first of which were dropped 



Reading, Pa. — Continued. 



Machinists. 



HAAS & PEIPHER, 

Machinists and Boiler Makers, 

^lanufactnrer.-i of Eugiues, Shaftintr, Pulleys, 
Hangers, and Machiiierv of every Description. 
And makers of Horizontal and Upright Boilers of all 
Sizes and Styles. Repairing promptly attended to. 

Court Street, Below Second, 
READING, PA. 

Mens' Furnishings. 

JONES & HOERNLE, 
HATS, CAPS, TRUNKS, UMBRELLAS, 

GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS, 
iU7 Penii Street, IJeading:, Pa. 

Seadquarters ior G . A. E. and Sons of Veteran Caps. 



Mirrors, Frames, &c. 



F- ■VS^OE:E=LISrEI=L, 

Manufacturer and Dealer in iMirrors, Cornices 
and Picture Frames, in Gold, Antique Bronze and 
Natural Wood. 

42}{ and 4.30 Penii St., Reading, Pa. 

Oysters, Fruits, Etc. 
Harner, W. H., 6 S. Fifth St. 

Painters. 

JNO. WES. SEIDERS, 

l^i|actical l-fouse anti ^ign 5?aintfir[, 

14 N. Third St., Re ading, P a. 

JOHN SMITH & SON, 

Painting, Graining and Kalsomlnirg. Paper 
Hanging a Specialty. Dealer iu Paints, 

419>^ Penn Street, Reading, Pa. 



four ems solid minion, six break lines, 
in one hour. 

Hlossoni Roclx, at the entrance of 
San Francisco Harbor, was blown up 
April 24, 1870, by 23 tons of powder, re- 
moving 40,000 tons of rock, at a cost of 
$75,000. 

BricJi-Lai/iny Extraordinary. — 

November 4, 1870, in Philadelphia, W. 
D. Cozzens laid 702 brick in 12 minutes. 

Enorniou.s StrenytJi. — December 
13, 1870, in New York, R. A. Pennell put 
up a lo-pound dumbbell 8,431 times. 

Ji((I/oon Ascension at Philadelphia, 
September 5, 1874, carrying six lady pas- 
sengers. 

Hell-Gate Reef, in the East River, 



by Wolf's fleet in 1759, when they were 
about to attack the city. Others were 
caught and abandoned from time to time. 
One mass contained 2,000 fathoms o 
chain and 70 anchors. 

The Nautilus, a little dory, crossed 
the Atlantic in 45 days, arriving in Lon- 
don July 31, 1878. 

I*ihe-s PeaJk, Colorado, was as- 
cended in i860 by two ladies, at great 
risk. One of them, Mrs. W. J. Wil- 
liams, from Milford, N. H., was killed 
in Kansas on May 30, 1879, by a tornado. 

Dr. Tanner's East. — On August 7, 
1880, Dr. Tanner, of Minnesota, com- 
pleted a fast of forty days in New York. 
The experiment was made under the 
charge of physicians. 



194 



TRADE AND COMMERCE. 



TRADE AND 
ItosfoH. — In 1634 the first iiurcliant's 
sliop was opened. 

Il'f'sf Itnffcs Triuh' was opened in 
1636, l)y lln" sailiiij;' of a tliirty ton vessel 
from Massacluisetts to tlie West Indies. 

i''r<'<'-Ti'ii(!(' l)el\veen Kng;Iand and 
New Knj;land was decreed by the Honse 
of C\)innions in May, 1643. 

yitu'hjiithni Act. — In 1651 the House 
of Commons enacted that all imports and 
exports to and from the coh>nies must be 
shipped in iMV^lisli vessels, and the lat- 
ter must sail to the Enj^lish dominions 
onI\. This act stimulated colonial ship- 
buildng. 

liooh-S^-ller in JSoston in 1652. — 



COMMERCE. 

Cnh(f.—\n 1762 the United States first 
opened trade with Cuba. Cuba hereto- 
fore traded with no country and lived by 
smu<;i;lin};. 

rui's. — In 1762 a fur company was 
founded in New Orleans, which led to 
early settlements along the Mississippi 
and Missouri rivers. 

C/ndiihcr of Coimm i(<-, of New 
York, was founded in 176S and was char- 
tered in 1770. 

S/upmcnf of UlHut.—lw 1771 John 
Stevenson, of Baltimore, began the first 
shipment of wheat to Europe. This was 
the beginning of our present foreign 
grain trade. 

AtneHvan Far Co mfnnif/.— John 



Heading. "Sx—Pci infers Continued. 



Plater. 



JESSE M. SPRECHER, Agt. 

House niul Si,i:u Painter, Paper Hanyor, ami 
DoaliM- in Wall Paper, Slatioiiory and Seliool Uoolis, 
102 N. Eighth St., Rea ding. Pa. 

Patent Solicitor. 

THOMAS P. KINSEY, 

Patent Solioitor ami MiH-hanteal Knirineer. 

I'niteil Stales jind l'\ir(Mi;n Patents Seeurod on 

reasonable terms. 

MIL' S. Third St.. Kendino. Pn. 



I 



F . A . PH I L L I PP I , 

liTICI^EI-. ^ H. .A. T E I?, , 
STOVK Pi.VTiNt; .\ sPK( i.vi/rv. 

XI1I1-4I. <'oi-. Lebanon A', li. U.. Iteadin;;, Va. 

Plumbers, Steam and Gas Fitters. 



Photographer, 

JOHN D STRUNK 

ri)I{TK.VIT AVt>KK A SriHM \ l/l'Y, 

S'Hi IVun Stn-i't, Itt-ntlhtii, J'a. 



JOHN DREXEL, Jr., 

Sanitary Plumber, Steam and Has Fitter, and 
Dealer in Pliiniln'r's Supi>lies, 

853 Penn Street, Reading, Pa. 
WM. A . HECKMAN , 

Sanitary Plumber and Gas Fitter, 

n; Xoi'th Eighth street, Readhig, Pa. 

Sniler, Geo. M., 8 S. Fifth St. 



Hezekiah Usher was the first regular 
book-seller in the colonies. 

Cdnadhiii Hiishuss. — In 1667 In- 
tendent T ilon built the first brewery, es- 
tablished trade with the West Indies, en- 
couraged manufactures and arranged for 
a nn>re regular emigration from France. 
Large boimties were oO'ered to soldiers 
to settle in the (Movince. 

Cotton I'.tportrtf. — In 174S seven 
bags were shipped from Charleston, 
South Carolina. 

(fi'oiiitc was used in the construction 
of King's Chapel, Boston, in 1752. This 
was the (irst built of American stone. 

Tt»lnn'c<t ami)unting to 7o,t.KK) hogs- 
heads, were exported from Virginia in 
175S. 



Jacob Astor, chief owner,^ began opera- 
tions in 1784. 

U nod EiHffdi'inff was introduced 
into the United States in 1794 by Alex- 
ander Anderson. He mude the pictures 
for Webster's spelling book. 

Iioo/,-Trtn/r Safe. — The first in 
America was held in June, 1S02, at New 
York, by the American Company of 
Booksellers. 

The Miami E.vitot'timj dnH/nini/ 
was organized in iSoj, to provide im- 
proved transportation for the produce of 
the N. W. Territory. Crops were niar- 
keteil in New Orleans, La., being floated 
down the Ohio and Mississippi in fiat 
boats, the owners returning on foot 
about 1,000 miles, the trip taking six 



TRADE AND COMMKRCE. 



195 



months. Afterward large canoes, pro- 
pelled by oars ami IIrmi by sails, short- 
ened the time. Tlie Miami Company 
existed for several years, but was not a 
permanent success. 

Artijirial Proptnjathtn of lish was 
first attempted in the United States in 
in South Carolina in 1804. 

Ice Kj-poftiul from the United States 
to Martenique, W. I., from Charleston, 
Mass., in 1806. A cargo of 130 tons was 
shipped, per brig Favorite, by Frederick 
Tudor, of Boston. The venture was un 
profitable. A cargo of ice was shijiped 



parcels for tiie accommodation of busi- 
ness men. lie llrst carrird (iu-m in a 
satchel, but his business grew until lie 
had oftices in both cities, and sent daily 
messengers each way. The next year 
Alvin Adams liegan running between 
New \'ork and I'oston, via Norwich and 
Worcester. Thus originated the whole 
modern express trallic. 

VhivAiijo, a city of one year's growth, 
made its first shipment of wheat to the 
seaboard, via the lakes, in 1839. The 
amount forwarded was 78 bushels. 

WJnilimj K.rtr<io rdi iKi yy .—\n the 



Reading, VSi„--P^umbn\<;, Etc. Conti nued. 

J". KT. SCHEIBILE, 

yiiiiitiirv I'ltiiiilicr, Stoaiii aiuKjiis Kilter. Hotel 
Suiiitnry l'liiiiil)iii;; a Si^'iialty. Dealer in I'lutn- 
berV. Siipplii^s. Telepluir.e (Uiiiiioctioiin. 

««:« North Sixth .Street, Uo uliiig. J'a. 

Pottery . 
D. P. SHENF€LDER, Prop. 

Readiiif; Stone and I'lartlienware I'ottery. Orders 
by Mail or Telephone I'roniptly Attended to. 

165, 157, 15<). Kil Sehiivlkill Avemic, 
RK.XDING, I'A^ 

Printers. 

FRANK J . BOYE R , 

Over Post Office, Reading, Pa. 

Cig.Tr Manufacturers' Supplies a Specialty. Tele- 
phone Connections. 



Coleman Printing; House, 30 N. Sixth St., 
0pp. Court House. 



CHAS . F . HAAGE , 

I'roimuktor of 
UNIVERSAL JOB PRINTING PLACE, 

762 Penn Street, Reading-, Pa. 
Fine C olor Work and I.iihels a S|>«'<!ialty. 

Pianos. Organs, Etc. 



MUSIC PARLOR. 

i\it< I'ianos. Weaver and Talaee 



o. n. 

PA LACE 

Hallet \-, l)a\ . , , 

Orj,'anH, Kxpenwes reduced by removal to cheaper 

locality. Can undersell any iiealer in City. 

5I() Coiiit Street. Reiidiiif::, I*ii. 

S AMUE L BOH LE R , 

Manufacturer of Church and I'arlor I'ii)e Or;,'ans 
of the lincHt (luality. luuin^' and Kepairini; 
Specialties, 

824 Court Street, Keadiiigr, Pa. 



to New Orleans from Boston, in 1S20. — 
The strange material so alarmed the in- 
habitants that a mob was excited, who 
threw one cargo overboard. 

Ailvet'tlsimj ^lijcmj/. — Tiie first in 
America was established in 182S. 

l>itt!f (tn American Products. — Peru, 
in 1828, laid a ninety per cent, duty on 
American cottons, hats, shoes, soaps, 
tobacco, etc., which was practically pro- 
hibitory. It was repealed in 1S29. 

Eorprcss Jiusfiietis. — March 4, 1S39, 
William F. Harnden started to travel be- 
tween New York and Boston with small 



year 1853 the cargoes of two whalers 
from New Bedford and Fair Haven sold 
for 1400,000. 

fr(n' of Sew/uf/ Murh i 11 cs. —Oci. 
10, 1856, numerous suits having arisen 
between the Singer Company and the 
Wheeler and Wilson and Grover and 
Baker Companies, an agreement was 
entered into to use each other's features 
and combine against all other infringers. 

AincHcan lianh-Xtttc Conrpani/ 

was organized in 1S5S by a combination 
of the engraving companies in the United 
States. 



196 ADVERTISEMENTS. 



FINE AS SZLK. 



'I'he following preparations are prescriptions of first-class Physicians, and are used in private practice. 
Purely vegetable, and are m,\nufactured under our personal supervision, made of the purest and best ingre- 
dients, and put up so as to meet the pockets of all. 

LEWIS' BITTER WINE OF IRON. 

(We claim no proprietorship for this preparation, only superior qu.ality of ingredients and care of its 
composition.) It is a splendid Tonic, and the best remedy for Lost Vitality. FOOr Appetite and Dyspepsia; gives 
StrOEgth, BlOOdand EaergV to the feeble; brings back the rosy cheeks and blo^m of youth to the sallow faced 
and overworked. TuY It. S o/.. BoTti.k 50 Cts. 

LEWIS' DIARRHOEA REMEDY. 

For Cholera, Diarrhcea, Dysentery, Cramps, Cholera INIorlnis. Sure cure. Used for the past ten years. 

LEWIS' COMPOUND ELIXER OF HOPS. 

For Lost Appetite, Nervousness, Dyspepsia, Kidney and Liver Diseases. Price 50 Cts. 

LEWISIAN HAIR PRESERVER. 

For falling out of the Hair and DandrutT. Restores the hair to its natural color, softness and gloss. 

LEWIS' REGULATING PILLS. 

Sure cure for Indigestion, Constipation, Sick Headache, Pain in Side or Back, Dyspepsia and Liver 
Complaint. Sent to any address for 15 cts. 

One dollar's worth of our preparations will be sent to any part of the city on rei'eipt of order for same. 
See that every one has my signature on laliel. We carry a full line of all Patent Medicines, Herbs, Oils, 
Perfumery, Chamois, Sponges, etc. Send for Prices Wholesale and Retail. 

K. A\/[KS LEWIS, Proprietor, 
LABRATORY, 




SIMON P. McKENNEY, 

140 WEST STATE STREET. 




Simon P. ]\IcKenney, formerly with M. F. Aiioustin & Sou,"of Pliiladelpliia, would 
respectfully inform liis friends and the public, that he has established himself at 

]^0. 140 WEjSfjST/lTEjSTKEE'F, TRENT ON. NJ. 

Known as the "West End," Avhere he is now prepared to furnish 

(Croquette*!), 5i)oaeiL Hucfte^^, ©lerrapin, ©Lju^ter*^ in e^erij ^tijfe, 

ansl €\ame in ^eai^oQ. 

He will endeavor to please all who may favor him with their patronage. "Weddings and 

Parties a specialty. China, Silver, Glass, Linen, &c., supplied. Rooms for Private 

Dinners and Suppers. Orders from a distance promptly attended to 



REFERENCES: 

Hon. a. G. Richey, Wm. L. Dayton, Pliny Fisk, 

Hon. C. S. Grebn, Rev. John Hall, D. D., Hon. J. H. Stewart, 

F. W. RoEBUNG, Gen. W. S. Stryker, Hon. Mercer Bbasley, 

Barker pi'MMBRB, John Moses, Gov. Geo. Li'dlow. 



ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENONS. 



197 



ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENONS. 
STORMS, TORNADOES, CYCLONES, EARTHQUAKES, ETC. 



Gn(tteni<ilo.'m Central America, was 
destroyed in 1541 by a flood of water 
from a volcano. A new city was built 
further down the valley. 

(ii'ffft If'imJ and Rain in New Eng- 
land in 1635. The tide rose perpendicu- 
larly twenty feet. 

Kta'thqnahes were felt for twenty 
days in New England in 1638. 

Storms. — Two tremendous storms oc- 
curred in August and December, 1638. 
The tide rose fourteen feet above the 
spring tide in Narragansett, and flowed 
over twice in six hours. 

Severe Winter, — In 1641 Boston and 



February, 1717. It impeded all modes 
of travel. 

Aurora lioreaiis was for the first 
time seen in New England December 17, 
1719, and created considerable appre- 
hension. 

Eoi'tJiquf(7ies occurred in New Eng- 
land in 1727 and November 18, 1755, of 
great severity. 

Di'otff/Jtt. — One hundred and twenty- 
three days without rain, in 1762, the 
longest drought ever known in America, 
occurred the summer of this year. 

DarJ,- Thuf in, Detroit. — October 19, 
1762, a dark day prevailed at Detroit, 



Reading, '2s„~Coufinued. 

Real Estate and Insurance. ^^^^^ 

p. M. ERMENTROUT. 

Fire Insurance aqd f^eal Estate flgeqt, 

500 COITRT STREKT, 

I^ E ^^ 3D I IsT C3- , I».A.. 



Mutual Fire Insurance Co. of Keading, 
506 Court St. 



Restaurant. 
Hassler, Aug. B. , 503 Penn St. 

Saloons. ZZZZ 

ACADEMY SALOON, 

J. L. LAWRENCE, - - Proprietor. 

Billiard and Pool Kocins. Only Billiard Hall in 
the City. Choice Liquors and Cigars at the bar. 
Telephone connections. 

533 Penn St., Reading, Pa. 



MAENNERCHOR HALL, 

HARRY JONES <& CO., Proprietors. 

Saloon and Sample iJooni. I'rivnte parlor in rear 

with I,a(lies side entrance. 

Lauer'sBeer, Porter ani Ale. Finest Wines, and Cigars 
at the Bar. Lunch from 10 to 12. Musio Every Evening. 
13'i X. Si.vfh St., Urdiliufi, J:'n. 



Stair Builders. 



ELMER E. DICKINSON, 

Manufacturer of 



SOLID m VEi[ER[D lEiEL POSTS, 

STAIR BUILDERS' BALUSTERS. 

I supply the trade at ."Manufacturers' Lowest Prices. 

liippint; and Scroll Sawing done to order. 

Jobbing a Specialty. iMail orders receive prompt 

attention, at 

Xo. 513 S. Sixtli St., Keading, Pa. 



Chesapeake Bays were frozen, the latter 
passable for horses, carts, etc., for five 
weeks. 

Hurricane in Barbadoes, August 10, 
1674, was of such terrific power that 
scarce a house or tree was left and many 
lives were lost. 

Mobile, ^Uft,, was almost destroyed 
by a hurricane and flood in 171 1. It was 
removed to its present site for greater 
safety. 

Darh I)aij in New England October 
21, 1716. People were compelled to use 
artificial lights to do the ordinary work 
of the day. 

Show Storm. — The greatest ever 
known in New England occurred in 



Mich. Rain fell, which is said to have 
been of a "dirty, sulphurous smell." 

Dark Day in New England, May 
ig, 1780. The approach of darkness 
began about 10 A. m., and increased un- 
til it became so dark that it was impossi- 
ble to read ordinary print. Men and 
beasts were alarmed. The Connecticut 
Legislature was in session. Some of 
the members, thinking the day of judg- 
ment was at hand, called for adjourn- 
ment. Cnl. Abraham Davenport said: 
"The day of judgment is approaching, or 
it is not. If it is not there is no cause 
for adjournment; if it is I choose to be 
found doing my duty. I wish, therefore, 
that candles be brought." 



igS 



ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENONS. 



Dark Day in Canada, October i6, 
1783. It began at 2 p. M. and con- 
tinued one hour. The darkness was 
extreme while it lasted. 

^lerolffe fell in Texas in 1808, weigh- 
ing 1,635 pounds. It is now in Yale Col- 
lege. 

Eoi'thqtmhe^ December 16, 1811, at 
New Madrid, Mo. Boats and houses 
were destroyed. The ground rose and 
fell in undulations, and lakes and swamps 
were formed in Tennessee. 

Sfortu in New England. — September 
23, 1S15, a severe storm prevailed. In 
thirty-five hours eight inches of rain fell. 
The streets of Providence, R. I., and 
other cities on the coast, were filled 
with streams of water. Houses were 


peared in March, 1S43. It could be seen 
by daylight part of the time. 

Ilea tod Teriu.— From August 11 to 
14, 1853, intense heat prevailed through 
out the United States. Four hundred 
deaths occurred in New York City in 
four days. 

Lowest Tetnjyerature ever recordea 
was by Dr. Kane, in Smith's Sound, on 
February 5, 1854, in latitude 78° 37"* N. 
His spirit thermometer registered 100° 
below freezing point of water. 

Bai'thqtuihe in Central America, 
April 16, 1S54, destroyed the city of San 
Salvador, with two hundred lives and 
^4,000,000, in less time than one minute. 

Lost Tslfnid. a summer resort on the 
coast of Louisiana, was completely en- 


Reading, "2 z..— Continued. 


Upholsterers. 
Ermentrout, E., Fifth, Cor. Court St. 


Soap Manufacturer. 


E. T- nVEZLLEIR, 

Practical Repairer and Refinishing of Furniture 
Upholsterer. Ohair Painting a Specialty. 

218 S. Sixth St., Reading, Pa. 


READING SOAP WORKS. 

Wholesale and Ketail Dealer and Manufacturer. 

W. K. LEAMAN, Proprietor, 

12!{ Wasliingtan Stri'ot, Reading;, Pa. 


Vertical Engine Manufacturer. 
Snell & Meharg, Court St., above Second. 

Veterinary Surgeons. 


Tailor, (Merchant.) 


Wellington YanReed, 

308 Penn Street, Reading, Pa. 

Secretary of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company 
of Sinking Springs, Incorporated 1843. 

Office, 308 Penn Street. 


K. H. CLEAVER, 

Veterinary Surgeon, 

Telephone Connected. 

No. 12N. Eighth St., Reading, Pa. 

OPERATOINS CAREFULLY PERFORMED. 


wrecked, .shipping destroyed, and many 
cattle and other stock were killed. 

Meteors. — A grand shower of shoot- 
ing stars occurred in America on the 
night of November 13, 1833. It occa- 
sioned great fear among the inhabitants, 
especially the negroes in the South, who 
thought that the world was about to be 
burnt up. 

Cold Wcdthi'i'. — The winter of 1834- 
35 was so severe that the waters of the 
South were frozen, and snow fell a foot 
deep there. Orange trees in Florida, and 
fig trees 100 years old in Georgia, were 
killed. 

Cohtct. — A great comet suddenly ap- 


gulfed for three days, during a violent 
storm in August, 1856. One hundred 
and seventy-eight persons were drowned. 

Intense Heat prevailed in Califor- 
nia in June and July, 1859. 

Tormido, — A terrific tornado visited 
Iowa and Illinois June 3, i860. It almost 
annihilated a number of towns and a 
large amoiuit of property was destroyed. 

Eclipse. — The sun was totally eclipsed 
on August 7, 1869. It was visible in va- 
rious parts of the United .States. 

Del age in Vivfjiaia. September, 
1869. The flood rose until in Richmond 
ferryboats plied in the streets. Much 
property was destroyed, and at Harper's 
Ferry forty lives were lost. 

Yelloa'stone Geysers were first 



ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENONS. 



199 



visited in 1869 by tourists, led by Cook 
and Folsom. 

EartJiquaJkf. October 19, 1870. — The 
greatest ever known in this country oc- 
curred, extending from Canada across 
New England and the Middle States as 
far West as Michigan. There were two 
distinct shocks, each lasting a few sec- 
onds. 

Tornado destroys most of Helena, 
Ark., February 18, 1871. 

NHi'o-Glifcri'ine explosion at Titus- 
ville, Penn., May 19, 1871, shattered 
everything in the vicinity, and excavated 
a hole 12 feet wide and 5 feet deep. 

GalvestoUf Texas, was damaged by 
a heavy storm, June 12, 1871. Much 
shipping was wrecked. 



1872, which destroyed a brick market 
house. 

Hot Weathc)'. — On ist day of July, 
1872, the thermometer at Washington, 
D. C, indicated 151 degrees. Over 
seventy deaths in New York and twenty 
in the city of Boston occurred from sun- 
stroke. 

E(trthquahe felt on Long Island and 
in Westchester county. New York, July 
II, 1872. 

Tornado at Harrisburg, Pa., August 
5, 1872, unroofed buildings and did much 
damage. 

Cold Wave in New England January 
30, 1873. Prof. Loomis, of Yale College, 
reported that there was no record of any 
colder day in the last 100 years. The 



Reading, Pa. — Veterinary Surgeon Con. 

Phillips, W. S., Veterinary Surgeon, Cor. 
Fourth and Cherry Sts. 

Watchmaker and Jeweler. 



Woolen and Cotton Goods. 



WATCHMAKER AND JEWELER, 

Lapidist and Engraver. Work for the trade 

promptly attended to. 

37 N. Fifth St., Reading, Pa. 

Wines and Liquors. 

GEORGE W. HUGHES, 
Dealer i}t Pure Ittje tf'/iiskies. 

Brandies, Wines, Gins, Etc. 
£iglitli, Corner Penn Street, Reading, Pa. 



READING WOOLEN MILLS. 

J. y. LEINBACU & CO., 
jManufactiirers of Woolen and Cotton Goods, 

4th Street, near Buttonwood. Reading, Pa. 

Hamburg, Berks Co., Pa. 

AMERICAN HOUSE, 

D. H. FINK, Proprietor. 

Centrally located to Easiness Centers. Strictly 
first-class. Good accommodations. Cliarges mod. 
erate. Attentive Porters. Bus to all trains. 

Main, Comer State Street, 
Hamburg, Berks County, Pa. 



D. A. Bauslier, Proprietor. 
Centrally located, good accommodations; strictly 

first-class. Bus to all trains. 
Main Street, Hamburg, Berks County, Pa. 



Labrador devastated by a hurricane 
June 13, 1871. Settlements destroyed, 
vessels were wrecked and three hundred 
lives lost. 

Eaytliqiiahe on Long Island and 
Staten Island, N. Y., June 18, 1S71. Also 
at Visalis, Cal., July 5, 1871. Another 
occurred in California, March 26, 1872. 
Its duration was four hours. Many lives 
were lost. In the valley of the Sierras 
a chasm 35 miles long opened in the 
earth. 

Dayton, O., suffered severely from a 
terrible storm, July 9, 1871. Many lives 
lost. 

Tornado in Cincinnati, O., May 23, 
1872, did great damage to the city. One 
occurred in St. Louis, Mo., March 30, 



thermometer averaged 21 9° below zero 
in 29 towns in Massachusetts. 

Tornadoes occurred July 4, 1873, in 
Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin and Missouri, 
destroying many lives and much prop- 
erty. 

Delaware and Chesapeake Canal 
burst its banks August 21, 1873, and the 
inundation destroyed |i, 800,000 of prop- 
erty. 

Destructive Floods along the Mis- 
sissippi submerged hundreds of square 
miles of land above and below New Or- 
leans, in April, 1874. 

Ire-Dreah in the St. Lawrence river, 
May 8, 1874, caused enormous destruc- 
tion to the sliipping. The river had not 
been so long ice-bound in 38 years. 



200 



ATMOSPHERIC rHENOMKNONS. 



Mill liiver Reservoir, near North- 
amptt)ii, Mass., broke on May i6th, 1874, 
succ'iiinj; away tlu' inannfacturing vil- 
lai;es of Wil!iainslni|g, Haydensville, 
Skinnersville and Leeds. Loss, 150 
lives and millions worth of propertjj. — 
Cause, faulty construction. 

li/tis/t lIoffoH' Reservoir, on Mid- 
dlesex brook, near Chester, Mass., burst 
July 12, 1S74. Loss, |i, 000,000. 

ll'iifri'-S/tont huvst in Nevada, July 
24, 1S74, destroying- the ti)\vn of Eureka 
and killing twenty jhtsous. 

liiihi Stoi'in, ol' a very destructive 
character, visited Pittsburg and Alle- 
ghany City, July 26, 1S74. Great amount 
I of property swept away and 200 lives 
> lost. 



State legislators and the citizens of 
Richmond. 

Toriunt«> in Illinois, March 10, 1876, 
seriously damaged Quiney and other 
towns. Many lives were lostantl a large 
amount of property was destroyed. 

Stttrnts of a terrible character pre- 
vailed througluiut the United States and 
Europe from the 19th to the 25th of Mar., 
1876, seriously interfering with railroad 
and telegraphic communications, wreck- 
ing vessels and destroying property and 
lives. In Hungary 1 10,000,000 worth of 
property was destroyed. 

llcserrofr of Water-Works at Wor- 
cester, Mass., bursted INIarch 30, 1S76, 
depriving the city of water and destroy- 
11,500,000 of property. 



POTTSVILLE, PA. 



Charlos Stinsmin, Proprietor. 
Corner of Union and Centre Street. 

FINE FURNISHED ROOMS 

by lluMlny, wi'ok nr uuuitli !>t reasoimblc prices. 
This lioiiso lias boon 

Re/urntsfied in Firsf-i/ass S/y/r 
to meet n loug felt want of the tiaveliiig public. 

BuehU r. George INIiddle "Ward Hotel, 620 
^Inrket street. 

City Laundr}-, Mrs. Mary Lavelle, Pro- 
prietress, 119 East Norwegian Street, 



W. T. CRANE, 



Deal. 



iu Pianos, Oriians. Shict JIusio, Etc.. 
Wholesale and Retail. 

Manufacturer of Nail and Spike Kegs. 

Railroad Street, near Market, 
POTTSVILLE PA. 

EAGLE HOTELS 

Jonathan Reber, Proprietor, 

323 North Center Street. 

^^First-cl'iss acroniinoihitioii for travoling men. 

Pottsvllle, Pa. 

ELisoisr <& C^^I^L, 
FAsnioNAiu.E Boot and Shoemakers, 

118 West Market St.. Pcttsvillo. Pa. 
Custom Work our specialty. Eepairing promptly attended to. 



Tornado at Tuscumbia, Ala., Nov. 
22, 1S74, destroyed over 100 buildings 
and killed twelve persons. 

Ire- Urea Ik in Delaw are Valley, Mar. 
16, 1S75, caused great destruction in and 
around Port Jervis, N. V. 

Dctntit was visited by a terrific tor- 
nado, wliieli destroyed thirty buildings 
and a large number of lives, June 27th, 

1875- 

Cifvloin' in Te.xas, September 20th, 
1S75, destroyed Indianola, leaving but 
live out of three lunulred houses stand- 
ing, ami nearly four hundred lives were 
lost. Galveston suflered severely. 

F.artluiimhi- on December 22, 1S75, 
in Virginia, created a panic among the 



Irc-Brf'd/k in the Ohio river January 
14, 1S77, damaged vessels and property 
to the amount of |2, 000,000. 

Ihnn at StalTordsville, Conn., in the 
Williamantic Valley, burst March 27th, 
1877. Ten persons lost their lives, and 
|i, 000,000 worth of property was de- 
stroyed. 

Tornado at Mt. Carmel, 111., June 4, 
1877, destroyed one hundred and twenty 
buildings and property wortli :?5oo,ooo 
and twenty two li\ es. 

Connccth-at Hirer Bridge, between 
Northampton and Hadley, Mass., was 
blown down by a hurricane June 14th 
1877. Fifteen persons and a number ot' 
teams went liown with tlie ruins. 

Vi/cfone in Georgia, February Sth, 



ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENONS. 



2or 



1S78, destroyed considerable property 
and many lives. 

liahi Stoi'ins raged over all the Uni- 
ted States in Feliruary, 1878, causing 
great damage. In Providence, R. I., 
streets were flooded to the depth of four 
feet, and in California the Sacramento 
river flooded the country. 

ToriuKfo in Kentucky, Mar. 2, 1878, 
destroyed a great amount of property 
and seven lives in Carey county. 

CottoinrotKl. K((ns(fs. — A tornado 
prevailed here April 13, 1878. It de- 
stroyed much property and several lives 
were lost. 

ToriKulo through the interior of the 
United States, April 21, 1878, did vast 
damage, especially in Illinois and Iowa. 


a height greater than at any time since. 
1844. 

Ilcdted Term.— In July, 1878, in- 
tense heat prevailed throughout the 
United States. In St. Louis there were 
145 deaths from sun-stroke in seven 
days, and on July 15 over one hundred 
horses fell dead on the street. In Mil- 
waukee the thermometer stood at 101° 
in the shade, and one hundred and three 
persons were prostrated July 17th. In 
Chicago, 111., many persons and over 
fifty horses died. Farmers in the West 
worked by moonlight. In New York 
the thermometer was 100° in the shade, 
and thirty sun-strokes. Throughout 
Massachusetts the thermometer stood 
from 90° to 100° in the shade, and many 


Pottsville , Pa. — Continued. 
C. -F. HOI^ITZSCIi, 

Manufacturer of 

LAUXDU Y (fiHf TO/LIJT SOAPS 

Corner 3r4 and Race Streets, Pottsville, Pa. 


Wholesale and Eetail Dealer in 

tl ' I X K S A NJ> L 1 irons, 

105 Railroad Street. Pottsville, Pa. 


T. F. SHAPPELL, 
BOOT AND SKOEIVT A^I^EI^, 

101 East Norwegian Slr;et, Pottsville, Pa. 
ft^Cus^tom work for Gents, Ladies and Cliild- 
l reu a Specialty. 


r)c;llur ill 

WHINES AND LIQUORS 

116 East Norwegian Street. 


Merchants' Jiozel, 

Corner Centre and Mahantonga Streets, 
POTTSVILLE, - PA. 

PROPRIETORS. 

S^" Rates I2.00 per day. „^J 


Sltef/Iifi miner <(• Tiiirhharf. 
Wholesale :>ud Retail Confectioners 

IH Minersville St., between 2d & Oentie 5ts., 
I'OXTSVIIL.X.E, - - I'A.. 


Strouse, Alex. Steam Power Shirt Factory 
and Laundry, 208 East Norwegian St. 


The track of the tornado was a mile 
wide and forty miles long. It was ac- 
companied with hail, one stone of which 
measured fourteen inches in circumfer- 
ence. 

E.rt>losioH of Washburn Flouring 
Mills, at Minneapolis, Minn., May 2nd, 
1878, originated in gases from the mill 
dust. It caused the destruction of sev- 
eral mills, seventeen lives were lost, and 
;^i, 500,000 in property was destroyed. 

Cf/cloiK' in Southern Wisconsin, May 
23, 1877, began at Mineral Point and 
swept across the State nearly to Mil- 
waukee, leaving great ruin in its track. 
Thirty persons were killed and a large 
number injured. 

Missouri Hirer rose, July 3, 1878, to 


persons died. Hal)itual beer and whisky 
drinkers suffered most. 

Toi-tKtdoeSf Hail and Rain Storms, 
of great violence, occurred in many 
parts of the United States in August, 
187S. A large amount of property was 
destroyed, and many lives were lost. 

ira/finf/f'ortf, Conn., August 9th, 
187S. — A tornado destroyed ninety build- 
ings and killed thirty persons. 

ritilndelphid, October 23, 1878.— A 
tornado demolished four hundred build- 
ings and property worth $2,000,000. Six 
lives were lost. 

Terrible Tornado swept over parts 
of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Da- 
kota, causing vast destruction of life and 

property, July 3, 1879. 

1 



202 



ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENONS. 



Ohio and Canada was visited by a 
tornado, July li, 1S79. It dt-stroyed 
hundreds of tliousands of dollars worth 
of crops, many public buildings, and a 
large amount of private property. 

3Iass(H'7t II s('fts suffered from a tor- 
nado July i6th, 1879. It was felt with 
great severity upon the coast, and de- 
stroyed many vessels. More than thirty 
lives were lost. Some of the beautiful 
towns in tlie central part of the State 
were rid of the magnificent elms which 
had been shading them for many years. 

Storin on the Atlantic coast, August 
18, 1879, caused great destruction. Ves- 
sels were driven ashore, and the velocity 
of the wind was sixty miles an hour. 
New England suflered severely, and the 


inches. The orange groves in Florida 
were seriously damaged. 

Sfornis raged throughout the United 
States during the week ending February 
7, 18S1. Railroads were blockaded in 
the Northwest. New Orleans was flooded ' 
bv the bursting of levees, and 3,500 
square miles were overflowed in the Sac- 
ramento Valley. On the Sth the roof of i 
the New York Central depot at Buflalo, 
N. Y., fell with the weight of snow, kill- 
ing five persons. Later great floods were 
reported in Oregon, at Toledo, Ohio, 
Washington, D. C, and at other points. 

Stioir Sfoi'ins prevailed throughout 
the United States, especially in the 
Northwest, February 26 and March 5, 
iSSi. Blockades ensued, and provisions 




ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. 


Lounsbury et Spears, Dealers in Country 
Produce, 913 Atlantic Ave. 




n. g-ot-):f':e=le"^. 

Dealer ir. Groceries and Provisions, also Job- 
ber in Oranjies. Lemons, Cocoauuts, Peanuts, But- 
ter, Lard and Eggs. Fruits received from the 
South Twice a Weelc. 

Cor. Atlantic and Georgia Ave:., Atlantic City, N. J. 




E- IVI^^TIEaiE'V^S' 
RESTAURANT, 

2112 Atlantic Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Oysters. Fish and 

Clams. Families supplied at the 'shortest notice. 

MRS. C. M.- MILLER, 

Dealer in Fine Wines and Licjuors, Tobacco 
and Cigars, 

Atlantic Are., bst. Ohio and Michigan Aves., West Side, 
ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. 




COMMISSION MERCHANT 

Groceries. Provisions, Couutrv Produce, Butter, 
Eggs, Poultry, etc., 

3405 Arctic Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. 




|)ealer in (Tobacco and (Bigars 

FRUITS AND CONFECTIONERY. 
Missouri and E. R. Aves., Athintie City, X. J. 


ST. CLAIR HOTEL, 

Corner Atlantic and Kentucky Avenues, 

ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. 
D. S. WHEALEY. Proprietor. LOGS BOS 33. 




damage to the shipping was great. At 
Norfolk, Va., the streets were flooded, 
and buildings unroofed, causing a loss of 
over |2oo,ooo. 

i'l/cloiif, April iS, 18S0.— The worst 
ever known in this country, swept 
through Indiana. Illinois, Wisconsin, 
\ Iowa, Kansas and Missouri. At Marsh- 
field, Mo., all but twenty or thirty build- 
ings were wrecked and one hundred 
persons were killed. A child was found 
in the crotch of a tree, unhurt, three 
miles from home. 

Cold and Snow in the South, Decem- 
ber 29, iSSo. Severe cold prevailed 
throughout the United States. At 
Greensborough, N. C, snow fell fifteen 


and feed were exhausted in certain lo- 
calities. Chicago was cut oflT almost en 
tirely. In some places railroad ties and 
telegraph poles were used for fuel. 

loira. Kansas, Minnesota and ]\Iis- 
souri were visited with violent storms, 
June 12, 1S81. Many lives were lost and 
much property was destroyed. 

Xeiv llnif 3Ihin.f was completely 
wrecked by a cyclone, July 16, 1S81. The 
town contained a population of between 
two and three tliousand, and of those 
thirty persons were killed and wounded, 
and more than one hundred homes de- 
molished. 

Geonjia and South Carolina suffered 
from a severe hurricane along the coast, 





ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENONS. 



203 



August 27, iSSi. Many lives were lost 
and much property destroyed. 

A BlizzfU'd was reported to have 
occurred March ,29, 1882, along the line 
of the Winona and St. Peter Railroad, 
Dakota. Many lives were lost and a 
large amount of property destroyed. 

A TovikhIo prevailed in the West- 
i era States, April 6th, 18S2, by which 
\ twelve lives were lost and great destruc- 
; tion of property occurred. 

1 BIcAUistct'. Indian Territory, was 
; visited by a cyclone, May 16, 1S82, and 
\ one hundred and twenty persons were 
1 killed and wounded. 

j Gviunell, Iowa, a town with a popu- 
lation of 2,415, was struck by a cyclone 


and Southern States about the 22nd of 
April, 1S83. Nearly three hundred lives 
were lost and a large amount of property 
destroyed. 

3Iissimri was struck by a cyclone on 
May 13, 1883, and many persons were 
killed and much property was destroyed. 
The town of Oronogo was entirely de- 
molished. 

JRoeh ester. Minnesota, a city with a 
population of nearly 6,000, was struck 
by a cyclone August 21, 1883, and one- 
third of the town destroyed. A railroad 
tram, on its way from Rochester to 
Zumbrota, was lifted from the track and 
completely demolished. Thirty persons 
were killed and fifty wounded. 

Sprinfffield. Missouri, was visited by 


1 

i Atlantic City, N. J.— Continued. 


Hand, Joseph, Manufacturing Jeweler, 11 
Washington St. 


i GEORGE THOMPSON, 

Corner Missouri and Atlantic Avenues, 
ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. 


W. R. SHEPPARD'S 

EXCELSIOR MARKET. Fi"<= groceries, fresh and salt 
meats, pure spices, all grades sugars, syrups, poultry, eggs, 
creamery ami tui> l>utiers, canned gooils, vegetables, hsli and 
game in season, wooden and wdlow-ware. Hotels and Cot- 
tages supplied. Deliveries prompt. 

33 Washing^ton St., Cape May, N. J. 


CAPE MAY, N. J. 


Benezet, Wm. H., Boots and Shoes, 

51 Washington St. 

HERBERT W. EDMUNDS, 

ATTORNEY AT LAW, 

3 Washington St., Cape May, N. J. 


Smith, I. H., Fashionable Tailor, 47 
Washington St. 


Imported Choice Wines, Liqnors Cigars, aud 
Ice Cold Rochester Beer. Ladies' and Gents' 
Concert Garden. Open All Night. 

JOHN E. STUART, 24 Jackson St., Cape May City, N, J. 


Gibson, Robert, Tin, Sheet Iron and Zinc 
Worker, Jackson St. , 0pp. the Railroad 
Depot. 


June 18, 1882, and one-half the town de- 
stroyed, and more than one hundred 
persons were killed. About the same 
time very destructive storms also visited 
Kansas, Missouri and Iowa. 

Coalville, r<(., was visited by a cy- 
clone June 30, 1882, and several persons 
were wounded. 

Orerfloic of the Mississippi.— During 
the spring of 1S82 the Mississippi River 
and its tributaries overflowed, causing 
many deaths and the destruction of a 
vast amount of property. By a report 
made to the Secretary of War, dated 
March 17, eighty-five thousand persons 
were rendered homeless and destitute 
by the floods. 

Tornadoes prevailed in the Western 


a tornado November 5, 1883. Five per- 
sons were killed and many wounded. 

Floods in the Ohio Valley. — The 
spring of 1883 witnessed heavy floods in 
the Ohio Valley, which caused great de- 
struction of property and the loss of sev- 
eral lives. Large tracts of country were 
submerged, railway bridges swept away, 
mills damaged and thousand of families 
driven from home. The cities of Cin- 
cinnati and Louisville suffered greatly. 
In February, 18S4, these floods were re- 
peated, but were more disastrous than 
the preceding year. At Cincinnati the 
water was seventy feet deep. Among 
the disastrous incidents was the fall of a 
large boarding-house at Cincinnati, kill- 
ing fourteen of the inmates. 
_ 



204 



GREAT FIRES. 



Ifhid Sfor)ns. of a furious charac- 
ter, visited the South and West April i, 
1SS4. The town of Oakville, Indiana, 
was entirely destroyed, and four of the 
inhabitants killed and fifty wounded. 

Jlissfssippi, Georgia, South and 
North Carolina, and many other South- 
ern States, suffered from a destructive 
cyclone. February 19, 1SS4. Many lives 
were last and much property destroyed. 

ImJhiiift. Ohio, Pennsylvania, South 
Carolina, Alabama and Tennessee. — De- 
structive storms prevailed in these States 
April I, 1SS4, with great loss of life. 

tTidnestturit, O., was destroyed by a 


cyclone on April 27, 1S84. Six persons 
were killed and a number vvounded. — 
Extensive damages were suffered in 1 
other portions of the State. 

Baltimore. Washington, New York, 
Philadelphia, and other portions of the | 
country, experienced earthquake shocks j 
on August 10, 1S84. It was felt from i 
Richmond, Va., to Portland, Me., and 
from the Atlantic coast to the Ohio. 

Clear Lahe, Wis., was struck by a 
cyclone, September 9, 1S84. Three lives 
were lost and the greater part of the 
town laid in ruins. Several other towns 1 
in Wisconsin and Minnesota were dam- | 
aged. 


CLAYTON, N. J. 


GLASSBORO', N. J. 


"F!. F=;. A F^J'-PTT rT 1, 
Dealkr in 

FINE CIGARS AND TOBACCO, 

AND ALSO FRUITS, 

CLAYTON. N. J. 


FRANCIS FOCER, 

Dealer in News and Story Papers, Periodicals, 
Wall Paper, Conl'ectiouerv, Tobacco. Ciirars, Etc. 
IN ODD FELLOWS HALL, 
GL.\SSBORO', X. J. 


Wilcox. A. P., Saddle and Harness INIaker, 
in New Building, 0pp. Post OtHce. 


LADD BROTHE RS , 

Dealers in Carpet, Furniture, Sewing Machines, 
Orirans, and Household Goods in General. All 
orders called lor. Carpets delivered. Orders by 
Mail Promptly Attended to. 

CLAYTON, N. J. 


MILLVILLE, N. J. 


ID. G-. BI^OOKIS, 

Dealer in 

Gf^OCERIES AND PROUISIONS, 

Cor. Second and Tine Sts., Millville, N. J. 


Silver, A. J., Stoves, Tinware, Roofing 
and Spouting. 


Carpenter, D. W., Photographer and 
Crayon Artist, 123 High St. 


GREAT 
PJl/moiit/t. — The first great fire oc- 
curred here on November 5, 1624. It 
destroyed several houses, with goods 
and provisions. 

Boston. — Two wooden houses were 
destroyed by fire in Boston, March 16, 
1631. The fire cauglit in a wooden 
chimney. Such chimneys and thatched 
roofs were thereafter forbidden. This 
was the first fire in Boston. Another 
great fire occurred here in 1771, which 
destroyed 100 buildings. 

CJtfirlf'sfoii. S. ('. — A destructive 
fire raged here in 1740. Parliament 
voted ^20,000 for its relief. January 16, 
1778, Charleston suffered from another 
great fire. It raged for 24 hours. The 
shipping and boats in the harbor were 
filled w ith unfortunate families. 


FIRES. 

Xetv Yoi'Ix. — A great fire occurred 
here September 21, 1776. It burnt Trin- 
ity Church and 500 dwellings near by. — 
Some lives were lost. Another and 
greater fire occurred December 16, 1S35. 
It raged fourteen hours, and the burnt 
district covered over forty-five acres. It 
destroyed $20,000,000 of property. The 
thermometer stood at zero, and gun- 
powder was used to blow up buildings 
and arrest the flames. It wrecked twen- 
ty-three insurance companies. 

Detroit, Midi., was destroyed by 
fire in 1S05. At that time it was a promi- 
nent fur-trading post. 

Ilir/tniotid, }'a.. Theater burned, 
December 24, 181 1. Over si.xty persons, 
including the Governor of the State, 
perished in the flames. 



GREAT FIRES. 



205 



Patent find Postoffces. — A great 
fire consumed the Patent and Postoffices, 
with vakiable models and records, in 
Washington, D. C, December 15, 1836. 

Kew Yoi'Ii'. — Forty-six buildings 
and |io, 000,000 worth of property were 
destroyed by fire, September 6th, 1839. 

Charleston f S. C.—A large fire here, 
April 27, 1838, destroyed 1,158 buildings 
and 13,000,000 worth of property. The 
city v^as burned, December 14, 1861, and 
several milHons of dollars' worth of 
property were destroyed. 

Pittsbnrf/, Penn. — A great confla- 
gration prevailed here, April 10, 1845, 
which destroyed 1,800 buildings, |6,ooo,- 
000 of property, and burned over fifty- 
six acres. 


city. Another occurred May 3-5, 1851, 
by which 13,500,000 worth of property 
was destroyed and many lives were lost. 
June 22nd, 1851, witnessed still another, 
which destroyed five hundred buildings 
and 13,000,000 worth of property. 

St. Louis. May 4, 1 851.— Three -fourths 
of the city and $1 1 ,000,000 worth of prop- 
erty were destroyed by fire. 

Libra rt/ of the United States, in the 
Capitol at Washington, was burned De- 
cember 24, 1851. Out of 55,000 volumes 
3,500 were destroyed, besides valuable 
paintings, medals and statuary. 

Coin m bits, O., February i, 1852. — 
The State-House and most of the rec- 
ords were destroyed by fire. 

Crystal Palace in New York burned 


Millville. N, l,—Co7itmued. 


HENRY T. CRAVEN, 

Monumental Marble, Brown and Blue Stone 

and Granite Works. 

Landis Ave., Near W. J. E. E. Depot, Vinelasd, N. J. 

Monuments, Headstones, Mantels, Etc., Etc. Also 

Work for Private and Public Buildings. 

Creamer, U. A., Meats and Provisions, 

Landis Ave. 
Dodge, E. A., Gents' Furnishing Goods, 

Landis Ave. 


McLauffhlin, S., Stationery, Toys, &c., 
126 High St. 


THE MILLVILLE REPUBLICAN, 

MILLVILLE, N. J. 
J. W. NEAVLIN, - - Proprietor. 

Terms $1.50 per j'ear. The leading weekly In the 
city. Largest circulatiou. Paper established 1864. 
Terms for Advertisements sent on application. 

Reeves, R. M., Groceries and Provisions, 
311 Fourth St. 


VINELAND, N. J. 


A . N . G I R AU LT , 

Dealer in 

Groceries @ Provisions 

Kellogg's Block, Laiulis Ave., Viupland, N. J. 


Vinelahd, N. J. 
Manufacturer of Coats, Pants. Vests, Shirts and 
Drawers. Custom work a Specialty. Agent for 
Sevving Machines. LANDIS AVE. 


New Poi'A. July 19, 1845. — Between 
Broadway, Exchange Place, Broad and 
Stone streets, 450 buildings and 16, 000,- 
000 of property were destroyed by fire. 

Louis V ill e^ Kij. — A great fire here 
consumed several hundred buildings in 
1846. 

Albany, N. r., August 17, 1848. — Six 
hundred houses and 13,000,000 worth of 
property were destroyed by fire. 

St. Louis. — A great fire occurred 
here in 1849. One-third of the city and 
much shipping on the river was de- 
stroyed. 

San Francisco, Cal.,May 3, 1850.— 
A fire here destroyed |io,ooo,ooo worth 
of property, including the Custom-House 
and many of the finest buildings in the 


October 5, 1858, consuming its entire 
contents. 

Key West, May 16, 1859. — A fire 
here destroyed no buildings and $2,750,- 
000 worth of property. 

Nas/trille, Tenn.,]une 10, 1865. — A 
fire consumed |io,ooo,ooo worth of Union 
supplies. Another, on July 24, 1S66, de- 
stroyed f 1,000,000 worth of property. 

Barnuni's Museutn was burned in 
New York July 13, 1865. 

Fort liileif, Kansas. January 31, 
1866.— A fire consumed |i, 000,000 worth 
of United States quartermaster and com- 
missary stores. 

Academy of 3Iusic and University 
Medical College in New York were 
burned May 21, 1S66. 



2o6 



GREAT FIRES. 





Poi'fIan(7, Jl(\, burned July 4, iS66. 
A fire-cracker exploded by a boy in a 
cooper-shop, originated a conflagration 
which destroyed one thousand six hun- 
dred buildings and |i5,ooo,ooo worth of 
property. 

Tfif'ftff^r Bni-iiiHffs in New York.— 
In iS66 the American, the Academy of 
Music and the New Bowery Theaters 
were destroyed by fire. In 1S67 Winter 
Garden and the disused JNIechanics' Hall 
were burned, and the Theater Comique 
was singed. In 1S72 Kelly & Leon's 
Minstrel Hall, Niblo's Garden and the 
Hippo Theater were destroyed. In 1S73 
Daly's Fifth Avenue Theater floated to 
the skies. In 18S2 the Park theater fol- 


September 16, 1S71. Loss, 1300,000. Six 
persons were killed. 

Wisconsiu. — Great fires prevailed in 
this State October 8, 1S71. An appalling 
conflagration occurred in the lumber re 
gion, wiiich swept out of existence the 
towns of Peshtigo, Manistee, William- 
sonville, Menekaumee, Marinette and 
Brussels, with over six hundred lives 
and $4,000,000 of property. 

Clihof/o Fire, October 8-9, 1S71.— 
About 10 o'clock on a windy night a cow 
kicked over a lamp w hile she was being 
milked, in DeKoven street, which ex- 
ploded and caused one of the most dis- 
astrous fires in modern times. It swept 
over 2,124 acres, destroyed 17,450 build- 




Vineland, N. J.— Continued. 


Mason, Joseph, Justice of the Peace, Real 
Estate and Insurance Agent, Landis Ave, 




A . L . HAZLETT . 

Furniture Repaired, Also Staining, Varnishing 
and Polishing, ^lattresses made 10 order or old 
ones thoroug ily cleansed and renovated. Give him 

your order. 

Laniis Ave., two doors west of Mammoth Kink, Vinelaad, N. J. 

C. C. LEWIS, 

Dealer in 

Groceries ^Provisions, 

LANDIS AVENUE-South Side, 
VINELAND, NE\A/ JERSEY. 




REUSTLE & MeCOY, 

Manufacturers of 

GMOICE BRANDS OF GIG/jRS, 

Landis Ave.. Vineland, N. J. 




Rexroth & Co., Groceries, Provisions, 

Flour and Feed, Landis Ave. 
Stuart, F. R., Groceries and Provisions, 

Cor. Landis Avenue and Fourth St. 

R. P. TULLER. 

ATTORNEY AT LAW, 

SOLICITOR AXD MASTER IN CHANCERY, 

Landis Ave., Vineland, N. J. 




lowed, and in 1SS3 the Windsor and the 
Standard were consumed. 

Adelpltia Theater. Boston, was de- 
stroyed February 4, 1S71. 

Troij Opera House and P. E. 
Church of Messiah, destroyed by fire 
April I, 1871. 

Albaiuf^ X. 1'., April 7, 1871. — A 
fire destroyed the great printing house 
of Weed, Parsons & Co. Loss half a 
million. 

Williamsporff Peim., had a great 
fire August 20th, 1S71, which destroyed 
$2,000,000 worth of property. 

S<ir((to(j<i, X. Y., September 14th, 
1871.— The Park Place and Columbia 
Hotels were consumed by fire. 

Pioche, Xei\, was destroyed by fire 


ings and 250 lives; 98,000 were made 
homeless, of whom 50,000 left the city. 
The loss was $175,000,000, insured in 
two hundred insurance companies for 
$98,000,000, sixty-four of which failed. 

Little lioeh. ArJ,., December 28th, 
1S71. — A fire destroyed $100,000 worth 
of property. 

MonroCf La., December 30th, 1S71, 
$580,000 worth of property was destroy- 
ed by fire. 

The Libra rij of Edwin Forrest was 
burned January 15, 1S72, in Philadelphia, 
It was worth $20,000. 

lieadimj, /Vi//*., January 16, 1872,3 
great fire destroyed $250,000 worth of 
property. 

tlaijae's Granite Hlock, in Phila- 



GREAT FIRES. 



207 



delphia, was nearly destroyed by fire on 
March 4, 1S72. Loss, 1478,000. 

State Lunatic Asifltntt at New- 
burg, Ohio, burned September 27, 1872, 
Five lives were lost and $500,000 in 
property. 

Sing-Sing, N. Y. — A fire destroyed 
a great part of the business section on 
October 8, 1872. 

Cambria Iron Works, at Johns- 
town, Pa., were burned October 13, 1872. 
Loss, 1400,000, 

Boston Fire. — Sixty-five acres in 
the heart of tlie city were burned over, 
destroying four hundred and forty-six 
buildings, November 9th, 1872. Four- 
teen lives were lost and $73,600,000 in 
property consumed. 


pletely destroyed, and a number of lives 
lost, in consequence of the burning of 
the woods surrounding the village, June 

19, 1873- 

Portland. Oregon, August 2, 1873.— 
A great fire occurred here, which con- 
sumed twenty-three blocks of two hun- 
dred and fifty dwellings, and destroyed 
$1,500,000 worth of property. 

Valuable lielirs and documents of 
the Long Island Historical Society were 
lost by the burning of the Hamilton 
building in Brooklyn, N. Y., January 15, 
1874. 

State Prison, at Charleston, Mass., 
was partially burned March 21, 1874. — 
Loss, $50,000. 

Chicago. — Another great fire pre- 




Vineland, N. Z.— Continued. 


JOHN W. ANDERSON, 

Manufacturer Steam Engines, Tobicco Presses, 
Latest Improved Elevators, Cast and Wrought Iron 
Railings, Lime Bushels, General Mill and Machine 
Work. Model and Pattern Making a Specialty, 

510 South Queen Street, 

LANCASTER, PA. 




Real Estate and Insurance Agency, 

All kinds of Property Bought and Sold. Money 
loaned. Insurance placed in flrst-dass Companies 
at reasonable rates. 

Landis Ave, Second door West of Bank. Vineland, N. J. 

Weston's Temperance 

BILLI/ff^D /jND POOL Pflf^LOf^S, 

Ivory Balls, New Cues, Lively Cushions. 

K. M. WESTON, - - Proprietor, 

Brown's Block, Landis Ave., Vineland, X. .T. 


1 


C3^. XD. :b.^^ii^. 

Manufacturer Boilers and 'J'anks for Water or 
Oil of every description, and all kinds Sheet Iron 
Work Made and Repaired. Satisfaction Guaranteed. 

NORTH CHERRY ST., LANCASTER, PA. 

BRADY'S EDGE TOOL WORKS, 

125 E. Walaut St., Lancaster, Pa- 
Manufacturers of Edge Tools, Mill Picks and 
Feed Cutter Knives, Hammers and t^uarry Tools 
to Order. Brady's Superior Tobacco Shears anrt 
Spears. 




LANCASTER, PA. 




BLACKSMITH AND GENERAL JOBBER, 

Horse Shoeing a Specialty, 

308 New Holland ATentie, LanoaBteri Pa. 




Hand cC Avery's printing establish- 
ment, Boston, Mass., was burned Nov. 
20, 1872, Loss, $250,000. 

Galva, III., November 21, 1872.— A 
fire here destroyed $218,000 in property. 

Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York, 
burned and suffocated eleven servant 
girls, December 11, 1872. 

Barnum's Jluseum, in New York, 
burned December 24, 1872. Loss, $1 - 
000,000. 

At Cliicago. January 17, 1S73, the 
First Congregational Church was de- 
stroyed by fire. 

Marshall House, in which Colonel 
Ellsworth was killed, at Alexandria, Va., 
burned February 25, 1S73. 

Michagamnie, Michigan, was com- 


vailed here, July 14th, 1874, which de- 
stroyed fifteen squares of three hundred 
and forty-six buildings and $4,000,000 of 
property. 

Fall Biver, Mass., September 19th, 
1874. — Granite Woolen Mills burned, 
killing twenty and wounding thirty-eight 
operatives. 

Boston, December 15th, 1874. — Over 
$1,000,000 was destroyed by fire. 

Ilolijohe, Mass., INIay 27, 1875.— The 
French Catholic Church was burned and 
seventy-five lives lost. 

0.<*A7i-os/«, Wisconsin j April 28, 1875. — 
A fire de.stroyed a large part of the city. 
Loss, $3,000,000. 

Forest Fires raged in May and June, 
1875, in Canada, Michigan, Pennsylvania, 





2o8 



GREAT FIRES. 



and New York, destroying whole vil- 
lages and many lives. 

lloiuc for the Aged, at "Williamsburg, 
N. Y., an institution of the Sisters of 
Charity, was burned, with twenty-eight 
inmates, March 4, 1876. 

Casth' Gin-<1vn. New York, was 
burned July 9th, 1876. It was erected 
in 1807 as a fortification. 

lii'oohh/n Theater burned Decem- 
ber 5, 1S76, causing the death of three 
hundred persons. 

i'>>.*'*.«* JVeir AtneHt'fi'n Theater, at 
Philadelphia, was burned February 25, 
1877. Loss, 1250,000. 

Forest Fires raged in parts of New 
England, Pennsylvania and New York, 
and in Michigan and Wisconsin, in May, 


partially destroyed by fire September 24, 
1877, causing a loss of |i, 000,000, besides 
models and papers that money cannot 
replace. ! 

Daniel ff'ebster's House at Marsh- 
field, Mass., was burned February 14th, 
187S. 

Jlot Sprinf/s. Arkansas, suffered 
from a great fire March 5th, 1878. One 
hundred and fifty buildings were burned. 

Philadelphia. Penn.. suffered to 
the extent of |i, 000,000, by a great fire, 
March 25, 1878. 

Bishop Mansion, on the Hudson 
River, New York, burned April 16, 1878, 
destroying valuable paintings, one of 
which was valued at ^30,000. 

Alta, a town in Utah, was nearly all 


Lancaster, "Ss..— Continued. 


HENRY EHRISMAN. 
CARPENTER AND BUILDER. 

Phuis, Estimates aud Specifications Furnished on 
Application. 

IT. Christian St., Bear of 145 and 147 K. Queen St., 
L.\XCASTER. PA. 


M. V . B . COHO & CO. 

Dealeus IX 

COAL. If oon A\n lvmufb, 

' WATER STREFT. LANCASTER, PA. 


Eshlcman. John, Liquor and Eating 
House, 325 N. Queen St. 


W. P . CUMMI NGS , 

Pattern. Model and Dr.iwings Made. Plans and 
Estimates Furnished on Application. Iron and 
Brass Castings. 

Mechanics' roundry, Cherry St., Lancaster. Pa. 


EVANS & COYLE , 

Mechanics" Iron and Brass Fonndrj-. Castings 
made from Old Grates, Plates, Wheels. Cellar Grates, 
Sash Weights, etc., 

515 to 521 Cherry Alley. Lancaster, Pa. 


MRS. M. J. DAILY. Proprietress, 

LANCASTER BLEACHERY, 
ANO NKAV YOKK I AIM>KV, 

154 E. Walnut Sr.. Lancaster, Pa. 


EVANS & COY L E , 

Mechanics' Iron and Brass Foundry, Manufac- 
turers of Light and Heavy Castings. Mill Work a 
Specialty, 

J13 to 3S1 Cherry St., Lnncnster, fa. 


Dettenhofer, John G., Carriage Manu- 
facturer, 651 S. Queen St. 


1877, destroying millions of lumber, 
whole villages and many lives. 

Sonflicrn Jfofef at St. Louis, Mo., 
was burned April 11, 1877. It was a 
six-story building, and seven persons 
jumped from the upper windows. The 
whole number of lives lost was fourteen. 
Property lost, 1750,000. 

St. John. X. Ji.. June 20, 1877. — A 
destructive fire burned over five hundred 
i acres of buildings in tliemain part of the 
1 city. Many lives were lost and fifteen 
j thousand people made homeless. Prop- 
erty valued at |2o,ooo,ooo was destroyed. 

irai/rflfe. Dakota, was consumed by 
fire August iSth, 1S77. Three hundred 
buildings were burned. 

Patent Ojpre at Washington was 


burnt August ist, 1878. Loss, f2oo,ooo. 
The fire originated from a man who fell 
asleep with a cigar in his mouth. 

Cajte Ma;/. New Jersey, November 
9, 1878, eight hotels and many cottages 
were consumed by fire. 

Xetr l'o>7.-. January 17, 1879 — Nine- 
teen dry goods firms, involving a loss of 
jf!3,ooo,ooo. were con.sumed by fire. 

Insane Asf/lnm. near St. Joseph, 
Missouri, burned January 25, 1879. Loss, 
^5200,000. 

S((n Peno. Nevada, was almost con- 
sumed by fire, March 2, 1S79. Five lives 
lost and $1,000,000 was destroyed. 

Forest Fires in Lincoln Co , Kansas, 
raged in March, 1879, attended with loss 
of life. 



GREAT FIRES. 



209 



€o7tniibns. (K — Patrol of one thou- 
sand citizens served each night in Mar., 
1879, at Columbus, O., to guard against 
incendiary fires, of which there had been 
great numbers. 

Sfnifli Ii('}n1. Indiana.— The Notre 
Dame Roman Catholic University at 
South Bend, Indiana, was burned April 
23, 1879. Loss, |i, 000,000. 

I)<'(((hroo<7. Black Hills, was burned, 
September 26th, 1879. Two thousand 
people were made homelesss. Loss, 
f3, 000, 000. 

TifHsriUe, rf'ini.—Oi\ fire at Titus- 
ville, Penn., August 16, 1879. A tank 
of oil was struck by lightning, and the 
flames spread from tank to tank until 
85,000 barrels, worth |ioo,ooo, were con- 


Three hundred persons burned to death, 
and many villages and an immense 
amount of property was destroyed. 

IlaveHU, Moss. — A destructive fire 
occurred here February 17th, 1882, by 
which the business part of the town was 
destroyed. Loss, over 12,000,000. 

Xeirhall JToHsr, Milwaukee, Wis., 
was destroyed by fire, January 10, 18S3. 
Over one hundred lives were lost in the 
conflagration. 

Khnhalf JToiisr. in Atlanta, Ga., 
was destroyed by fire August 12th, 1883. 
It was one of the finest and largest ho- 
tels in the South. Loss, |;i, 000,000. 

K.jcju^sitioii Jiiiihlimj, Pittsburg, 
Penna, was destroyed by fire October 
3, 1883. Loss, $1,000,000. 




GUSTAVE E. RE^^GER, 

Wholesale and Retail 

TOBACCONIST 

2000 Penn Avs.. Pittsburg, Pa. 

Branch Offices, Johnstown. Pa., and Denver, Colorado. 

CHARLES HAKMI, 
Contractor (^ Btiilder, 

Estimates and Speoitications Fnriiiislied, 
And Dealoi- in 

Orders by Mail promptlj' attended to. 

30 Years Experience. 

"IVest Bethlehem, Bethlehem, Pa. 


0. T. VOGELER, 

LEATHER ^'SHOE FINDINGS, 

Manufacturer of 

Boot, Shoe and Gaiter Uppers, 

127 Mulberry Street, °^^ °newark ^n'' j^^ ^''" 




Oonstaiitl7 on hand a large assortment of Uppers. 
We My Competition. 




MRS. J. M. KING, 

Fancy Goods i Notions; 

704 S. 3lahi St., 




sumed. A change of wind saved the 
city. 

New York, January 4, 1881. — Ten 
women and children were burned to 
death by a fire in the rear tenement 
house. No. 35 Madison street. 

Stftffoid Cotniff/, New Hampshire, 
Poor-House destroyed by fire, January 
7tli, 1881. Thirteen persons burned to 
death. 

Catholic OfjthdHftffr, at Scranton, 
Penna., destroyed by fire February 27th, 
iSSi. Fifteen children were burned to 
death. 

Easfei'it 31icluf/tfn suffered terri- 
bly from forest fires September 4, iSSi. 
They spread over a large portion of 
Huron, Sanilac and Tuscola counties. 


Park Tltrater, New York, was de- 
stroyed by fire early in the evening, Oc- 
tober 30th, 1S83. Mrs. Langtry was to 
make her first appearance in America at 
this theater the same evening. Two 
lives were lost. 

Roinati Catliolie Conretn at Belle- 
ville, 111., was destroyed by fire January 
5, 1884. Twenty-six nuns and pupils 
were burned to death. 

Park Theatf'r. Cleveland, O., was 
destroyed by fire January 5, 1S84. 

Hampton, la., suffered from a de- 
structive fire, April 9th, 1884, causing a 
loss of ^100,000. 

Porest Pires, — Late in April and 
May, 1S84, extensive forest fires raged in 
New York, New Jersey and Pennsylva- 





2IO 



POSTOFFICE DEPARTMENT. 



nia, burning several villages and many 
square miles of timber land. A number 
of persons perished in the flames. 

Erie, Penn., suffered from a fire, 
August 13th, 1884. Two-thirds of the 
business portion of the city was de- 
stroyed. 

Orfon's Anglo-American Circus. — 
One of its cars containing sixty men 
caught fire near Greeley, Col., August 
29th, 1884. Many persons were fatally 
burned. 

Cleveland, O., was visited by a large 
fire, September 7, 1884. Loss aggrega- 
ted over |2, 000,000. 

Liberty, J'a., had an incendiary fire. 



October 12th, 1884. Fourteen business 
houses were destroyed, involving a loss 
of nearly $150,000. 

Goldsboro, N. €., was visited by a 
fire, November i6th, 1884. Loss, over 
1250,000. 

St. fJohn^s Male Orphan Asylum, 

Brooklyn, New York, was destroyed by 
fire, December i6th, 1884. Many lives 
were lost. 

Harruffin tC Hart's Theater Com- 
ique. New York, was destroyed by fire, 
December 23, 1884. 

Slake Opera House and hotel at 
Racine, Wis., destroyed by fire, Decem- 
ber 28, 1884. Three lives lost. 



All work put up in our Patent Blotter Tablets without charge. 

CHAS. W- CLEAVER. 

Odd Fellow Building, Cor. Pitt and Richard Sts., 
::beidi^o:e=liz), dp^a^. 

fll^ANDALE F)OUSB AND (gOiHTAGBS, 



Nearest Hotel to the Springs 

ALSIP & SMITHS, 



:]B E XD I^ O I=L XD , 1P.A^. 

Popular Summer Resort. 

Proprietors. 



POSTOFFICE 
Mail Moute established in 1672 be- 
tween Boston and New York. The 
round trip was to be made once a month. 
Postage, four pence a letter for sixty 
miles, and two pence extra for each ad- 
ditional hundred miles. This was the 
first mail route in the country. 

Governnient Postoffices were first 
established in America by act of Parlia- 
ment in 1710. The main ofiice was to be 
at New York, and the other oilfices were 
scattered through the country at conve- 
nient places. 

Postmasters. — Colonel Spottswood 
was Postmaster, with Benjamin Frank- 
lin Assistant Postmaster, from 1737 to 



DEPARTMENT. 

1753. At his death Franklin was made 
Postmaster, with William Hunter, Assis- 
tant. Their joint salary was ;if6oo, if 
they could make it out of the office. In 
1757 it owed them ;^900. After this date 
it paid. 

Philadelphi<i and Boston Mail. — In 
1754 Franklin issued a notice that the 
New England mail, which used to leave 
Philadelphia "once a fortnight in winter, 
would start once a week all the year, 
whereby answers might be obtained to 
letters between Philadelphia and Boston 
in three weeks, which used to require 
six." 

Xeiv York and Philadelphia mail 



POSTOFFICE DEPARTMENT. 



211 



was run weekly each way by coaches in 
1760. 

Benjamin, FranMin, Postmaster 
General of the Colonies, made a trip 
in 1763, through the country in a chaise, 
to perfect the arrangements of the de- 
partment. The trip, which can now be 
made in five days, took five months. 

Postoffice Departnient was estab- 
lished by Congress, July 26, 1775. Ben- 
jamin Franklin was chosen Postmaster 
General, with a salary of |i,ooo per 
annum. It was reorganized by the Uni- 
ted .States Government September 22d, 
1789. Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts, 
was First Postmaster General, who was 
not a member of the President's Cabinet 
until 1829. 



cents; for any distance not exceeding 
ninety miles, ten cents; not exceeding 
one hundred and fifty miles, 12^ cents; 
not exceeding three hundred miles, 17 
cents; not exceeding five hundred miles, 
20 cents; any distance over five hundred 
miles, 25 cents. These rates were held 
in force till 1816, when they were changed 
without changing the awkward unit of 
mail matter. The rate that went into 
effect in 1826 made the charge for a sin 
gle letter carried not to exceed 30 miles, 
6% cents; not to exceed 80 miles, 10 
cents; not to exceed 150 miles, 12 J^ cts.; 
not to exceed 400 miles, 18^ cents, and 
for any distance over 400 miles, 25 cents. 
Newspapers were carried for one cent for 
100 miles or less, and i yi cents for longer 



C. MUNSON. 



CO. 



J. C. DUNKLE. 



D. W. HOLT. J. F. STEINER. 

COTTAQE PLANING IVIILL 

Manufacturers op 

DOOPS- SASH, BLINDS, SIDING, 

FLOORING AND SURFACE LUMBER OF ALL KINDS, 

Also Dealers in • 

BILL LTJIv^BEI?, OF E'VER-^^ I5ESCHII>TIOICr, 

HUNTINGDOy, PA. 

J. C. DUNKLE, - - - - - - Superintendent. 

ADAM SIEMON, 
M;BRCH ANT TAILOR, 

307 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

/? Large Stock of Cloths aqd Gassirqeres Suitable for /l/Jen and Boys' Wear 



Postal Service. — In 1790 there were 
only seventy-five postoflfices in the Uni- 
ted States and 7,375 miles of service. In 
five years there were 1,799,720 miles, and 
in 1845. 35,634,269 miles. 

Mail Wagon. — The first mail wagon 
west of Albany, New York, was run in 
1791. It carried the mail and passengers 
to Canajoliarie, and the enterprise ulti- 
mately developed into the great stage 
lines of Central New York and Western 
Pennsylvania. 

Postage in 1 7f>?.— The first sched- 
ule of rates, which was established by 
the law that organized the postoffice, 
was as follows: For every letter con- 
sisting of one piece of paper for any 
distance not exceeding forty miles, eight 



distances. Congressmen could frank let- 
ters during, and for twenty days after, 
sessions. The unit of charge for letters 
was one sheet of paper. There were no 
envelopes at that time. A letter was so 
written on a piece of paper that one side 
of one part of it was left blank. When 
folded this blank side became the back 
of the letter, on which the address was 
written. 

Cabinet O/firer.— The Postmaster 
General was, in 1829, first invited to a 
seat in the President's Cabinet. 

Iteduced to Pice Cents — In 1845 an 
act was passed reducing the letter rate 
to five cents per half ounce, regardless 
of the number of pieces of paper con- 
tained in a letter. The scale of distances 



212 



POSTOFFICE DEPARTMENT. 



was so simplified that for any distance 
under 300 miles the rate of five cents was 
charged, and for any distance over 300 
miles 10 cents. By the same act carry- 
ing letters by private enterprise, which 
had been indulged in up to the present 
time, on account of the high rate of 
postage, was prohibited on all post-roads 
unless postage had been prepaid. Here 
was relief in both directions in which it 
was demanded. A person could, by as- 
certaining whether his letter was to go 
300 miles or more than that, and whether 
it weighed one-half ounce or more than 
that, tell precisely what the sending of 
his missive would cost. From this change 
of rate the expenditures of the depart- 


age rate has ever been increased after a 
reduction has once been made. 

Redueed to Three Cents in 1851. 
The prepayment of all letters came 
about through the operation of the Op- 
tional law of 1851, by which the rate of 
domestic letter postage was furtlTer re- 
duced to three cents, provided payment 
was made in advance. If paid by the 
recipient the old rate, five cents, was 
charged. People who had respect for 
their correspondents paid in advance. 
Those who sent letters grudgingly, as 
the payers of bills by mail, or who were 
naturally stingy and small-souled, sent 
letters without prepaying them. Under 
this law many letters were not taken 


Lancaster, "2^,— Continued. 


CEO. HASTING, Prop. 

i^oxjiNr'±'..^i3sr iisTKr, 

Centrally Located, Good Accommodations, 
Charges Reasonable. Day or Week Board. Free 
Bus to all Trains. 

3'i mid :i4 S. Queen St., Laneaster, Pa. 


Successor to Conrad Gast, 

Manufacturer All Kinds of Pottery Ware, 

4:58 y. Prince St., Laiirfisfei; Fa. 


CHARLES A. HEPTINC, 

Manufacturer of Marble and Sand Stone Monu- 
ments, Tablets, Head Stoues, Curbing, and all 
kinds of Cemetery and Building Work. " 

Office & Works, 431 S. Duke St., Eesidence, 548 Greene St., 
LANCASTER, PA, 


PHILIP GRAYBILL, Jr., 

Manufacturer of Balusters, Newels, Brackets, 
Variety Turning and Scroll Sawing, Wood for Kind- 
ling, etc., 

232 S. WATEE ST., LANCASTEE, PA. 


JOHN F. HAHN, 

Dealer in Bar Iron and Steel. The largest selec- 
tion of Pulley Shafting and Hangers in the Citj-. 
Old Iron and JMetals a Specialty. 

533 N. Cherry St., Lancaster, Pa. 


J. W. KELLER. 

Manufacturer of Tin, Sheet Iron, Wire, etc. 
Roofing. Guttering and Spouting Specialties. Re- 
pairing promptly attended to. 

30 N. Market St., Lancaster, Pa. 


ment began to exceed the receipts so 
largely that repeated efforts were made 
to return to higher rates. But the fact 
seems to be that the department began 
to run behind in 1843. From the time it 
was organized in 1789, to 1S43, there was 
an annual surplus. The first year of the 
Government this was 15,795 profit. Ten 
years later, 1800, the surplus was |66,- 
810. The falling off of revenue under 
the rates of 1845, not so much as the in- 
crease of expenditures on account of 
contracts with railroads and steamboats 
about that titne, contributed to swell the 
annual deficits, and sent the statesmen 
of the period on the back track. The 
clamor of tlie people, however, was too 
loud to be disregarded. No letter-post- 


from the office. Finally, in 1S55. the law 
requiring all postage in advance, at the 
uniform rate of three cents, went into 
effect. It took people a long time to get 
used to this innovation. They would 
persist in dropping their letters in with- 
out stamps, which had been adopted by 
the department in 1S47, seven years after 
they had been shown in England to be 
practicable and convenient. The Post- 
master-General, in his report next after 
the Three-Cent Prepayment by Stamp 
act went into effect, deplored the stu- 
pidity of people as shown by their ne- 
glect to affix the stamp. " Through the 
press," said he, "and by placards on 
the letter-boxes, every possible publicity 
has been given to this law, yet from in 



MATRIMONIAL AND SOCIAL EVENTS. 



213 



advertence, fraud, or other causes, let- 
ters continue to be deposited without 
prepayment." For some time Postmas- 
ters all over the country informed peo- 
ple that letters addressed to them were 
waiting for stamps, but after his patience 
was exhausted the Postmaster-General, 
James Holt, ordered all unprepaid let- 
ters to go to the Dead-Letter Office. 

Ovevland 31<ul to California started 
from St. Louis, Mo., September 16, 1858. 

•• Pony Ex2)res.s/' between St. Jo- 
seph, Mo., and Sacramento, Cal., was 
established in April, i860, as a link in 
the mail line between New York and 
San Francisco, which was made in four- 
teen days. Fleet horsemen carrying ten 
pounds, rode sixty miles each, for which 
they received |i,2oo per month. The 
postage was $5,00 in gold for each quar- 
ter of an ounce. 

Xew York and Chicago. — A fast 
mail between these two cities left New 
York, September i6th, 1875, from the 
Grand Central Depot, at 4:15 A. m., with 



thirty-three tons of mail, in mail bags, 
which were taken on and dropped at 
almost every station. It reached Chi- 
cago at 6:27 A. M., September 17th, be- 
ing less than twenty-six hours on the 
way, averaging ^i]( miles per hour. 

Postal Jan. reducing rates on third- 
class matter to one cent per ounce, on 
packages of four pounds and under, and 
on transient newspapers and magazines 
to one cent for three ounces or less, and 
one cent for each two additional ounces, 
passed the United States Senate April 
12, 1876. 

Transit of the Australian Mail 
to England, in October, 1880, was made 
in 41 days via San Francisco, thence by 
special train to New York, and by the 
Guion steamer to England. The old 
route, via the Suez canal, usually took 
45 days. 

Two-Cent Postage. — The reduction 
of postage in the United States from 
three to two cents went into operation 
October i, 1883. 



Lancaster, "Ss.,— Continued. 



JAS. A. MILLER, 

Furnishiug Undertaker, Emijalmer and Funeral 
Director, Dealer in Undertakers' Supplies, etc. 
•ilO W. Chrstnut St., T.anrnsU'f, P<i. 



GROCER AND PROVISION DEALER' 

8(i4-an(l 36() S. (ivei'iie St., Lauciistei-, Pa. 
Specialties: Imported Swiss Cl'eese, Limburger 
Cheese, Holland Herring, Sardines, Mustard, Beer 
Mngs, &c. 

E. B. POW^L, 

First-Class Coaehes, Phaetons, (tc. 
Safe Horses and Careful Drivers. 

Carriages for Funerals and Weddings a Specialty. 
/',* E. If'nltiiif St.. lAnKdstf'i; Fa. 



Furnisliiug Undertaker. Embalmer and Funeral 
Director and Dealer in Undertakers' supplies. 

North Queen, Cor. Walnut St., Lancaster, Pa. 

Rote, Leban R., Undertaker, S. Queen, 
Cor. Vine. 

PHILIP RUDY . 

Manufacturer Lieht and Heavy. Sinsfle and 
Double Harness, Dealer in Whips, Robes, Blankets, 
Collars, Saddles, Bridles, <fcc. 

Repairing a Specialty. 
339 N. (jueen St., Lancaster, Pa. 

A. H. STAUFFER, 

Carpenter, Contractor and Builder. Plans, 
Estimates and Specifications furnished on Appli- 
cation, and Dealer in Builders' Materials. 

22.3 E. New St.. Lancaster, Pa. 



MATRIMONIAL AND SOCIAL EVENTS. 



Virginia Dare, the first American 
child of English parentage, was born in 
Roanoke Colony, August 18, 15S7. 

fl'ires Bought with Tobacco. — In 
1619 the London Company sent ninety 
respectable young women to Jamestown, 
where the planters bought them for 
wives, atone hundred pounds of tobacco 
each, to pay for their passage. This 



conduced so greatly to the contentment 
of the colonists that others were after- 
ward sent out, and the price advanced to 
one hundred and fifty pounds each. 

Il'edding in Pfginoufh. — The first 
wedding was between Edward Winslow 
and Mrs. Susanna White, May 12, 1621. 

Coiirtsliijt of IMiles Standish. — Cap- 
tain Standish became a widower shortly 



214 



MATRIMONIAL AND SOCIAL EVENTS. 



after the arrival of the colony. One 
day, in the spring of 1621, he sent his 
young friend, John Alden, with an ofler 
of marriage to Priscilla Mullens, a fair 
young maiden. Upon hearing the re- 
quest, Pri.scilla archly replied: "Prithee, 
John, why do you not speak for your- 
self?" The bashful messenger blushed 
and retired, but in due time a happy 
wedding took place between them. The 
poet Longfellow has made this incident 
famous. 

''Merry 3Ionnf/'— In 1626 Thomas 
Morton, a "pettifogger of Furmval's 
Inn," got control of a plantation known 



violation of law, but the matter was 
dropped. 

First Baff in Canofla.— The Jesuit 
Journal records the first ball in Canada, 
February 4, 1667, and adds: "God grant 
that nothing more may come of it." 

Wives for Canadians.— In 1667 a 
large number of maidens were sent over 
to become wives to the settlers. Over 
one thousand came by 1673 It fre- 
quently occurred that as many as thirty 
were married at one time, and some- 
times it was discovered that a few of the 
young women had left lawful husbands ' 
at home. None were sold, as at James- 
town. 



Lancaster, Pa. — Continued. 



Steinliauser, F. J. & Son, Dealers in Pianos 
and Organs, and Musical Merchandise, 
Tuning and Repairing Specialties, 307 
N. Queen St. 

PROF. CARL THORBAHN, 
Teacher of Violin, 

Artists' Violins Made to Order. All String 
Instriimeuts Skillfully Repaired, Improved and 
Revised. Bow Haired, etc. 

'i4:3 W. Chestnut St., Lnmaster, !•(>. 

C. UFFELMAN, Prop! 

Centrally Located. Good Accommodations 

Charges Moderate. Boardiiiy: by day or week. 

New and Good Stabling, &c. 
106 and 108 s. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. 



Kennett Square, Pa. 

JAS. T. STRONG, 

General Blacl^smith, 

WEST STATE STREET, 

KENN ETT SQUARE. PA. 

Walker, Eobert, Dealer in and Manufac- 
turer of all kinds of Cigars. Billiard and 
Pool Parlors, E. State St. 



OXFORD, PA. 



FRED. G. CLEMENT. 

Dealer in 

]VCE-A.TS &m PiEiovisioisrs, 

Vegetables m Season, 
Market House, Third St., O.xford, Pa. 



as "Mount Wallaston," near Boston. He 
changed the name to "Merry Mount," 
sold ammunition to Indians, gave refuge 
to runaway servants and set up a May 
pole, broached a cask of wine and a 
hogshead of ale, and held high revel 
and carousal. This went on for two 
years, until, at the complaint of a num- 
ber of settlements, he was arrested by 
Miles Standish and sent prisoner to Eng- 
land. 

Queer Wetldiitg.—ln 1641 Governor 
Richard Bellingham, of Massachusetts, 
married a young lady by performing his 
own marriage ceremony, he being a 
magistrate, and without publishing the 
bans, as required by the colony rules. 
He was brought before the courts for his 



Ball at Washington, B. C— Mrs. 
John Ouincy Adams gave a famous ball, 
January 8, 1824, at Washington, D. C, 
in commemoration of Jackson's victory 
at New Orleans. 

Ball at New I'oiV.-. —- Magnificent 
ball at the Academy of Music, New York, 
October 12, 1S60, in honor of the Prince 
of Wales. A similar ball was given in 
Boston. 

Spelling 3Iania reached its height 
in April, 1S75. It extended all over the 
country. 

Frederich Boaglass, a prominent 
and eloquent colored politician, was mar- 
ried to Mrs. Helen M. Pitts, a white wo- 
man, of Washington, D. C, January 24, 
1 884. 



CENSUS RETURNS. 



215 



CENSUS RETURNS. 



Pojy^thitfon of the Colonies of Vir 
ginia, New England and Maryland in 
1660 was about 80,000. 

Population of English Colonies in 
1688 was about 200,000., while that of 
New France was but 11,000. 

New York City had a population of 

12,000 in 1756. 

Fii'st Census.— The first systematic 
census ever taken in the United States 
was in 1790. It cost 144,377.18, and en- 
rolled 3,929.827 persons, excluding In- 
dians, and 700,000 slaves. 



Fifth Census.— The fifth was taken 
in 1830, and gave a population of 12,- 
866,020, an increase since 1820 of 32.51 
per cent. It cost 1378,543.13. This cen- 
sus, for the first time, included some re- 
turns of the fruit crop. 

Sixth Census. — The sixth was taken 
in 1840, and showed a population of 17,- 
069,453, an increase from 1S30 of 33.52 
per cent. It cost $833,370.95. 

Serienth Censns. — In 1850 the sev- 
enth census gave a population in the 
United States of 23,191,876. The in- 



Osford, Pa. — Continued. 

Fashionable Shaving Saloon, 

Third Street. Opp. Fanner's Bank, 

OXFORD, PA. 

Horse Shoer and, General Blacksmith, 

Cor, Third and Mt. f't'riion Ave., 
OXFORD, PA. 



T. D. HARPER, Proprietor. 

ALSO BAKEK AND CONFECTIONEE, 

FINE CAKES A SPECIALTY. 
Market St., Oxford, Pa. 



WM . K . HARNEY, 
BAKER an ft COXFECTIOXEB, 

Cake Baking a SpeciaUy. Ice Cream is Season. 
E. Market St.. Oxford, Pa. 

J^ F^ HUTCH I SON , 

FINE GROCERIEs'aND PROVISIONS, 

Confectionery, Flour ini Feei, Meats, Fish, Etc., 

OXFORD, PA. 

WM. MoAl^i^IfcSTKR. 

REPAIR SHOP, 

Cor. Third and Mount Vernon Ave., OXFORD, PA. 

OXFORD STE AM LAUNDRY 

THIRD ST., OXFORD, PA. 

L. M. JOHNSON, - - Proprietor. 



Second Census. — The second census 
was taken in 1800 at a cost of 166,609.04. 
The population was 5,308,483, an increase 
of 35.10 per cent since 1790. 

Third Census. — The third was taken 
in 1810, and gave a population of 7,239,- 
881. It had increased 36.38 per cent, 
since 1800. These returns showed some 
valuable, although imperfect, statistics 
of manufactures. The cosi of the cen- 
sus was 1178,444.67. 

Foarth Census. — The fourth was 
taken in 1820. and gave a population of 
9,633,822, an increase since 1810 of 33.06 
per cent. The cost was $208,525.99. 



crease since 1840 had been 35.83 per cent. 
It cost 11,329,027.53. 

Eighth Census, — The eighth, taken 
in i860, returned a population of 31,- 
443,321. The rate of increase since 1850 
had been 35.11 per cent. The cost of 
the census was 11,922,272.42. 

Ninth Census, — The ninth was taken 
in 1870, giving a population of 38,558,371, 
or 22.65 pst" cent, increase since i860. It 
cost 13,336,511-41. 

Tenth Census, — The tenth census, 
taken 1880, showed a population of 50,- 
155,866 There were 6,677,360 foreign 
born persons and 6,577.151 blacks. 



216 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



S. MAYER & CO. 

Manufacturers, Inventors & Sole Proprietors 

MODEL MEDICINE CHEST, 

Coiifii ill ill)/ <i Hi'iiHiIji for till />/.s<'<f.v<',<f to 
irhivli Iliir.sfs, Cuttle, Slierji fnnl i'iflfi (ii'e 

A FEW OK OIR SPECIALTIES AEE 
Mayer & Go's Fever aud Inflamatioii Powders. 
•' " Matric Heal Lotiou. 

" White Oils. 
" " Brown Liuinient--The Horse's Frieud 

" " Foot Rot Preparation. 

" " Physie Balls. 

'• ■' ColicDriuk orGripe&Scouv Mixture 

" " Mairic Cure. 

" " Staling Balls. 

" " Condition Powders. 

All these Pro])eration9 have been extensively sold 
for upwards of 80 years. 

Veterinary Works, 1017 N. Front St., 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



A. M. CONK> 

Manufacturer of asd Dealer in 

GUNS and REVOLVERS, 
ll(nmunitioniFineFistiiiigTacl{lE,[tc„ 

fi@*Fine Split Bamboo Fishing 
Rods a Specialty. Rod Repairing 
promptly attended to. 

iiij —J ^^ i/iy.=c-.&^ /^t- c&zr^ 
WARREN, PA. 



Oxford, Pa. — Continued. 



J. P. WINCHESTER, 

Dealer in 

CIGARS AND TOBACCOS, 

BILLI.\RD AND POOL PARLOR, 

Cor. Market and Fourth Sts., Oxford, Pa. 

Gloucester City, N. J. 



WILLIAM BRADWAY, 

Dealer in 
HARDAVARE, PAINTS AND GLASS, 

King St., above Bergen, Gloncester City, N. J. 

The David S. Brown Coffee House, Cor. 
Hudson and Willow Sts. 

LOU IS CONTEER, 

BOOT AND SHOE MAKER, 

Burlington St., Gloucester City, N.J. 

HENRY McBRIDE, 

Dealer in Foreign and Domestic Wines aud 
Liguors. 

Cor. Burlington and Meroer Sts., Gloucester City, N. J. 

Cigars of Finest Brands always on Hand. 



THOMAS MOS S , 

Dealer in FINE WINES AND LIQUORS. 
POOL, PARLOR. 

Cor. Eurlington and Essex Sts.. Gloucester, N. J. 

WILLIE RUSSELL, Jr., 

Dealer in 

FINE IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC 

CIGARS AND TOBACCO, 

Hudson Street, (Uoucester City. N. ,T. 

HAMILTON W. SOCKUME, 

SHAVING AND HAIR CUTTING SALOON, 

STUDIO, MERCER STREET, 

Second Door above Willow St., GLCUCESTEE, N. J. 



eOJ^FESTlONER, 
Also a Fine Line of Cigars and Tobacco always 
on Hand. Ice Cream a Specialty. 

Burlin gton, nea: Sum merset St., "Gloucester, N. J. 

WM . E . STONE . 

Dealer in Groceries and Provisions, 

Broadway, near Market Stree+, Pine Grove, 
GL OUC ESTE R, X. J. 

COOPER W I L T S E Y , 

eONFESTlONER, 
Fine Gaudies always on Hand. Ice Cream a 
Specialtv. 

Mercer St., Glouc ester, N. J. 

QUAKE RTQ WN,"pAr^ 

A A RON BALL, 

Fnrniture Emporium, Undertaker. Emhalmer 
and Funeral Director. Dealer in Undertakers' 
Supplies. 

W. Broad St,, Quakertown, Pa. 

H. H. SOUDER, - - Proprietor. 

Good accommodations, strictly lir.st-class. good 
sample rooms, first-class livery in connection, 
BroaiL Cor. I" rout St., (Quakertown, Pa. 

^JOHN B. FRETZ, V. S. 

(xi'adnate of Ontario College, Canada. 



VETERINARY 

Oiifi-iitioiis n 
Broad Street, 



SURGEON. 

S/ifi'iiifti/. 

O.uakertown, Pa. 



DR. O. H. FRETZ, 

Phtysician ^ Druggist, 

E. Broad St., Quakertown, Pa. 

QUAKERTOWN STOVE WORKS, 

KOISKKTS. SCYPES A CO.. 

Manufacturers of Stoves, Heaters aud Ranges, 

Qnakertown, Bucks Co., Pa. 

Horu, Sebastian, Contractor, Juniper St. 
Strouse, R. C, The Largest Boot and Shoe 

Store, Main St., next Building- to Och's 

Store. 



FILLIBUSTERS. 



217 



FILLIBUSTERS. 



Lopez's Eocpedition against Cuba in 
1849. — Narciso Lopez, aprominent ofifice- 
holder in Cuba, disgusted with the Span- 
ish policy toward her colonies, organized 
his " Round Island Expedition " in the 
United States for overthrowing Spanish 
authority in Cuba. It was a ridiculous 
failure. 

Tlte Second 'Expedition of Lopez 
against Cuba, from the United States, 
captured Cardenas, May 19, 1849. He 
had about six hundred men, who speedily 
fell into the hands of the Cuban authori- 
ties, but Lopez escaped. 

Third Expedition of Lopez, with 
five hundred men, landed at Morillo, 
Cuba, August 11, 1851. He was speedily 
defeated, captured and garroted by the 
Cuban authorities. A great riot occurred 



against him, and on May ist, 1857, he 
was again a prisoner. Released at New 
Orleans, he organized a third company 
of adventurers, but was compelled to 
surrender to Com. Paulding, who carried 
him to New York. There he gathered 
another band and made a descent upon 
Hondurus, in June, i860. Aided by a 
British man-of-war, the President of that 
country captured the whole gang. On 
the 3rd of September Walker was court- 
martialed at Truxillo and shot. 

Cnbfui Erpeditioiis. ^June 26th, 
1869, the steamer Catharine Whiting was 
seized at the east end of Long Island, 
upon the eve of starting with an armed 
force to aid the Cuban insurrectionists. 
Two other expeditions succeeded in 
landing upon that island. Gen. Thomas 



Quakertown, Pa. — Continued. 



Fashionable New Boot and Shoe Store. 

R. C. STROUSE, Proprietor. 

Finest line of Ladies' and Gents' Boots and 
Shots in Town. 

Main St., Quakertown, Pa. 



CAMDEN, N. J. 



M 



STERNER 



Groceries, provisions, fruits and confectionery, 
teas, coffees and canned goods specialties. Far- 
mers' produce taken in exchange, 

East Broad Street, Quakertown, Pa. 



H. H. SOUDER, Prop. 

QUAKBRTOWN, PA. 
FIRST-CLASS LIVERY CONNECTED. 



Baker. 
Keuerleber, Jop., N. E. Cor. Filtii and 
Market Sts. 

Barter . 

CHAS. PAYNTER, 

TONSORIAL ESTABLISHMENT, 

And Dealer io FINE CIGARS, TOBACCO, &c.. 
North Third St., Camden, N. J. 

Bcots and Shoe?. 



JOHN W. BROOKS, 

305 KaiRhn's Avenue Camden, N. J. 

Boot and Shoe Store. All kinds of Shoes Maae 
to order. A full line of all kinds of Shoes at the 
lowest prices. N. B.— Cars and Coaches pass the 
door for all parts of Camden. 



in New Orleans this month, in which 
Spaniards were assaulted by the sympa- 
thizers with Lopez. 

Wdtker's Expeditions.— Gen. Wil- 
liam Walker, an audacious and unscrup- 
ulous adventurer, began operations in 
1853 in Lower California. In 1854, with 
one hundred men, he attempted the con- 
quest of Sonora, but failed. He was 
made prisoner, tried by the United States 
authorities and acquitted. In 1S55, with 
sixty-two followers, he proceeded to 
Central America, and being joined by a 
regiment of natives, fought and won a 
battle at Rivas, June 29, 1855; also one 
at Virgin Bay. He made himself Presi- 
dent of Nicaragua, but the other Cen- 
tral American States, aided by the Van- 
derbilt Steamship Company, combined 



Jordon, a West Point graduate and an 
ex-Confederate officer, was the leader of 
one of them, and was afterward com- 
mander of all the Cuban revolutionists. 

Blockade of tJte American steamer 
Virginius by the Spanish man-of war 
Pizarro, was raised April 26, 1S72, by 
the United States war vessel Kansas. 

American Steamer Virginius cap- 
tured October 30th, 1873, by the Spanish 
man-of-war Tornado, and fifty-four of 
her men were afterward shot up'on sus- 
picion of being fillibusters, nothwith- 
standing the protests of the American 
and British Consuls. In December the 
steamer and survivors were surrendered 
to United States authorities and Spain 
paid |;So,ooo indemnity to the United 
States in 1S75. 



21 8 



ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. 



ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. 



''Gi'hmeW Arctic Expedition, in 
search of Sir John Franklin, sailed from 
New York in 1850, commanded by Lieut. 
E. J. DeHaven, with Dr. Elisha Kent 
Kane as surgeon and naturalist. The 
expedition returned in 1851 without ac- 
complishing its object. 

Kiuu-'s Arctic Expedition. — In 1S53 

Dr. Kane and seventeen men, one of 
whom was Dr. Hayes, sailed from Bos- 
ton in the "Advance." They reached 
Rensselaer Bay, where they were frozen 
in for two seasons. The third season 
they escaped in open boats, and reached 
Boston on October 11, 1S55. 



Sir John Franklin's expedition were 
found in a cairn at Point Victory. Sir 
John died June 11, 1847. The ships were 
abandoned April 22, 1S48, and 105 sur- 
vivors started for Great Fish River, and 
all probably starved to death. 

Francis llnWs Expedition.— The 
Arctic Expedition of Charles Francis 

Hall sailed from New London, Conn., 
May 29th, i860, to search for Sir John 
Franklin, and, after an absence of two 
years, he returned with no tidings from 
the object of his search. 

Halt's Second Arctic Trip. — July 30, 
1864, Charles Francis Hall sailed for the 



Camden, N. J. — Boofs anal Shoes Con. 
Brown, Chas. O., 1133 and 11 34 Broadway. 

OVEOSES G-OTJTt, 

BOOT A\J> SHOE nEALEli, 

249 Kaighn's Ave., Camden, N. J. 

A lull Liuo of Rubber Goods constantly ou baud. 



Wilson, Wm. D., 617 S. Fourth St. 
Eook Binder. 



C . GOUDA L I EZ , 
HOOT AM) SHOE STOUE, 

No. 242 KAIGHN'S AVE., CAMDEN, N. J. 

N, 1?.— Fiue Work a Specialty. Bottler Fra ncais. 
Hofflinger, H. S., 112 Kaighn's Ave. 

SAMUEL A.OWEN, 
Ladies' and Gents' 

f//?/VD M^Dz BOOTS and SMOES, 

:j;$tS Ari-h St., Crtmden.N. J. 



R. S. BENDER &, SON, 

No. 101 MAKKKT STREET, 

(second floor, room 3.^ 
C -A- 3yE D E TsT , ]Sr . J. 

Cement. 

N . C . STOWE L L , 

.Mauufacturer of Eagle Ceuiout, for Leather 
Work, also dealer in Leather and Shoe Findings. 

450 S. Fifth St., Camden, N. J. 



Sir tToJm Fran/kdii's name was 
found upon some articles, and bodies 
were discovered, not far from Great 
Fish River, by Dr. Rae, in 1854. 

Jiritisli Arctic vessel "Resolute," 

abandoned in the Arctic .seas while in 
Search of Sir John Franklin, in Decem- 
ber, 1855, was brought into New London, 
Conn., by a whaler. She was refitted by 
the l^iited States Government and re- 
turned to the English Government as a 
gift. In November, iSSo, an elaborate 
and beautiful writing-table, made of the 
wood of the "Resolute," was sent to the 
White House as a present from England 
to President Hayes. 
Secords Fouiid. — In 185S records of 



Polar regions again, accompanied by the 
two Esquimaux who returned with him 
from his first trip. He spent four win- 
ters there, returning in 1S69. On June 
29, 1871, he made another expedition in 

the Polaris, from New York, for the 
North Pt)le. This was Hall's last voyage, 
as he died in Greenland. Some of the 
survivors of this expedition were res- 
cued. A party of nineteen had drifted 
from the Polaris by the breaking up of 
the ice. They were afloat on the ice 195 
days, drifting 2,000 miles. The Tigress, 
a Nova Scotia whaler, picked them up, 
April 30, 1S73. The others abandoned 
the Polaris in June in two boats, and 
were picked up by a Scotch whaler and 



ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. 



219 



carried to Dundee. They reached the 
United States in December, 1873. 

Jeanette E.ii'}H'(1ition. — On July 8, 
1879, this steamer, fitted out by James 
Gordon Bennett, sailed from San Fran- 
cisco for an Arctic trip through Behring's 
Strait. June nth, iSSi, it was reported 
that the Jeanette was destroyed by the 
ice in the Siberian seas. One boat's 
crew was never heard from. 

Ft'ttuhliii ^irctir Expedition. — In 
September, 1880, the party of Lieut. 
Frederick Schwatka, U. S. A., returned 
from a trip of four months, eleven days, 
of 3,000 miles in sledges. They buried 


the officers of the expedition were Lieut. 
James B. Lockvvood, Second Lieutenant 
Frederick F. Kislingbury, and Dr. Oc- 
tave Pavy, Surgeon. The colony num- 
bered twenty-five men all told. They 
were landed at a point in Discovery Har- 
bor, where a station was established and 
named Fort Conger. The Proteus left 
the party on August 18, 18S1, and re- 
turned to the United States, after which 
time nothing was heard of the colony 
until July 17, 1884. On that day Secre- 
tary Chandler received a telegram from 
Captain W. S. Schley, commanding a 
relief expedition sent out by the United 


Camden, N. Z,—Conthiued. 
Childrens' Coaches. 


Coal and Wood. 


A. EASTBURN, 

Dealer in 
BEST LEHIG-H CO^^ILS, 

Main Office, 34 Market St., Camden, N. J. 

FULL WEIGHT GUARANTEED, 


Manufacturer of Rattan Baby Coaches. All 
kinds of Kattan Work Kei)airecl ami Recanied. 
Velocipedet', Express Wajjous, etc., a Specialty. 

29 Market Straet, Camden, N. J. 


Cigars and Tobacco. 


Commission Merchant. 


C. J". IvIirTES, Jr 

MANUFACTURER OF CIGARS, 

Deai.eu in 

l^oliniitia^ ^makiJiis' %v^\i^t^^ tjtij. 

N. W. Cor. Third and Pine Sts., 

CAMDEN, N. J. 


WILLIAM BANKS & BRO., 

COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

416 N. Front St., Camden, N. J. 


Contractors and Builders. 
Cole & Paul, 211 Market St. 


twenty skeletons of Sir John Franklin's 
party, and brought home relics, includ- 
ing a medal found on the skeleton of 
Lieut. John Irving. 

The Giech'U Expedition.— On the 
7th of July, 1881, an expedition under 
the command of Lieutenant Adolphus 
W. Greely. U. S. A., departed from St. 
John, N. F , on the steamer Proteus, for 
the Arctic regions. Its main object was 
to establish an international polar sta- 
tion in Lady Franklin Bay, which all fu- 
ture expeditions could use as a base of 
supplies. He was to remain imtil the 
fall of 1883. Besides Lieutenant Greely, 


States Government, announcing that the 
Greeley party had been found in a starv- 
ing condition. Of the twenty-five men 
who set out only seven were living, one 
of whom, Joseph Ellison, died soon after 
being found. The survivors were Lieut. 
Greely, Sergeants David L. Brainerd, 
Julius Frederick and Francis Long, and 
Privates Henry Biederbick and Maurice 
Connell. They were brought home 
safely by Commander Schley. Two at- 
tempts to relieve the Greely expedition 
were unsuccessful. Cannibalism was 
charged against the members of the 

Greely expedition, August 12, 1884. 

_ 



220 



WITCHCRAFT, DELUSION AND SUPERSTITION. 



WITCHCRAFT, DELUSION and SUPERSTITION. 



Pafnfrd Jfouse.—Rev. Thos. Allen, 
of Charlestown, Mass., was, in 1639, 
charged with painting his dwelling. — 
Upon showing- that the house was paint- 
ed before he owned it, and that he dis- 
approved of such a thing, the magis- 
trate discharged him. 

Tobarro. — The use of tobacco was 
prohibited in 1640, by the General Court 
of Massachusetts. 

If'itrJH-raf'f in Massachusetts — In 
1645 four persons were executed as 
witches. In 164S Margaret Jones, of 
Charlestown, was hung in Boston for 
witchcraft. 

Long 11(1 ir worn by men was de- 



delusion originated in the family of Rev. 
Samuel Parris, whose niece and daugh- 
ter, being afflicted with a nervous disor- 
der, he charged his Indian servant, Ti- 
tuba, with having bewitched them, and 
tied and whipped her until she confessed 
herself a witch. From this the delusion 
spread, being strengthened by the fanat- 
ical zeal of Parris and the Rev. Cotton 
Mather, of Boston. Through their in- 
fluence Gov. Phipps appointed a special 
court to go to Salem and sit in judgment 
upon accused persons. English law pun- 
ished witchcraft with death, and in June 
executions began, and by the 20th of 
September twenty victims were hung. 



Camelen, N. J. — Contractors, Etc., Con. 
REUBEN S. CROSS, 

CONTF^AeTOF^ y\ND BUILDER, 

417 Arch St., Camden, N. J. 
I ^-JOBBIN G PHCIMPTTA" ATTE NDED TO . 

Credit House. 

Mhc South ^amdcn j^rcdit ilou.>c 

;J20 Isaiiihus Ave.. Caimlt'ii, N. J. 
OLD GOLD AN D SIL VER BOUGHT. 

Dentist. 

DR. A. H. TI TUS . 

Onutst, 

a-.A.S -A.ID]SJ:iISriSTEPtEID. 

4:Ut Irilritil St.. < ti iiiihii , .V. ./. 



Druggists. 
Shark, Henry H., Twentieth and Federal 
Sts. 

Dry Goods and Notions. 

MRS. D. BAKER. 

Dealer in DRY GOOD, NOTIONS, &c., 

Hosici-y, AVhite Goods, &c. 

521 S. FIFTH ST., CAMDEX, X. .1. 



H. S. Scull. John A. Brimer. Lewis Davis. 

Seidf. Brimer tO Co.^ 

516 and 518, Market Street, Camden, N. J. 
Dry Goods, Hosiery, Underwear. 



T7" -A- I^ ItT IE "H- ' S 

Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods and 

Notion House. 

421 and -i'iH. Kaighn's ave., Camden, N. J. 



nounced as unscriptural by the govern- 
ment of Massachusetts in 1649. 

IC.rtrtirttf/anrc in dress was pro- 
hibited by law in Massachusetts in 1651. 

Mi'.'i. ^iini J/iObhi,>! was hung as a 
witch in Massachusetts in 1655. 

Voniwrthiit Wifvlurnft. — In 1662 
three persons were executed as witches 
in Connecticut. 

I*enn.^fllr<nii(t. — Witchcraft was 
charged against 3 woman in Pennsylva- 
nia in 16S4. She was acquitted. 

Jiostoti tf'if</Hia/f. — In 16SS an 
Irish woman was executed in Boston for 
this crime. Cotton Mather was deceived 
by the case, and issued an account of it, 
which produced a great impression. 

Soleiu mtvhrraft, lOU'^.— This 



including some of the most exemplary 
Christians in the community. Fifty-five 
others had been tortured into confessing 
abominable falsehoods, and one hundred 
and fifty lay in prison. Two hundred 
were accused or suspected, when the 
frenzy reached its heighth, and a reac- 
tion began to take place in the popular 
mind. The veto of the witchcraft act 
by King William stopped further trials, 
and the prisoners were all set free by 
order of Governor Phipps. 

I'iihfir WlujtjK'r. — In New York in 
1750, the public whipper being dead, ^^20 
a year was ofl'ered by the mayor for some 
one to fill the office. In some cases 
through New England anil elsewhere, 
certain things were made the subject of 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



221 



discipline, among them the gagging of 
women known as common scolds. This 
did not come within the range of legal 
action, hut was numbered as one of the 
duties of the "Public Whipper." 

Blue Lfnrs of ('onnfrfirirf.—Rev. 
Samuel A. Peters died April 19, 1826.— 
He was a Tor}- who fled to England in 
1774, where he published a "History of 
Connecticut," which was "the most un- 
scrupulous and malicious of lying narra- 
tives." In it he pulished "laws enacted 
in the Dominion of New Haven," which 
by many were thought to be genuine, 
but were chiefly ftibrications. 

3Iillei'isin. — During the year 1843 a 
religious delusion originated with a Mr. 


Miller, a plain, uneducated farmer, who 
for ten years had predicted the second 
coming of Christ and the world's de- 
struction in 1843. Fifty thousand disci- 
ples believed the prediction and confi- 
dently awaited its fulfillment. A fever- 
ish excitement prevailed among them, 
any many became almost insane. Miller 
died in 1849. Some of his followers are 
now known as Seventh-Day Adventists. 
"Spirit lia^ypinffs" originated in 
1848 in the family of John D. Fo.x, Hyde- 
ville. New York. His two daughters, 
after considerable experimenting, gave 
public exhibitions in 1849. Other phe- 
nomenas were added to the raps, and 
mediums and believers multiplied. 


Camden, N. Z.— Continued. 


CHAS. READ, AGENT, 

O.A.-Si3: 1=^ "F! I=L , 

Teas, Cottees .and Flour a Specialty. 

434 Kaighn's Ave., Camden, N. J. 


Fancy Goods. 
Cowperthwait, S. S. E., 221 Federal St. 


Furniture. 


H. K. SEDDINGER, 
Kine Teas and Coffees 

EAST CAMDEN, N. J. 


jMauufatturer ancl Dealer in 

FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES, 

Fifth and Miokle and 455 Kaighn's Ave., Near Broadway, 
CA.MDEN, N. J. 


Hardware. 


Groceries and Provisions. 


Hampton 1£. Williams, 

Hardware and House Furnishing Goods, 

S. E. Cor. Fourth and Market Sts., 
CAMDEN, N. J. 


J . E. DUK INFIELD, 

Dealer in Groceries, Teas, Coflees, Spices, &c. 
Tobacco, Cigars, Notions and Trimmings. 

N. E. Cor. Second and Mitchell Sts., 

EAST CAMDEN, N. J. 


INSURRECTIONS, 
Negro Insurrection in Hayti. — On 

! December 27th, 1522, the slaves rose 
against their oppressors, but were speed- 
ily overcome by the vigor and prompti- 
tude of the Spaniards. 

M<iriflaud.— \\\ April, 1635, Lord 
Baltimore's suthority on Kent Island 
was resisted by William Clayborne. — 
Clayborne fled to Virginia ancl his es- 
tates were confiscated. 

Neiv fTersey. — Insurrection among 
anti-renters arose in New Jersey in 1672, 
who resisted the demand of the proprie- 
tors of the province, for half penny an 
acre quit-rent on lands bought of In- 
dians. 


MOBS AND RIOTS. 

liacon's Hehellitfn against Berke- 
ley's government in Virginia in 1676 was 
caused by his weak measures in suppres- 
sing Indian outrages. Jamestown was 
burned, but Bacon died, and the rebel- 
lion ceased. Berkeley hanged twenty- 
two of Bacon's comrades. 

Virginia. — An insurrection in Vir 
ginia in 1688 was caused by financial 
troubles and an unpopular government. 
It was speedily suppressed. 

South Carolina. — By an insurrec- 
tion in 1688 Governor Seth Sothell was 
deposed because of his avarice and 
tyrany. 

"I'etticoat Insurrection." — In Mo- 




222 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



bile in 1706 the colony suffered for want 
of supplies, and the women threatened 
rebellion because they were obliged to 
live on Indian corn. 

C7t((r/estoii, S. C — Slave insurrec- 
tion, instigated by the Spaniards of St. 
Augustine, broke out near Charleston, 
S. C, in 1738. After killing some whites 
and destroying property they were sub- 
dued by the planters. 

" Xe(/i-o I'lof' in New York in 1741. 
Slavery existed in the province, and the 
negroes were naturally distrusted. Sev- 
eral incendiary fires aroused suspicion, 
and credit was given to an absurd story 
that the negroes intended to burn the 
city, kill the whites and set up a negro 
as governor. A panic ensued. One 


cause he sympathized with the scheme 
of taxation. The records of the Admi- 
ralty Court were burned. Mobs in other 
colonies compelled stamp distributors to 
resign. 

Hoston Mfi.'isacre. — March 2, 1770, 
a rope-maker quarreled with a soldier 
and struck him. From this a fight en- 
sued between several soldiers and rope- 
makers, in which the latter were beaten. 
A few evenings afterward (March 5), 
about seven hundred excited inhabitants 
assembled in the streets for the purpose 
of attacking the soldiers. A sentinel 
was attacked near the custom-house, 
when Captain Preston, commander of 
the guard, wep*^ to his rescue with eight 
armed men. ^.ritated and assailed by 


Camden, N. J. — Continued. 


Horseshoers. 


Hats, Caps and Furnishings. 


EDWARD F. GEORGE, 

Wheelwrighting, Blacksmithing, Horse- 
shoeing, Jobbing-, Etc. 
ISth <{• Federal Sts. C(nn<7eu, N.^T. 


FORBES & ANDREWS, 

Hatters and Gents ' Furnishing Goods, 


449 Kaighn's Ave., Camden, N. J. 


TIMOTHY O'NEILL, 


Heaters, Stoves, &c. 

Industry Stove Works, D. H. Erdmau, 
Prop. , 30 Market St. 


PBACTICAL HOBSESHOEB, 

No. 413 Market Street, Camden. N. J. 
^^ Gentlemen's Road Horses a Specialty. ^^^ 


Meats and Vegetables. 


Hotel. 


H. S. AMPB ELL, 

Stalls Nos. 213 and 215, 
Federal Street Market. Fresh Beef, Veal, Mutton 
and Lamb. Corn Beef a Specialty. Goods delivered 
free. CAMDEN, N. J. 


William G. Zimmerman, 

JUNCTION HOTEL., 

Haddon Ave. and Pennsylvania Railroad. 

c-A-iviDEiisr, 3sr. j-. 


hundred and fifty negroes were made 
prisoners; one hundred were convicted as 
conspirators; twelve were burned; twen- 
ty-two, including four whites, were hung 
and twelve transported to be sold as 
slaves. The subsequent verdict was that 
there was no plot at all. 

Hotiton. — A riot occurred in Boston, 
August 14th, 1765. The effigy of Andrew 
Oliver, a stamp distributor, was hung on 
Liberty tree. That evening the Sons of 
Liberty bore the effigy in procession, 
and before dispersing attacked Oliver's 
house and office, injuring them seriously. 

Taxdtioii Moha. — Mob violence was 
; manifested against Chief Justice Hutch- 
inson, of Massachusetts, whose resi- 
dence was attacked August 26, 1765, be- 


the mob, the soldiers fired upon the 
citizens, killed three and dangerously 
wounded five. The mob instantly re- 
treated, when all the bells of the city 
rang an alarm, and in less than an hour 
several thousand exasperated citizens 
were on the streets. Governor Hutch- 
inson assured the people that justice 
would be done in the morning, and thus 
prevented further bloodshed. Captain 
Preston and six of his men were tried 
and acquitted by a Boston jury. Two 
other soldiers were found guilty of man- 
slaughter, and the troops were removed 
to Castle William. 

Iiirin(/ton's Xetv YorJc Gazetteer, 
a tory paper, was demolished in 1775, 
by one hundred patriots under Isaac 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



223. 



Sears, who came from New Haven for 
the purpose. 

3Itifinoifs Soffliei'fi, June 21, 1783, 
demand of Congress immediate pay for 
services. The Philadelphia militia, re- 
fusing protection, Congress adjourned 
to Princeton. 

Shfn/'s liebeUion broke out in De- 
cember, 1786, in Massachusetts, under 
Daniel Shay, formerly an army officer. 
The country was poor, taxes high, and 
no money in circulation. The courts 
were burdened with suits for debt. The 
people thought that State officials re- 
ceived too high salaries and heavy fees. 
Conventions were held to obtain relief 
by legal measures, but failed. Armed 
bands of " Regulators " prevented the 



who had robbed graves for subjects for 
dissection. There was intense excite- 
ment, and the doctors fled for their lives. 
Whiskeif Insurrection in Pennsyl- 
vania. — A law was passed in 1791, which 
imposed duties on domestic distilled 
liquors, and when officers of the govern- 
ernment were sent to enforce it, July 16, 
1794, they were fired upon in the Monon- 
. gahela valley, and a force of 16,000 men 
threatened to march to Pittsburg to take 
the United States arsenel and fort. Many 
outrages were committed. Buildings 
were burned, mails were robbed, and 
Government officers were insulted and 
abused. President Washington finally 
issued a call for troops, to which several. 
States responded with a large force, 



Camden, N. J. — Meats, Etc. Continued. 

F. M. F E RNAN . 

Dealer in all kinds of Fresh and Salt MeatB, 
Hamg. Green and Canned Goods, Vegetables, Etc. 

Store. Third and Birch Street. Camden. N- J. 
S^veet Cured Corn Beef a Specialty. 

Milliner7. 
MRS- J. SWAIL, 

FASHIONABI^E 

345 Kaighn's Ave., Camden, X. J. 

Oysters and Ice Cream . 



Pianos and Organs. 
Lehman, R. F., 510 Market St. 



Printers . 



Fisher & Brc, Locust and Kaighn's Ave. 



Pumps. 



OKCA.S. I>. TO\\7'3Nr, 

Dealer in Fresh and Salt Oysters, and Ice 
Cream all Flavors, 
'amilies supplied. 

1707 Broadway, Camden, N. J. 



JESSE MIDDLETON, 

Cucumber, lo<,^ and all kinds of pumps set, 
tubular wells put down, well digging promptly 
attended to. Orders by mall, or otherwise, will 
receive prompt attention. 

513 Mou nt Vernon St., Camden, N. J. 

Stove Dealers and Roofers. 



CEXTIiAL'.- STOVE'.- WOliKS. 

J-A^COB ISTEXJTZEJ, 

Metallic Roofer, Tin and Sheet Iron Worker. 

S. E. Corner Fifth and Berkley Streets. 



sitting of the courts, held Worcester 
and attempted to secure the arsenel at 
Springfield. In January, 1787, General 
Lincoln called out the militia and fired 
upon the malcontents, killing three or 
four, and by vigorous measures sup- 
pressed the insurrection. 

FiiKinclal JJisfress in 1786 caused 
an excited mob to attempt to frighten 
the Legislature of New Hampshire, at 
Exeter, into issuing paper money for 
public relief 

Newspfi2)er Mobbed. — Greenfield's 
Political Register, a New York news- 
paper opposing the new constitution, 
was mobbed July 27, 1788. 

" The Doctors" Riot" in New York 
in 1788 was caused by some physicians 



upon which the leaders of the rebellion 
hastened to make terms of peace, and 
the matter was settled without war. 

HoH.se-Tajc Insurrection. — In 1799 
armed resistance was made against tax- 
ing houses in Bethlehem, Pa., by about 
fiftv men led by one Fries. Arrests fol- 
lowed. Fries was condemned for trea- 
son, but was soon after pardoned by 
President Adams. 

Baltimore. Md. — In June, iSii, a 
newspaper called the Federal Republi- 
can, was destroyed by a mob for uttering 
sentiments of censure on the conduct of 
the Government. Shortly after this af- 
fair the paper made its appearance again, 
containing severe allusions to tlie mayor, 
police and people of Baltimore, lor the 



224 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



depredations that had been committed 
upon the establishment. The office was 
again mobbed, and during the frequent 
discharge of muslcets, Dr. Gale was 
killed, when the party in the office were 
finally escorted by the military to the 
county jail for protection against further 
violence. Shortly after dark the mob 
assembled at the jail, carried the mayor 
away by force and compelled the turn- 
key to open the door. General Lingan 
was killed; eleven were beaten and 
mangled with such weapons as stones, 
bludgeons, sledge-hammers, etc., and 
thrown as dead into one pile. Mr. Han 
son, editor of the paper, fainting from 
repeated wounds, was carried away by 
a gentleman of opposite political senti- 


melee the darkies fired upon them, kill- 
ing one man and wounding two others. 
As soon as it was discovered the follow- 
ing day that a white man was killed by 
the blacks it occasioned great excite- 
ment, and a mob assembled, when the 
sheriff arrested seven and committed 
them to jail, but in three or four in- 
stances the mob made tlie rescue. On 
the 23d the mob renewed their attack 
at Snowtown, stoning and destroying 
houses. The military were called out 
to preserve order, but were met with 
defiance by the mob. Stones were hurled 
at them with such force by the mob as to 
split the socks of several muskets, and, 
as a matter of self-protection, they were 
compelled to fire. Four of the rioters 


Camden, N". Z.— Stove Dealers, Etc., Cofi. 


Tinware. 


Metallic Roofer, Manufacturer ami dealer iu Stoves, 

Heater.s, Rauges, Tiuware Etc. 
J^^Repairiug in all its branches. 

No. 24 Market Street, Camden. X. J. 


The 11 AHE ManafdctuHng Co., 

Suspensory Bandages, Etc. 
No. 104 North Front St., Camden, N. J. 


Wagon Builders. 


Klostermann Brothers, 122 Kaighn's Ave. 


WM. '.' B. :• BAXTEB. 

W A. C3- KT B TJ I T iIDEIi. 

Wheelwrighting and Painting Promptly Attended to, 
No. 110 Kaighn's Avenue, Camden, New Jersey. 

C. - S. ^ CRVIS, 

BvLsiiTLess "V^ragroTi. BvLild.er, 
i:W4 Broadway, Camden, N. J. 


Tailor. 


MERCHANT •.• TAILOR, 

No. 225 Market St., Camden, New Jersey. 


ments, at the risk of his life. No effec- 
tual inquiry was ever made into this vio- 
lation of the law, and the guilty escaped 
punishment. 

Ojtj)osiffon to Mfichhiery. — The 
hand-weavers of Manayunk, Pa., in 1830 

1 attempted to destroy a power loom in- 
vented by Alfred Jenks. They were 
prevented by an armed force. 

New York. — October 13th, 1831, An- 
derson, an English vocalist, was driven 
from the stage of the Park Theater, New 
York, for disrespectful remarks concern- 
ing the United States. 

Pi'ifrhJ('itr<% B. T. — September 21, 
22 and 23, 1831, a serious riot occurred 
here, between negroes and a party of 
sailors and steamboat men. During the 




were killed and the mob dispersed. A 
committee of the citizens of Providence 
appointed to investigate the matter were 
unanimous in their opinion that the in- 
fantry were justified in firing, and that 
it was strictly in defense of their lives. 

Xiit. Tifrner'.s Iiusuvrectiou oc- 
curred August 21, 1831, in Southampton, 
Va. Turner was a Baptist preacher who 
headed sixty other slaves in an indis- 
criminate massacre of the whites. They 
started on their work of destruction in 
the night. Nat. Turner had arranged 
with only five other slaves to meet him 
and begin their depredations. But find- 
ing at their place of meeting a sixth, he 
asked, with surprise, what he was there 
for. The man said: "My life is worth no 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



225 



more than that of others, and my liberty 
is dear to me." By morning a regular 
massacre was in progress. United States 
troops quelled it, with considerable 
bloodshed. 

Political Riotfi in Philadelphia, Oc- 
tober 4, 1S33. 

Election liiot New York City, April, 
1834. The mob seized all the weapons 
in the gunshops and tried to capture 
the arsenel. Bloodshed followed. 

Anti- Abolition 3Iob. — Hatred of 
Abolitionists culminated in a riot in New 
York, July 4, 1S34. Houses of prominent 
Abolitionists and churches were broken 
open. Lives were endangered, and for 
a few days the mob seemed to have com- 
plete sway. 



lishing a censorship of the press by 
which such documents could be excluded 
from Southern mails. 

Academy at Canaan, N. H., was de- 
stroyed August 10, 1835, because negroes 
were among its pupils. 

Boston Female Anti-Slavery So- 
ciety was mobbed October 21, 1835, by 
5,000 persons. Mr. Garrison was pulled 
through the streets with a rope around 
him. To save him the Mayor lodged 
him in jail. The New York Anti-Sla- 
very Society was mobbed the same day, 
at Utica, N. Y. 

Ii'ish 3Iob in New York in 1835 at- 
tacked a militia company called the 
"O'Connell Guard." The riot continued 
three days. A prominent physician was 



Stonemason's Mob. — In August, 
1834, convicts employed as stonemasons 
in New York were mobbed by a band of 
marblecutters and others. Troops were 
on duty constantly for four days to pre- 
serve the peace. 

Ursaline Convent^ near Boston, 
was mobbed and burned in 1834. One 
of the nuns died from fright and expo- 
sure. 

Canal Miot occurred between some 
Irish laborers in New Orleans, La., in 
1834, to quell which troops were called 
out and blood was shed. 

JPostoJfice at Charleston, S. C, mob- 
bed, July 29, 1835, and anti-slavery doc- 
uments seized and publicly burned. A 
bill was introduced into Congress estab- 



killed, others were injured and property 
was destroyed. 

Flour 3Iob\nl^e\M York.— In Feb., 
1837, owing to short crops, flour was 
scarce, and was held by a few capitalists 
at high prices. Several warehouses 
were broken open by a mob of about 
6,000, and the flour dumped into the 
streets. 

Bailey's Anti-Slat'eri/ Press at 
Cincinnati, O., was destroyed by a mob 
at midnight, July 12, 1836. 

Pro-Slavery 3Iob at Alton, Ills., 
November 7, 1S37, destroyed the press 
which had just been set up by Rev. Eli- 
jah P. Lovejoy, for the publication of an 
Abolition paper called the Alton Ob- 
server. This was the fourth press which 



226 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



had been destroyed, and in defending it 
Lovejoy was killed. No one was ever 
brought to justice for this murder. 

Iitsurrertio)! in Canada. — In 1837 a 
revolt and an effort to establish inde- 
pendence occurred among some disaf- 
fected Canadians, who seized and forti- 
fied Navy Island. They had some aid 
from sympathizers in New York. The 
Canadian loyalists set fire to the "Caro- 
line,"' the supply steamer of the adven- 
turers, and cutting her loose she drifted 
over Niagara Falls. The insurgents soon 
surrendered. 

Pro-Slavery Moh burned Pennsyl- 
vania Hall, Philadelphia, May 17, 1838, 
because an Abolitionist meeting had 
been held therein. The riot lasted four 



Both parties claimed the election, and 
rival governments were organized, which 
led to a conflict of authority. The Dorr- 
ites were ultimately suppressed, and 
their leader convicted of treason and 
sentenced to imprisonment for life. He 
was pardoned in 1847. 

" fffarers' Iliots" in Philadelphia, 
January 11, 1843. 

'* Knoir-Nothiug'" Riot.— In May, 
1844, the Native American party held a 
meeting in Kensington, a district of 
Philadelphia, in a market opposite a 
building filled with foreigners. From this 
building a gun was fired into the crowd 
in the market, which: caused a riot that 
lasted two days. A Catholic female 
seminary, two churches and thirty build- 



days. Another Pro-Slavery mob occur- 
red in Philadelphia, August i, 1842. The 
colored people undertook to celebrate 
emancipation in the West Indies by a 
procession. A great mob assailed them, 
and for two days violence reigned. Ne- 
groes were beaten, a church, a hall and 
many houses were destroyed. The city 
authorities took no steps for their pro- 
tection. 

Dorr's Mehellioii. — For two hun- 
dred years Rhode Island had been gov- 
erned under a charter granted by Charles 
II., by which the right of suffrage was 
restricted to property-holders. In 1842 
a party, wishing to abrogate the charter, 
elected Thomas M. Dorr, Governor. — 
Another party chose Samuel W. King. 



ings were demolished. Fourteen per- 
sons were killed and' thirty-nine wound- 
ed. The authorities were powerless. — 
Martial law was proclaimed, and order 
was finally restored by United States 
troops. 

Joe Smith, the Mormon prophet, was 
shot by a mob, June 27, 1844, at Carth- 
age, 111. Brigham Young was chosen 
his successor. 

Anti-Rent Riots in New York. — In 
1845 some of the tenants on the Van 
Rensselaer estates, near Albany, refused 
to pay rent, which consisted of only " a 
few bushels' of wheat, tliree or four fat 
fowls, and a day's work with a team 
each year." The anti-renters considered 
it illegal, and disguised as Indians, tarred 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



227 



and feathered those who paid, and even 
killed the Sheriff. The trouble was sup- 
pressed by the military. 

Revolt Against the United States 
Government. — Governor Bent and other 
Americans were murdered at Fernando 
de Taos, January 19, 1847. 

Astoi'-Placp Opera House Riots oc- 
curred May 7th and loth, 1849. They 
were instigated by friends of Edwin For- 
rest, an American actor, to prevent the 
performances of W. E. Macready, an 
English actor, in retaliation for the al- 
leged opposition by the latter to the per- 
formances of the former when he visited 
England. The mob stoned the Opera 
House, and had to be dispersed by the 



War." Mobs of women renewed the 
riots along the Erie Railroad several 
times in the month of January, 1854. 

Boston.— A riot occurred here on 
May 26th, 1854, caused by an attempt to 
arrest a fugitive slave. A deputy mar- 
shal was shot dead. United States 
troops from Rhode Island and the local 
militia were called out to sustain the 
government. The fugitive slave was 
finally returned to his master in Virgi- 
nia without further violence. 

Lou fsr file, Kt/.—An election riot 
occurred in Louisville, Kentucky, Aug, 
6th, 1855, between Americans and for- 
eigners. 

Ba Iff more, 3If7. — Election riot in 



militia, who killed twenty-two persons 
and wounded others. 

Hohohrn, N. J.— A riot occurred 
here May 26th, 1851, between Germans 
and New York "Short Boys." Several 
were killed. 

Cleveland, O.— Homoepathic Medi- 
cal College at Cleveland, Ohio, was de- 
stroyed by a mob, February i6th, 1852, 
because subjects for dissection had been 
taken from a cemetery. 

Erie, Pa.— A mob of both men and 
women, at Erie, Pa-., destroyed the rail- 
road track, December 9-27, 1853. This 
was because the railway companies pro- 
posed a continuous gauge, to avoid 
transferring freight and passengers at 
Erie. It was known as the " Peanut 



Baltimore October 8, 1856, in which nine 
persons were killed. 

Mornion Difficulties. — In Febru- 
ary, 1856, an armed Mormon force com- 
pelled Judge Drummond, of the United 
States District Court to adjourn sine die. 
The United States officials all fled the 
territory. Brigham Young openly defied 
the United States Government. 

''Dead Babbit" Biot in New 
York, July 4, 1857.— In resistance to legal 
measures to oust corrupt members of 
the police force, the rowdies of "Five 
Points," calling themselves "Dead Rab- 
bits," created a riot in which eleven per- 
sons were killed. 

3Iofnion Bebellion in Utah. — In 
1857 President Buchanan appointed Al- 



228 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



fred Gumming, Governor, vice, Brigham 
Young, removed, and sent an army of 
2,500 men to repress lawlessness. The 
Mormons prepared for resistance and 
harassed the "invaders," cutting off their 
supply trains. Colonel Albert Sydney 
Johnston, the commanding officer, was 
compelled to go into winter quarters on 
Black's fork, near Fort Bridger. 

Harper's Ferrji. I'd. — October 17, 
1859, a negro insurrection took place 
here. John Brown, with a score of fol- 
lowers, crossed the Potomac at Harper's 
Ferry and entered Virginia, where he 
incited the slaves to take up arms against 
their masters. After a short time Brown 



and many others injured. The soldiers 
fired upon the mob, killing nine and 
wounding many. 

Draft liiot in New York, July 13-15, 
1863. — The conscription ordered by the 
United States Government began, and a 
riot raged for three days in New York 
York City. Buildings were destroyed, 
including a colored orphan asylum con- 
taining two hundred children. One 
thousand persons were killed and in- 
jured. Troops finally quelled the riot 
by severe measures. The city paid 
over |i, 500,000 as indemnity for losses 
that occurred during the riot. 

New Orteans. — A great riot occur- 



was captured, tried for treason and found 
guilty. He bore his misfortune with the 
greatest composure, and when asked 
upon the scaffold to give a sign when he 
was ready, he answered, "I am always 
ready." He was executed at Charles- 
town, Va., in the midst of slaves and 
slave-owners — his countrymen — and now 
no countryman of his can look at his 
place of execution and call himself a 
slave owner or a slave. 

Utifoit Tnntjts attacked in Balti- 
more. — April 19th, 1861, while the 6th 
Massachusetts regiment was passing 
through Baltimore on its way to Wash- 
ington, it was attacked by a mob. A 
severe fight occurred in which three sol- 
diers were killed, one mortally wounded 



red here on July 30, 1866, between whites 
and negroes, in which many were killed. 
It arose from difficulties concerning a 
State Convention held two years before. 

Coal lifofs in Pennsylvania, March 
3, 1871. — Mr. Hoffman was killed and 
his house was blown up by miners. 

Meriflian, Miss. — A riot took place 
here on March 6, 1S71, in which Judge 
Bramlette and two negroes were killed 
in the court-room, and others were killed 
outside. 

ScraHfmi, T'a. — Coal riots here had 
reached such magnitude that on April 7, 
1S71, Governor Geary ordered out the 
militia for their suppression. 

Oranf/emen and Catholic riot oc- 
curred in New York on July 12, 1871. A 



INSURRECTIONS, MOBS AND RIOTS. 



22g 



parade of the former was attacked by a 
mob of Roman Catholic Irish. The 
militia defended them, and sixty-seven 
persons were killed and one hundred 
and thirty-seven wounded. 

Ogdenshuvfj. — A religious riot oc- 
curred in Ogdensburg, N. Y., on August 
15th, 1871. A lecturer was assaulted 

and his audience dispersed by Roman 
Catholics for denouncing their faith. 

Phihidelphia. — An election riot oc- 
curred in Philadelphia, Pa., on October 
loth, 1S71, between negroes and white 
roughs, in which the latter attempted to 



killed. A Congressional investigating 
committee made two reports: one charg- 
ing the "White Leaguers" with insti- 
gating the riot, and the other denying it. 
Chicago. — Rioting occurred in Chi- 
cago, 111., on July 26, 1877. Police and 
troops were fighting the mob all day. — 
Fifteen persons were killed and many 
wounded. At San Francisco incendiary 
fires were started. At Philadelphia con- 
flicts occurred. Trains began running 
on the Erie, the Delaware, Lackawana 
and Great Western, the Morris and Es- 
sex, and the American division of the 
Canada Southern Railroads. 



destroy the Press newspaper office. — 
Four men were killed. 

Holdeu, Mo. — April 24. 1S72, Judge 
Stevenson and Messrs. Cline and Dutro, 
of Cass County, Mo., were taken from 
a train and hanged by a mob, for issuing 
fraudulent county bonds, with the pro- 
ceeds of which they were escaping. 

Vicksburg Hiot. December 7, 1874, 
between whites and negroes, was caused 
by a request of the tax-payers to Peter 
Crosby, the Sheriff, to resign, he being 
charged with official abuses. Between 
fifty and one hundred negroes were 



Salt Sjii'ings Wav, in EI Paso 
County, Texas, December 14, 1877, be- 
tween Americans and Mexicans, for pos- 
session of the springs. State troops in- 
terfered, but were beaten by the mob, 
who afterward shot Judge Howard, the 
agent of the mines, and two other Amer- 
icans, and then departed. 

Raili'oad Rioters. — On January 26, 
1878, five leaders of the Pittsburg riots 
were convicted. 

Sutidaij Riot in Chicago, between 
a pic-nic party and a military company, 
occurred June 22, 1879. Several were 
killed. 



230 



EPIDEMICS AND PESTILENCE. 



MurraijsviUe,Pa. — A riot occurred 
on the 26th of November, 1883, at a nat- 
ural-gas well in Murraysville, Westmore- 
land County, Pa., forty miles from Pitts- 
burg. It was a bloody and desperate af- 
fair, and resulted in the death of one 
man and the wounding of several others. 
Milton Weston, a Chicago millionaire, 
who incited the riot, was tried, convicted 
and sentenced to five years hard labor 
in the penitentiary. 

CiiH-huKiti li f of. —March 28, 1884, 
one of the most serious and bloody riots 
ever witnessed in this country occurred 
in Cincinnati. It grew out of the dissat- 



isfaction of the people with the verdict 
rendered in the case of William Berner, 
tried on the charge of murdering Wm. 
H. Kirk. The evidence against Berner 
was complete and positive, and the fail- 
ure of the jury to convict him so out- 
raged the feelings of the people that 
they attacked the public buildings. The 
Court-House was burned, and much 
other property was destroyed by the 
mob. It lasted three days. The entire 
State militia was called out to suppress 
the riot, and in the conflict that followed 
forty-five of the people were killed and 
one hundred and thirty-eight wounded. 



EPIDEMICS AND PESTILENCE. 



A Destriictive Pestilence raged 
among the Indians of New England in 
1616-18, and carried them oflF by hun- 
dreds. 

Philadelphia. — Yellow fever broke 
out in Philadelphia in 1699 for the first 
time. In 1762 it again prevailed here 
with great severity. Again, in August, 
1792, this scourge appeared, and lasted 
until about the 9th of November, during 
which time 4,000 persons died out of a 
population of 60,000, as many as 119 
in a single day. More than one-half of 
the houses were closed, business was en- 
tirely suspended, and about one- third 
the inhabitants fled the city. The streets 



were almost entirely deserted, except 
a few persons who were in quest of a 
physician, a nurse, a bleeder, or the 
men who bury the dead. In 1793 it ap- 
peared again in a most violent form, 
causing great consternation, the suspen- 
sion of business, etc. By October 20th, 
over 4,000 had died. 

New Yovh. — Yellow fever in New 
York in 1702. It was brought from St. 
Thomas and carried off six hundred 
persons, or about one-tenth of the popu- 
lation. It appeared again in New York 
in 1791, 1822 and 1833. 

Atlantic Coast. — In 1797 yellow 
fever raged on the Atlantic coast. 



EPIDEMICS AND PESTILENCE. 



231 



Asiatic CJiolera. — This epidemic 
first appeared in New York, June 27th, 
1832. The number of deaths from the 
ist of July to the middle of October, 
when the pestilence ceased, is reported 
at 4,000. During- this time the popula- 
tion was reduced from 225,000, by re- 
movals, to 140,000. The ratio of deaths 
to cases was one to two, and the great- 
est number dying in one day was 311, on 
the 2ist of July. The first case appeared 
in Philadelphia, July 5th, and the number 
of cases to September 13 was 2,314; the 
number of deaths 935. In Baltimore 
the number of deaths to September 29th 
was 710; in Norfolk, to September ir, 
400; in Cincinnati, from May i to Aug. 
7th, 1833, 307; in Nashville, from March 



out at New Orleans in 1853, and 15,000 

lives were lost in the coast cities. 

Cholera in the United States in 1854, 

and 2,500 persons died in New York 
City. 

Coloiado Potato Buf/.—ln 1859 this 
pest began to attract public attention, as 
the beetle was migrating through Kan- 
sas and Nebraska. In 1865 it crossed 
the Mississippi, and in 1875 it reached 
the Atlantic seaboard. No effective 
means have been found for its eradica- 
tion. 

Grasshopper Bavagrs occurred in 
1864 to a greater extent than ever be- 
fore in the west. Hundreds of farmers 
lost their entire crops. 




27 to July i2th. 27 whites and 50 blacks 
The disease appeared in New Orleans 
October 27, 1832, and raged with great 
severity among the blacks, occasioning 
a pecuniary loss to slave owners of 
nearly |4,ooo,ooo. General Scott had 
nine companies of artillery at Chicago 
attacked with the scourge and broken 
up. In 1849 this disease again raged 
throughout the United States and Mexi- 
co, with fatal violence. St. Louis and 
Cincinnati each lost 6,000 persons. 

"Cattle Disease," or pleuro-pneu- 
monia, was introduced into the United 
States by a sick cow from Germany in 
1843. 

Xew Orleaus.—YeWow fever broke 



Cholera destroyed about 20,000 lives 
in 1865 in the United States. 

Southern States. — Yellow fever 
raged in the South in 1867. There were 
twenty deaths a day in New Orleans 
alone. It appeared again in the South 
in June, 1873. 

Xew 17>i •/.•.— August 12th, 1872, the 
Spanish iron-clad Numanci arrived at 
New York with yellow fever on board. 

Epizootic— In October, 1872, 40,000 
horses in New York were attacked in 
ten days, and 13,000 in Brooklyn, caus- 
ing an almost entire suspension of pub- 
lic conveyances. It spread all over the 
United States. This disease is an old 
one. It was known in the third century 
before Christ. 



232 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 



Louisiana. — Yellow fever raged in 
Louisiana, and on vSeptember 17th, 1S73, 
there were not enough well persons in 
some places to care for the sick. 

Sai'^annah, Ga. — Twenty two to 
twenty-seven deaths per day occurred 
here in September, 1876, from yellow 
fever. As many as two thousand were 
afflicted with the disease at one time, 
and one hundred and eighty new cases 
were reported in a single day. 

Floi'i(J(i. — Yellow fever raged in 
Florida, September, 1S77, chiefly among 
the negroes at Fernandina. 



Me in ph is.— Yellow fever broke out 
in Memphis, Tenn., July 9, 1S79. 

Southern States. — Yellow fever 
raged in the South in August, 187S, caus 
ing 7,000 deaths. The region of the 
Mississippi river suffered most. Neglect 
of sanitary precautions caused its rapid 
spread. Relief societies were organized 
North and West, and past animosities 
were forgotten. Money and nurses were 
freely sent to aid the sick and dying, but 
villages and cities were almost depopu 
lated, and commerce stopped. Not un- 
til frost came did the plague cease. 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 
Cofnnibns was sent in chains to First Execution in New England. 

Spain in October, 1500, by Bobadilla, In October, 1630, John Billington was 

who had been sent out by the govern- condemned and executed at Plymouth, 
ment to investigate charges against him. Mass., for the murder of John New- 
He reached Spain November 23d, 1500, comer. In 1638 three Englishmen were 



where the spectacle of his chains pro- 
duced a reaction. The sovereigns re- 
stored him to liberty, received him with 
honor, and promised to remove Boba- 
dilla for his injustice. 

Plt/inonth Panislnnent. — In the 
month of March, 1621, John Billington 
spoke with disrespect of tiie lawful au- 
thority of Captain Standish, for which, 
in town meeting, he was sentenced to 
have his neck and heels tied together. 



executed in Plymouth for killing an In- 
dian. 

lienjamin FranhUn Hohhed. — In 

173S Franklin advertised for the follow- 
ing stolen property, viz.: '•Broadcloth 
breeches lined with leather, sogathee 
coat lined with silk, and fine homespun 
linen shirts." 

Benedict Arnold's Treason. — On 
September 23d, 1780, at Tarrytown-on- 
the-Hudson, the British officer, John 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 



233 



Andre, was halted by three militiamen, 
named David Williams, John Paulding, 
and Isaac Van Wart. He exhibited a 
pass as John Anderson from Arnold. He 
was, however, searched, and in his boots 
were found papers detailing the condi- 
tion of "West Point, and exposing Ar- 
nold's treachery. Arnold, learning of 
the capture, fled to the British ship of 
war Vulture, in the Hudson. He received 
gold and emoluments from the British, 
but was ever after held in contempt by 
all honorable men. 

Trades Unions. — In 1806 eight per- 
sons were tried in the courts and fined 
|8.oo each and costs on the charge of 
combining to increase wages, and to 
prevent non-union men from working, 



Helen, tie wett was murdered in New 
York, April 9, 1836, by Richard P. Rob- 
inson. 

Samuel Adams was murdered in 
New York City in September, 1841, by 
John C. Colt, a brother of Samuel Colt, 
who invented the revolver. Colt com- 
mitted suicide in the Tombs the day be- 
fore he would have been hung. 

Parkman and Webster 3Iiirder. 
November 23, 1S49, Dr. Parkman, of Bos- 
ton, was murdered by Prof. John W, 
Webster, in the Cambridge Medical Col- 
lege, for which he was hung. 

California Vigilance Committee 
was organized in 185 1, because thieves 
and murderers were committing atro • 
cious crimes " unwhipt of justice," 



rules 



over 



and establishing arbitrary 
workmen. 

Aaron Burr's Treason. — In 1S06 
Burr's military preparations and western 
expeditions excited suspicions that he 
was plotting to dismember the govern- 
ment and establish an empire west of 
the Alleghanies. He was arrested on 
the Tombigbee river, State of Alabama, 
in February, 1807, on the charge of trea- 
son. He was tried at Richmond, Va., 
but the testimony showed that his proba- 
ble design was an invasion of Mexican 
provinces, and then to establish an inde- 
pendent government. He was acquitted. 

Richard Laivrence. while insane, 
tried to assault President Jackson, Jan. 
30th, 1S35. 



through connivance of officers and 
judges. After several executions law 
and order reigned and lives and prop 
erty became secure. The Vigilance 
Committee was reorganized again in 
1856 because of the alarming prevalence 
of crime. Thousands of the leading 
citizens were members of it, and a num- 
ber of executions took place. Criminals 
were less audacious thereafter. 

Bardell Murder. — January 30, 1S57, 
IMrs. Cunningham was tried for the mur- 
der of Dr. Harvey Burdell, at his own 
residence. She was acquitted, although 
the evidence indicated strongly that she 
murdered him to secure his property 
through a pretended marriage with him 
in New York City. 



234 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMEN"T. 



Mountain 3Iea(7oiv Massacre. — 

This foul deed ©f 1857 was charged upon 
the Mormons, April iS, 1872, by Philip 
Klingon Smith, of Nevada, an ex-Mor- 
mon Bishop. 

Hon. Daniel E. Sickles, on Feb- 
ruary 27, 1859, killed Philip Barton Key, 
District Attorney for the District of Col- 
umbia, in Washington, for alleged inti- 
macy with his wife. Intense excitement 
prevailed. Sickles was tried and ac- 
quitted. He afterward became Major 
General in the United States army and 
then Minister to Spain. 

Assa ssinatioii of PvesuJent Lin- 
coln. — On the evening of April 14th, 
1865, at Ford's Theater, Washington, D. 
CJohn Wilkes Booth, an actor, stole 



south of Fredericksburg. Refusing to 
surrender, he was shot by Boston Cor- 
bett, and dragged from the burning 
building to die. 

JReirat'ds for Supposed Conspira- 
tors. — May 2, 1865, President Johnson, 
by proclamation, offered $100,000 for 
Jefferson Davis, $25,000 each for Jacob 
Thompson, C. C. Clay, George N. Saun- 
ders and Beverly Tucker, and |;io,ooo for 
William C. Cleary, upon the supposition 
that they conspired for the assassination 
of the President and Secretary Seward. 

Execution of Booth's Accomplices. 
David E. Harold, George A. Atzerott, 
Lewis Payne Powell and Mrs. Mary E. 
Surratt, convicted by a military commis- 
sion of complicity in the assassination of 



into the President's private box unno- 
ticed and shot him in the back of the 
head, then, leaping over the front of the 
box upon the stage, he shouted: "Sic 
semper tyr minis, ^' and in the confusion 
escaped into the outer darkness. Mr. 
Lincoln died at twenty-two minutes past 
seven o'clock the next morning. 

Hecretartj Setrard's Murder At- 
tempted. — At the hour when the Presi- 
dent was shot, Lewis Payne Powell burst 
into the bed chamber of Mr. Seward, 
who was ill, sprang upon his couch and 
stabbed him nigh unto death and made 
his escape in the night. 

Death of Dooth.—AprW 26th, 1S65, 
Booth the assassin, was found concealed 
in a barn at Garrett's farm, twenty miles 



President Lincoln, were hung, July 7th, 
1865 Michael O'Laughlin, Samuel A. 
Mudd and Samuel Arnold were sen- 
tenced to hard labor for life upon the 
Dry Tortugas, and Edward Spangler to 
hard labor for six years. 

Henry Wirz, the commandant at An- 
dersonville Prison, was tried by military 
commission and hung for cruelty to 
Union prisoners, November 10, 1S65. 

Jefferson Davis, ex-President of the 
Southern Confederacy, after two years 
imprisonment in Fortress Monroe, was 
bailed in the sum of $100,000, May 13, 
1S67. Horace Greeley was one of his 
bondsmen. 

Heno Gang. — In 1868 several bold 
robberies were committed in Indiana by 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 



235 



a band led by the Reno brothers, against 
whom no conviction could be had. They 
robbed an express car at Jeffersonville, 
Ind., of 190,000, on May 22. A second 
attempt was made July 10, but the com- 
pany being prepared, captured several 
of the outlaws. On July 20, while be- 
ing taken to Jackson county for trial, a 
vigilance committee took them from the 
train and hung them. In October the 
three Reno brothers and an accomplice 
were arrested in Canada, brought back 
to the United States, and placed in jail 
at New Albany. Seventy-five vigilants 
broke into the jail and hung them in the 
corridors. This broke up the gang. 

Nath>an BInrder. — On July 29, 1870, 
Benjamin Nathan, a wealthy New York 



3Iulbervy Creek, Ark. — November 
26th, 1881. — Two youug rufifians named 
Joseph Forbish and William Chenoweth, 
outraged and murdered a child four 
years old at Mulberry Creek, Ark. They 
were arrested, and having attempted to 
escape, were shot dead by their captors. 

Lake City, Ark. — On December 15, 
1871, a band of negroes took possession 
of Lake City, Ark., and shot three resi- 
dents, whom they charged with murder- 
ing a negro lawyer. 

Fisk Trat/ed I/.— January 7th, 1872, 
James Fisk, Jr., was shot by Edward S. 
Stokes, because of a quarrel about a 
woman known as Josie Mansfield, who 
was intimate with both men. Fisk died, 
and Stokes was sentenced, after trial, to 



citizen, was mysteriously murdered in 
his own house. Notwithstanding the 
heavy rewards offered, the perpetrator 
has never been found. 

Kensfiif/ton National Bank, of 
Philadelphia, robbed of |ioo,ooo, Feb. 
3, 1871, by thieves disguised as police- 
men. 

Express Bobbery in St. Louis, Mo., 
July 25th, 1871. A driver of the United 
States E.xpress Company was gagged 
and robbed of $90,000. 

Tueed Bing in New York.— Legal 
operations against this gang of thieves 
began October 23, 1S71, by the arrest of 
William M. Tweed, who gave bail for 
$1,000,000. His confederates mostly 
fled. 



be hung, but obtaining a new trial 



was 



sent to Sing Sing prison until 1876. — 
James Fisk, Jr., was born in Vermont, 
April I, 1835. He began life as a hotel 
waiter, and afterward was a pedler, then 
salesman, and finally partner in the Bos- 
ton house of Jordan, Marsh & Co. They 
bought his interest, and he next appeared 
in Wall street in connection with Daniel 
Drew, who had a great contest with C. 
Vanderbilt, for possession of the Erie 
Railway. Fisk and Jay Gould finally 
captured it, and used its revenues for 
their own ends, boldly and unscrupu- 
lously plundering it of millions. The 
audacity of the pair was unbounded. — 
Together they engineered the " Black 
Friday" in September, 1869. Fisk was 



236 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 



manager of two lines of Long Island 
Sound steamers and Colonel of the 9th 
regiment of the New York State Guard. 

Will ia in M. Ttrfftf. Mayor A. 
Oakley Hall, Comptroller R. B. Con- 
nelly, Nathaniel Sands and others were 
indicted by a Grand Jury in New York, 
February loth, 1872, for embezzling the 
city's funds. 

Cefiiia, O.. July 8, 1872.— Absalom 
and Jacob Kimball and Alexander Mc- 
Leod, who outraged and murdered a 
young girl named Secor, were taken from 
jail at Celina, Ohio, by a mob, and Ab- 
salom Kimball and McLeod were hanged 
at the scene of their crime, 

lilachfttone yiition(tI Bank rob- 
bery, at Uxbridge, Mass., July 12, 1S72. 



Des Moines, la. — Train wreckers 
removed a rail and threw the California 
mail train from the track, 60 miles west 
of Des Moines, July 21, 1S73. The des- 
peradoes killed the engineer and escaped 
with three tons of bullion and consider- 
erable cash. 

Tweed liing. — William M. Tweed 
was found guilty of defrauding the New 
York City treasury on 204 counts, Nov. 
19, 1S73, and sentenced to pay a fine of 
|i2,550, and to the penitentiary for 12 
years. On the 26th of the same month 
James H. Ingersoll and John D. Far- 
rington, confederates of William M. 
Tweed, in robbing the New York City 
treasury, were convicted and sentenced 
to State Prison. Henrv W. Genet was 



Burglars compelled Charles Wesson, the 
teller, to open the safe, from which they 
took $13,000. 

Third Xationaf TianJi. Baltimore, 
Md. , was robbed of $500,000, August iS, 
1872. 

,TiuJf/e C G. Tlarnard. of the Su- 
preme Court of New York, was im- 
peached for high crimes, removed from 
the bench, and declared ineligible to 
ever hold office in the State, August iS, 
1S72. 

Saratoga County Banh.at Water- 
ford,. New York, was robbed by burglars 
of 1500,000, October 14, 1872. Binding 
and gagging the Cashier's family, they 
compelled him, by threats, to divulge 
the combination of the vault lock. 



convicted of fraud on the New York 
City treasury, December 19, 1S73. On 
the 22d he escaped from the Sheriff and 
was not recaptured. 

JSeecher's Trial began January 11, 
1874. The suit was instituted by Theo- 
dore Tilton, upon a charge of improper 
relations between the defendant and 
Mrs. Tilton. It lasted six months and 
resulted in a disagreement of the jury, 
who were out seven days, and stood 
nine for acquittal and three for convic- 
tion. 

Boi/ Murderer. — At Dorchester, 
Mass., young Edward Pe)meroy shock- 
ingly murdered the lad Horace Mullen, 
April 22, 1874. 

Charlie Boss abducted, Julv r, 1874,, 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 



237 



in Germantown, Penna. He was about 
four years old. Two men in a buggy 
stole him to obtain a ransom of |2o,ooo. 
They were both killed in burglarizing 
the house of Judge Van Brunt, at Bay 
Ridge, L. I., and the secret of the boy's 
whereabouts died with them. 

Theodore Tilton was arrested on 
July 28th, 1S74, on the charge of slande"^ 
against H . W. Beecher. 

Kansas. — A vigilance committee in 
Kansas hung three horse thieves, July 
30, 1874. 

Edward Sjtanfjler, noted as one of 
the assassins of President Lincoln, died 
near Baltimore, Md., February 14, 1875. 
He was 55 years of age. 

Mnthnj at Sea, on the American 



three and four o'clock in the morning by 
a gang of masked men, who entered the 
house of the cashier, bound and gagged 
seven members of the family, and forced 
Mr. Whitlessey togive up the key to the 
bank vault and disclose the combina- 
tion. 

Winslow, the Forger. — ^January 28, 
1876, discovery was made that Rev. E. 
D. Winslow, an eloquent Boston clergy- 
man, had committed forgeries for hun- 
dreds of thousands of dollars. He fled 
to Rotterdam and London, but owing to 
technicalities in the extradition treaty 
with England, he escaped. 

Yoi(ii{/er lirothers atttempted to 
rob the Northfield, Minn., bank, Sept. 7, 
1876, at midday. There were eight 



schooner Jefferson Borden, from New 
Orleans to Liverpool, in March, 1875. — 
Three sailors killed the two mates and 
tried to seize the vessel, but were foiled 
by the vigilance of the Captain's wife. 
The mutineers were confined, and on 
reaching America tried and convicted 
of murder and mutiny. 

William M. Tweed was released 
from the Penitentiary, June 21, 1875, but 
in default of 13,000,000 bail upon civil 
suits against him, was committed to 
Ludlow Street Jail. He escaped from 
the custody of his keepers, while out 
for a drive, December 4, 1875. 

Xortha uipton, 3Iass., bank robbery 
of f 750,000, occurred January 25, 1876. 
The robbery was committed between 



highwaymen. Three of the robbers en- 
tered, while five remained outside the 
bank to defend themselves from the 
citizens who came upon them. The 
cashier refused to open the safe and was 
shot. The citizens had now begun to 
fire upon tliem, and in the affray two of 
the highwaymen were killed. The rest 
escaped, but vigorous pursuit was made 
without success till the last of the month, 
when four of the criminals stopped at a 
house to secure food. The citizens of a 
neighboring place named Medalia were 
aroused, and followed the robbers to a 
marsh, where they were taken after a 
conflict in which one of them was killed 
and the other three wounded. 
*' Hoss" Tweed was arrested Sept. 



238 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 



S, 1876, at Vigo, Spain, where he had 
just arrived from Cuba. He was re- 
turned to New York and lodged in Lud- 
low Street Jail. 

Gener((f Babeork was tried at 
Washington, D. C, for complicity in a 
safe burglary conspiracy. 

Eilirar<1 S. StoJ:es. having served 
out his term of imprisonment in Auburn 
State Prison, New York, for the killing 
of James Fisk, Jr., was released October 
28, 1876. 

Sprhifffieldf Ills. — Grave robbers 
made an unsuccessful attempt to steal 
the remains of President Lincoln from 



Parian, one of Pinkerton's detectives. 

tfail Delivenj in Rio Grande City, 
Texas, August 12, 1877, by twenty armed 
men from Mexico, who released the 
criminals and escaped. 

liiij Springs, Xeh.—Tram robbery 
at Big Springs, Neb., September iSth, 
1877, by which the Pacific express train 
lost 175,000. 

*' Boss" Tweed's Confession. Oct. 
loth, 1877, occupied eighteen columns of 
the New York Herald. He detailed his 
methods of corrupt legislation, implica- 
ting a great number of legislators and 
others, and offered to turn State's evi- 



the vault, at Springfield, Illinois, Nov. 
7. 1S76. 

Sti'eator, III. — Wholesale poisoning 
by arsenic, which was put into the food 
of miners at Streator, Ills, caused sixty 
deaths, May 14, 1877. Strikers were 
suspected. 

Tweed Binff. — The city of New 
York sued Peter B. Sweeney, one of 
Tweed's allies, for $7,000,000, and com- 
promised it for 14,000,000, June 6, 1877. 

''Molly 3IeGuh'es" Iluny.— June 
21, 1877, ten of this gang were executed 
for murder, at Pottsville, Pa. Evidence 
to convict was obtained by James Mc- 



dence if released. His offer was not 
accepted. February 13, 1878, judgment 
was entered against him in New York 
for $10,857,197.09. 

De.rter, Me. — Cashier Barron, of the 
Dexter, Maine, Savings Bank, was mur- 
dered, February 22d, 1S78, by unknown 
persons, for whom it was supposed that 
he refused to open the safe. The rob- 
bers got only f 100. 

If 'ill lam M. Tweed, famous for the 
enormity of his frauds, died April 12th, 
1878, in Ludlow Street Jail, New York. 
He was born in New York, April 3, 1S23. 
He was first a chair-maker, then a law- 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 



239 



yer, a city and State office-holder, a 
member of Congress, a State Senator, 
and finally Commissioner of Public 
Works, in which position he and his 
"ring" stole vast sums of public money. 
On October 28, 1S71, Charles O'Connor 
began the series of suits against him in 
behalf of the citizens of New York, 
which culminated in his downfall and 
incarceration as a felon. 

Manhattan Bank Robbcri/ in 
New York occurred October 29, 1S7S. — 
Masked men entered the bank in day 
light and carried off |i 1,000 in cash and 
12,700,000 in securities. 

A. T. Strtrai-t's Bodf/ was stolen 
from its vault in St. Mark's church yard, 
New York, November 6, 1S7S. His ex- 



mand and promise to raise her to life on 
the third day. He and some of his fol- 
lowers defended his act. He was com- 
mitted to an insane asylum. 

Trial of Tahnago, the Presbyterian 
preacher of Brooklyn, May 2, 1S79, for 
immoral conduct in inducing a party to 
subscribe a large sum for his Tabernacle, 
with the understanding that he should 
never pay it, but allow the use of his 
name to influence others to subscribe. 
The fact was admitted, but he was ac- 
quitted of intentional wrong by a vQte 
of 24 to 20. 

Indecent Literature. — June 5th, 
1879, D. M. Bennett, of New York, was 
sentenced to a fine of I300 and thirteen 
months hard labor in the penitentiary 



ecutor, Judge Hilton, refused to pay the 
amount demanded by the robbers, viz. : 
$250,000. It has never been recovered. 

"MoUtj Mitijaires" Executed.— 
January 14, 1S79, McDonnell and Sharp 
were hung at Mauch Chunk, Pa. , about 
one minute before Governor Hartranft's 
messenger bearing a reprieve reached 
the scene. 

As.sassinatfon of Edwin Booth 
was attempted at Mc Vicar's Theater, in 
Chicago, while he was playing Richard 
III., April 23, 1879, by a lunatic named 
Gray, who was sent to an asylum. 

liel iff ions Fanatic's Crime.— May 
I, 1S79, Charles F. Freeman, a Second 
Adventist, killed his daughter under the 
delusion of obedience to a divine com- 



for sending immoral publications thro' 
the United States mails. 

Mrs. Hall was murdered in New 
York by Chastine Cox, a negro, for her 
jewelry, June 11, 1S79. He was after- 
ward executed. 

West Point Outraffe.— April 6th, 
18S0, J. C. Whittaker, a colored cadet, 
was found bound and bruised in his 
room. He said it was done by masked 
men, presumably on account of his color. 
A court of inquiry reached no satisfac- 
tory conclusion, the Recorder deciding 
that he did it himself. He was, however, 
cleared by a court-martial, and the out- 
come was that General .Schofield was 
removed from the head of the Academy 
and Gen. Howard appointed in his stead. 



CRIMES, TRIALS AND PUNISHMENT. 



241 



Wolf in Slieejt's Cloth h»g.— On 

February 20, 1880, Rev. Edward Cowley, 
manager of the "Shepherd's Fold," a 
New York institution for rearing or- 
phans, was sentenced to a fine of I200 
and one year's imprisonment, for starv- 
ing and abusing the little ones. 

" mill/, the KhI,'" gang of outlaws, 
in New Mexico, was broken up by the 
authorities, December 27, 1880. He and 
his followers had made themselves a 
great terror. Two were killed and four 
lodged in prison. At first the enraged 
citizens seemed determined to lynch 
them, but this step was prevented. 



buried in Lake View Cemetery, Cleve- 
land, Ohio, September 26, 18S1. OnUie 
occasion business was suspended ind 
memorial services were held all over 
the country. 

Spotted Tail, a head chief of the 
Sioux tribe, was murdered by another 
Indian, July 5, 1S81. 

Charles J. Gniteati's trial for the 
murder of President Garfield, com- 
menced November 14, 1881, in the Dis- 
trict Supreme Court, at Washington, D. 
C. On January 25, 1882, he was found 
guilty of murder and sentenced to be 
hung. On June 30, of the same year, he 



President Garfield Assassinated. — 
An attempt was made to assassinate 
President James A. Garfield in the city 
of Washington, D. C, July 2, 18S1, by a 
disappointed office-seeker named Chas. 
J. Guiteau. The President was in the 
the waiting-room of the Baltimore and 
Potomac Railroad Depot, about to take 
the train for New York, when his assail- 
ant approached him from behind and 
fired two shots, one of which passed 
through his coat sleeve and the other 
entered his body. Guiteau was imme- 
diately arrested and conveyed to jail. — 
President Garfield died at Elberon, N. 
J., on September 19, 1881, from the ef- 
fects of the wound received. He was 
fifty years of age. His remains were 



was executed in the corridor of the jail- 
yard, Washington, D. C. 

Assassination of Captain Thomas 
Phelan. — January 9, 1885, Richard Short, 
an alleged dynamiter, assaulted Captain 
Thomas Phelan, in the office of O'Dono- 
van Rossa, New York City. Phelan re- 
ceived numerous severe cuts, and for 
some time it was doubtful whether he 
would survive his wounds, but he finally 
recovered. Short was not injured. It 
was claimed that Phelan was assaulted 
for exposing, in a Kansas city paper, 
some of the secrets of the dynamiters. 
Short was tried and acquitted on the 
ground of self-defense. A great deal of 
dissatisfaction was expressed by the 
people and the press at the verdict. 



242 



FRAUDS, DEFALCATIONS, ETC 



FRAUDS, DEFALCATIONS, ETC. 



^'Mississippi liiihblr." — In 1717 
the French Government granted to John 
Laws' " Company of the West " the ex- 
clusive commerce of Louisiana, and a 
monopoly of the Canada free trade for 
twenty-five years. In 1720, by had man- 
agement and unscrupulous dealings, this 
scheme brought ruin .upon tiiousands, 
including Laws himself. He had issued 
an enormous amount of shares and 
bonds, which sold during the excitement 
at fabulous prices, but with the loss of 
public confidence, suddenly became 
worthless. Several fhousand immigrants 
had, however, settled in Louisiana 
through Laws' influence, and the colony 



raged crowd destroyed the machinery. 

Sanmcl Strartout, Collector of the 

port of New York, was discovered, on 
March 29, 183S, to be a defaulter to the 
United States in the sum ot 11,225,705, 
which he had sunk in Wall Street specu- 
lations. 

Insurance Frauds. — In 1853 num- 
erous bogus mutual insurance compan- 
ies failed, swindling their patrons out of 
hundreds of thousands of dollars. 

'John a. Floyd, Secretary of War, 
was indicted, January 28th, 1861, by the 
Grand Jury of Washington, for defraud- 
ing the government. He fled to Vir- 
ginia. 



was firmly established and became a 
royal province. 

•• Yazoo Fraud." — This fraud was 
perpetrated by the Georgia Legislature 
in 1795, in selling the Western lands be- 
longing to that State. It produced great 
excitement, and after much controversy 
the sales were expunged from the State 
records, but the United States courts 
subsequently declared the claims of the 
purchasers valid. 

Perpetual Motion.— \n 1S12 one 
Redhiffer claimed to have invented it, 
but refused to permit his apparatus to 
to be tested. Robert Fulton was one of 
his visitors and detected the fraud. An 
old man in an upper room turning a 
crank was the motive power. The en- 



Shoddy. — In 1861 some contractors 
supplied clothing to the regiments made 
of refuse matter, pressed into a cloth, 
which was fine in appearance, but would 
not wear because it had no strength. — 
From this originated "shoddy." 

Ketclium Forgery. — A great for- 
gery of $2,000,000, by one Ketchum, of 
New York, was discovered August 14th, 
1865. 

Credit Mobil ier of America, which 
was organized as a banking institution, 
sold its charter in January, 1867, to the 
company which proposed to build the 
Union Pacific Railroad. Its stock was 
increased to 1:3,750,000. 

United States Gorernntenf de- 
faulter.— September 9th, 1870, Major L. 



FRAUDS, DEFALCATIONS, ETC. 



243 



Hodge, Assistant Paymaster General, 
confessed that he had robbed the United 
States of 1500,000. 

PhiladpJphia Defalcation. — On 
November 2d, 1871, City Treasurer Mer- 
cer and C. T. Yerks, banker, were ar- 
rested for stealing 1478,000 city funds. — 
They were pardoned by Gov. Geary, 
September 26th, 1872. 

Jaff Gould was arrested November 
22d, 1872, for swindling the Erie Railway 
Company out of 19,726,555, but was 
bailed in fi, 000, 000. On December 17, 
of the same year, he compromised the 
claim of the Erie Railway Company by 
restoring about I9, 000, 000 "for the sake 
of peace.'" 

Cifstom-House Fraiuls. — Novem 



Executive and Judicial Departments of 
the Government, and providing that the 
increased pay for Senators and Repre- 
sentatives should begin with the first 
session of that Congress, which gave 
the Senators and Representatives two 
years back pay. Great indignation was 
caused among the people. Some never 
drew it, others drew it and returned it, 
but most of the members and officials 
pocketed the amount. 

F. L. Taintor, Cashier of tiie At- 
lantic National- Bank, New York, was 
arrested April 26th, 1873, he being a de- 
faulter for 1400,000. 

JVeiv Yoi'h, November 26th, 1873.— 
James H, Ingersoll and John D. Far- 
rington, convicted of defrauding the city 



ber 29, 1872, the United States Govern- 
ment recovered ^480,000 from Weld & 
Co., East India merchants, who were 
charged with defrauding the customs. 

Credit Mobflier F.f2Josia'e.—On 
February 27, 1873, a Congressional com- 
mittee of investigation damaged the 
reputation of a number of public men. 
Great frauds in constructing the Pacific 
Railroads were unearthed, and Oakes 
Ames (the principal manager), and Jas. 
Brooks (a Government Director of the 
Railroad), were censured by the House 
of Representatives, of which both were 
members 

"Salary Crrab."— March 3d, 1873, 
Congress passed a law increasing the 
pay of the members of the Legislative, 



treasury of New York, and sentenced, 
Ingersoll to four years; Farrington in 
the Court of Oyer and Terminer, to one 
year and six months in the State Prison. 

liereuue Frauds were charged 
against Jordan, Marsh & Co., of Boston, 
and their books were seized by the Uni- 
ted States officers, December 27, 1873. 

Emma Mine Sraudal.—ln 1874 
the British stockholders discovered that 
the stock sold them by one Albert Grant, 
an English agent for the Emma mine, 
was worthless. Gen. Robert C. Schenck, 
United States Ministerto England, being 
one of the Trustees, was largely blamed. 

Pacific Mail Investigatiou. — In 
February, 1875, the United States Sen- 
ate Judiciary Committee reported that 



244 



FRAUDS, DEFALCATIONS, ETC. 



the subsidy granted by Congress to this 
line had been procured by the corrupt 
use of great sums of money among its 
members. The contract was thereupon 
abrogated by a heavy vote. 

Wliishrii lihif/.—On May 17th, 1875, 
United States Treasury Agents made a 
sudden raid upon '-crooked" whiskey 
distillers in Chictigo, Milwaukee and St. 
Louis. The fact was revealed that high 
officials of the Government were in com- 
plicity with the "Ring," which was ex- 
tensive and powerful, but, by Secretary 
Bristow's efforts, it was completely 
broken up. In February, 1S76, General 
E. O. Babcock, Private Secretary to 
President Grant, was tried at St. Louis 
for complicity in these whiskey frauds, 



Sinugffled Diamonds and Jewelry, 
valued at |2o,ooo, were seized at New 
York by Custom-House officers from the 
person of a woman, October 14, 1876. 

Philadelphia. — Fraud confessed on 
September 22d, 1877, by John S. Morton, 
President of the West Philadelphia Pas- 
senger Railway, who acknowledged to 
the over issue of 10,000 shares, valued 
at $1,000,000, since 1870. 

Gifniaii Forgeries. — The forgeries 
of W. C. Gilman, New York, were dis- 
covered October 2d, 1877. Two certifi- 
cates of the Atlantic Mutual Insurance 
Company's scrip had been raised from 
$100 to |io,ooo each. He confessed to 
having carried on similar frauds for two 
years, and to the amount of 1247,000. — 



but the evidence was insufficient to con- 
vict him. 

Keeleij Motor was brought to public 
notice in 1875. The inventor claimed 
that he could obtain a power of 50,000 
pounds to the square inch by condensed 
air, and that it would supersede steam. 
He has never yet demonstrated this. 

Washington liing.— In February, 
1876, exposures were made to Congress 
of the methods of "Boss" Shephard and 
his ring in improving Washington City, 
D. C, and legislation was had which put 
a stop to them. 

If. If. /i<^//iijrf;>. Secretary of War, 
was impeached by the House of Repre- 
sentatives, March 2d, 1876, for official 
misconduct and corruption. 



He was sentenced to Sing Sing for five 
years. 

*• Petrified Man " from Colorado. 
In March, 1878, one who helped to man- 
ufacture this "stone man" made pub- 
lic the fact that it was cast in a lime kiln 
at Elkland, Penna., by George Hull, the 
originator of the "Cardiff Giant," at 
the expense of P. T. Barnum, the show- 
man. 

Great T)efaleatfoiis in Massachu- 
setts. — April lo, 1878, it became known 
that S. A. Chase, Treasurer of the Union 
Mills, Fall River, Mass., had robbed the 
company of half a million dollars. — 
Within a fortnight George T. Hathaway, 
treasurer of another large corporation, 
was discovered to be a defaulter for a 



FRAUDS, DEFALCATIONS, ETC 



245 



million. Both men were sent to State 
prison. 
Pacific Mills Defalcation. — At 

Lawrence, Mass., May 10, 187S, George 
F. Waterman, Assistant Paymaster of 
the Pacific Mills, was found to have 
stolen |ioo,ooo. He was sent to State 
Prison for twelve years. 

New Yorh. — Defalcation of $100,000 
in the Bank of North America, New 
York, was confessed, February 5, 187S, 
by A. M. Turney, teller. The crime 
had been kept secret nine years. 

Fall River, Mass. — Defalcation in 
the Manufacturers' Gas Company, Fall 



Mill, and George H. Eddy, Treasurer of 
the Flint Mill; James W. Wilbur, at 
Lawrence, and Wm. M. Roach, Cashier 
Citizens' National Bank at Washington. 
These all speculated with other people's 
money. 

Missouri, — State Treasurer Gates, 
of Missouri, was found to be a defaulter 
in the sum of 1343,000, in February, 
1879. 

Wfir Upon Lotteries by the Post- 
office Department. — In November, 1879, 
an order was issued forbidding the pay- 
ment of money or delivery of registered 
letters to persons connected with these 



River, Mass., September 7th, 1878, by 
Charles P. Stickney, a leading citizen 
and ex-State Senator, for over fifty 
thousand dollars. He was sent to State 
Prison. 

Chicago, Ills. — Defalcation in the 
Pullman Palace Car Company, at Chi- 
cago, Ills., August 17th, 1878, Charles 
W. Angell had robbed the Company of 
f 1 20,000. 

Evils of Speculation. — In August, 
1879, George B. Durfee, ex-Treasurer of 
the Mechanics' Mill, at Fall River, Mass., 
was found to be a defaulter; also Walter 
Paine, Treasurer of the American Linen 



swindles, it being evident that thousands 
of persons were being cheated out of 
their money. 

Halifax Award of 15,500,000 to 
England was made upon the basis of 
manufactured evidence, according to 
charges made by Prof. H. T. Hinds, an 
eminent Canadian scholar. He stated 
that the facts did not justify such an 
award, and demanded an investiga- 
tion. 

Ladle's Deposit Conipamj, of Bos- 
ton, was shown to be a swindle, October 
16, 1S80, and the managers, Mrs. Sarah 
E. Howe and Miss Julia A. Gould, were 



246 



TFMPKRANCE MOVEMENTS. 



arrested. They induced large deposits 
by paying 8 per cent, per month out of 
the depositor's own money. 
Marhtr National Ihnth, of New 

York, suspended May 6, 1884, involving 
the faihireof the banking house of Grant 
iS: Ward, of which firm ex-President 
Grant was a member. The failure of 
tiie latter firm brouglit to liglit one of 
the most audacious frauds ever prac- 
ticeti, by whicli ex-President Grant, 
Colonel Fred Grant and V. S. Grant, Jr., 
witli many other prominent and wealthy 
men, were innocent sufferers, by ti\e 
crafty and fraudulent misrepresentations 



of Ferdinand Ward. Ward's plan of 
operations was to represent that he had 
profitable contracts from tlie govern- 
ment, and was able to pay 30 anil 40 per 
cent, on the investments lie made. He 
practically done no business, but rend- 
ered sufiicient dividends from the money 
borrowed to keep the confidence of his 
victims, and appropriated the remainder 
to his personal use. He was assisted in 
his schemes by James D. Fish, President 
of the Marine National Bank. Fish was 
tried and found guilty of fraud, and Ward 
is now in the Tombs prison awaiting 
trial. 



TEMPERANCE 
StiiKlat/ Liquor Latr.—lw April, 
1641, a law was passed by the authorities 
of New Amsterdam, forbidding the 
" tapping of beer during ilivine service, 
or after 10 o'clock at night," because 
" complaints are made that some of our 
inhabitants have commenced to tap beer 
during divine service, and use a small 
kind of measure, which is in contempt 
of our religion, and must ruin the State." 
The penalty for violating the law was 
twenty-five guiUlers, or ten di)llars for 
each otVense, besides the forfeiture of 
the beer for the use of tlie Attorney- 
General. 

Maft/laiKf. — Drunkenness was pnn- 



MOVEMENTS. 

ished in Maryland, in 1642, by a fine of 
one hundred pounds of tobacco, and 
swearing by a fine of five pounds. 

Jjimisr L((ir — Massachusetts passed 
the first one in 1646. 

Tempcrtincr Meeting at Sillery, 
near Quebec, was held in 1648. A con- 
verted Algonquin cliief was the princi- 
pal speaker, who exhorted his people to 
total abstinence. This was the first tem- 
perance meeting in America, and it or- 
iginated with the Catholic priests. 

Jii'antf //-Sellers Excommunicated. 
In I660 Vicar General Laval, of Canada, 
issued an excommunication against 
those in the liquor traffic with Indians. 



TEMPERANCE MOVEMENTS. 



247 



Notwithstanding this, and the whipping 
of one offender and shooting of another, 
prohibition could not be enforced. 

Driniharffs rosfed.— In 1694, the 
Legislature of Massachusetts caused the 
names of drunkards in several towns, to 
be posted up in public houses, and im- 
posed a fine for giving them entertain- 
ment. 

ImJian Potest Against Rum.— In 
April, 1730, Governor Tliomas, at Phila- 
delphia, received a petition from " The 
Chieffs of ye Delaware," that the busi- 
ness might be stopped, as rum had 
caused some recent outrages upon white 
men. 

Groff/in.— Importation of rum was 
forbidden by the Trustees of Georgia in 



erance as.sociation in the United States 
was formed in Litchfield, Conn., in 1789, 
where two hundred farmers agreed not 
to use distilled liquor in doing their form 
work that season. 

Total AhstiiH'itce Pledge. — The 
first one used in America was drawn up 
by Micajah Pendleton, of Nelson county, 
Virginia, in iSoo. 

Tempera tK-e Soelety. — The first in 
America was organized in 1808, in Mo- 
reau, Saratoga county, New York, by 
Dr. Billy J. Clarke and Rev. Lebbeus 
Armstrong. Forty-seven male members 
signed the pledge. A fine of twenty-five 
cents was imposed for every violation of 
the pledge. It prohibited rum, gin, 
whisky, wine, or any distilled liquors 



1733. They however established ale- 
houses and provided for wines and for 
brewing beer, because these drinks 
would be more wholesome and refresh- 
ing to the people. It was intended to 
make a temperance colony of Georgia. 
But violations of this occured even 
among the officers of the colony. — 
There were constant evasions of the 
law till its appeal took place in 1742. 

New YorJt. — In 1772 intemperance 
was punished in New York by compell- 
ing the offenders to "drink three quarts 
of warm water with salt enough to act 
as an emetic, and lamp oil i.o act as a 
a purge." This dose killed a drunken 
negro. 

Litchfield, Coijh.— The first temp- 



whatever. It did not, therefore, go as 
far as a total abstinence pledge of the 
present day. 
"T/*e Well Co^i ducted Farm" 

was the title of an essay by Dr. Justin 
Edwards, published in 1825, detailing 
the operations of a large farm in Wor- 
cester county, Mass., on which no intoxi- 
cating drinks were used. 

'^American Temperance ITniou"' 
was organized at Boston in 1826, based 
on Micajah Pendleton's pledge, which 
permitted the use of cider, wines and 
malt liquors, but required total absti- 
nence from distilled liquors. In six 
years 4,000 societies were organized, 
with which 20,000 families united, and 
the distillation of liquor nearly ceased. 



248 



TEMPERANCE MOVEMENTS. 



Temperance Couventlon. — A Na- 
tional Convention was held in May, 1S33, 
at Philadelphia, Penna. Four hundred 
delegates from twenty-one States were 
present. It was " Resolved, That the 
trade in ardent spirits is morally wrong 
and ought to be abandoned." 

Total Ahstineuve" was voted 
di . n at the annual meeting, in 1S33, of 
the American Temperance Union. The 
moderate use of wines, cider and malt 
liquors were permitted. 

American Coutjressioital Temp- 
erance Society was formed in Washing- 
ton in 1S33. Lewis Cass, Secretary of 
War, was chosen President. The use of 
ardent spirits in the army was prohibi- 
ted. 



in the year 183^ by the American Temp- 
erance Society, and in 1836 tiie American 
Temperance Union was organized on 
this basis, and since then "total absti- 
nence" has become the bulwark of all 
temperance societies. 

Massitch tfsetts^ Fifteen Gallon Law. 
In April, 1838, a law was enacted by the 
Legislature which prohibited the sale of 
alcoholic liquors except by druggists and 
physicians, and then in not less than fif- 
teen gallons. 

Evasion of the Fifteen Gallon Law^ 
In April, 1838, at a militia muster in 
iMassachusetts a man exhibited a striped 
pig at ten cents admission. The per- 
sons who entered found a pig with stripes 
painted around his body, and also found 



Teetotalism originated in England 
in 1S34. A member of a Lancashire So- 
ciety said: " Tee " is a provincialism for 
"going the whole figure." He said: "We 
must have a teetotal abstinence from 
every kind of drink that will produce 
drunkenness, if we wish to get rid of 
drunkenness itself." This saying gave 
the temperance cause a new watchword. 
The idea was adopted this year by many 
American societies, which changed the 
words "ardent spirits" in their former 
pledges, to ''intoxicating liquors." — 
Much opposition at first arrayed itself 
against this principle. But it was adopted 



a free drink. Nobody could prevent a 
man from giving away liquor, if he 
chose. 

" WasJi i lif/tonia US." — April 2, 1840, 
six boon companions met in Chase's tav- 
ern, Baltimore, for their customary car 
rousal. They were William K. Mitchell^ 
tailor; John F. Hoss, carpenter; David 
Anderson, blacksmith; George Steers, 
wheelwright; James McCurly, coachman; 
and Archibald Campbell, silverplater. — 
It had been their practice to drink to- 
gether. This night they were unusually 
sober, and seemed to delay calling for 
liquors. At last they found that each 



TEMPERANCE MOVEMENTS. 



249 



was distressed about his habit of becom- 
ing intoxicated. In a short time they 
agreed to band themselves together into 
a "Washington Temperance Society," 
whose principle should be teetotalism 
from all which can intoxicate. They be- 
gan to work among their companions, 
and by simple power of earnest effort, 
soon found hundreds joining their ranks. 
Thus originated one of the most won- 
derful temperance movements known to 
the world. 

Anniversary of the Washingtonian 
Society in 1841. One thousand reformed 
drunkards marched in procession. 



If'oinan's Temperance Crusade, 
February 10, 1S74, began in Ohio by the 
efforts of Christian ladies to break up 
the sale of intoxicants by public prayer 
within and in front of saloons. Success 
attended their efforts, and the excite- 
ment spread throughout the State, re- 
sulting in largely reducing the liquor 
traffic. 

Iteynolds Reform Club, organized 
at Bangor, Maine, September 10, 1S74, 
by eleven reformed drunkards. It has 
met every Sunday afternoon since its 
organization, and similar clubs have 
spread all over the State. 



Conffressional Total Abstinence 
Temperance Society was organized in 
Washington, D. C. , February 9, 1842. 

Six Hundred Thousand sign the 
pledge. — Father Mathew, the great Irish 
"Apostle of Temperance," visited Am- 
erica in 1849, creating great enthusiasm, 
and administering the pledge to 600,000 
persons. 

3Iaine Liquor Law. — In 1851 Gen. 
Neal Dow influenced the Legislature to 
pass a law prohibiting the sale of intoxi- 
cating liquors in that State. 

National Temperance Convention 
met at Chicago September i, 1S69. 



Itetl Ribhon Temperance Badges. — 
In June, 1875, Dr. Reynolds, of the Rey- 
nolds Reform Clubs, suggested this 
badge at a convention of delegates at 
Bangor, Maine, as a means of mutual 
recognition. It subsequently became a 
badge of loyalty. 

The Blue Ribbon was adopted later 
by a temperance organization in Ver- 
mont, and the white ribbon by the 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union 
in Massachusetts. 

Francis Murphy, a reformed drunk- 
ard, inaugurated a temperance move- 
ment which in 1877 swept over New York 



250 



MARINE DISASTERS, ETC. 



State and influenced thousands to sign 
the pledge 

III f not s. — A monster temperance pe- 
tition signed by 110,000 persons was pre- 
sented to the Illinois Legislature March 
6, 1879, asking that women might vote 
on all questions pertaining to liquor li- 
censes. On investigation it was found 
that an amendment to the constitution 
of the State would have to be made be- 
fore such a law could be passed. 

Connuission of Inqninj into the 
effects of the liquor traffic was appoint- 
ed by Congress, May, 1879. A similar 
. commission had been appointed by the 



House of Lords, England, which had 
made a valuable report. 

Xafional ProJiibfffonist Conven- 
tion met at Cleveland, July 17, 1880, and 
nominated General Neal Dow, of Maine, 
for President, and A. W. Thompson, of 
Westville, Ohio, for Vice-President of 
the United States. 

Kansas. — A prohibitory amendment 
to the constitution of Kansas was af- 
firmed by the Supreme Court of the 
State, February 23, 1881. 

Iowa passed a prohibitory liquor law 
by a vote of the people, June 27, 18S2, 
by a majority of 29,751. 



MARINE DISASTERS, ETC. 



Steamer Ben Shevvod, of New Or- 
leans, was lost, with one hundred and 
seventy-five persons, opposite Natchez, 
May 9, 1837. 

Steamer Home, a new vessel of 
New York, was wrecked, and one hun- 
dred lives lost, in Pamlico sound, N. C, 
October 9. 1S37. 

Steamer Monmoatli was lost, Oc- 
tober 29th, 1837, with two hundred and 
thirty-four persons, on the Mississippi 
River. 

Shipirreehs of the Bristol and Mex- 
ico, and loss of one hundred and thirty- 
nine lives during the winter of 1S37 — 
The cold was so intense that passengers 



froze to death in the rigging. Thes^ 
disasters occurred on Far Rockaway and 
Hempstead beach. 

Steatner MoKelle burned at the 
wharf at Cincinnati, Ohio, April 25*11, 
1838. One hundred and thirty-one lives 
were lost. 

Steam Paeh-et Palashi, of Savan- 
nah, exploded June 14th, 1S3S, oft' the 
North Carolina coast and killed one 
hundred persons. 

Steamer hexington was burned on 
Long Island Sound one bitter cold night 
in January, 1S40. Two hundred lives 
were lost. 

TJie President, a steamship, sailed 



MARIN"E DISASTERS, ETC 



251 



from New York to Liverpool in 1841, 
and was never heard from. One hun- 
dred and nine persons perished. 

Steanief Erie, of Buffalo New York, 
was burned on Lake Erie, August 9th, 
184 1. One hundred and seventy-five 
lives were lost. 

Queen Victoria sent six gold med- 
als to six New York sea captains in 1842, 
who had saved a British vessel in 1840. 

Biff Hatch ee, a Mississippi river 
steamer, exploded in 1845, and twenty 
or thirty persons were killed. 

Steamboat Swallow was lost on 
the Hudson River in 1845, and fourteen 
persons perished. 

Terrible Gale on the New England 
coast, September 19th, 1846, destroyed 



hundred and seventy-seven lives, on 
December 30, 1853. 

United States and Paraguay 
Navigation Company. — The first steam- 
er of this line sailed from New York 
March 21, 1S53, but was wrecked on the 
coast of Brazil. 

Steamer San Francisco, with 
United States troops, foundered at sea, 
January 5th, 1854. Two hundred and 
forty perished and seven hundred were 
saved. 

Steamer Tatjletire, of the White 
Star Line, was wrecked on the Irish 
coast January 20, 1854. Three hundred 
and seventy lives were lost. 

Steamer Powhatan, from Havre 
to the United States, was lost at sea on 



many ships and lives. From Marble- 
head alone forty-five husbands were lost, 
leaving one hundred and fifty-five chil- 
dren fatherless. 

Steam er Phcenioc lost November 2 1 , 
1847, ori Lake Michigan, with two hun- 
dred and forty lives. 

The Griffith, with three hundred 
lives, was lost June 17th, 1850, on Lake 
Erie. 

Steamer Orefjon exploded and 
burned on the Mississippi in March, 
1851. Sixty lives lost. 

The Atlantic was lost on Lake Erie, 
August 20, 1852, with two hundred and 
fifty lives. 

Ocean Disaster. — The Stafford- 
shire was lost near Cape Sable with one 



April 15, 1854, with three hundred and 
eleven lives. 

Steamer City of Philadelphia, 
from Liverpool, was lost off Cape Race, 
September 17th, 1854. Loss of life un- 
known. 

United States Mail Steamer Arc- 
tic was run down by the French steamer 
Vesta, off New Foundland, September 
27, 1854. Loss of life three hundred and 
sixty. 

Ocean, of Posfon. was burned in 
the harbor, November 24th, 1854, with 
a loss of thirty-five lives. 

Steamer City of Glasf/ow, from 
Liverpool to Philadelphia, was lost at 
sea with four hundred and eighty lives. 

Steamer Pacific left Liverpool for 



252 



MARINK DISASTERS, ETC. 



New York, January 23, 1856, and never 
was heard from. 

The John llHtledije, from Liver- 
pool to New York, was sunk by an ice- 
berg, February 19th, 1S56. Loss of life 
unknown. 

Canuleu Femj-hoat, from New 
York, was wrecked March 16, 1S56, and 
thirty lives were lost. 

StcdiHCi' Lt/oiniais, from New 
York, was lost in the Atlantic November 
2d, 1856, with one hundred and thirty- 
four lives. 

Steamer Ventval Anierira, from 
Aspinwall to New York, foundered off 



Francisco, was lost on the coast of Mex- 
ico, July 27, 1862, with two hundred and 
and four lives. 

Gen erf il Lyon, a steamer of Wil- 
mington, N. C, was lost off Cape Hat- 
teras, March 31, 1S65, with a loss of five 
hundred lives. 

Steamer S ill f ana exploded upon 
the Mississippi, April 28th, 1S65, killing 
1,320 returned Union prisoners. There 
were 2,106 on board. 

Six Steamboats burned at Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, March 6, 1S72. Loss, 1250,- 
000. 

Great liepuhlie, an American clip- 



Cape Hatteras, September 8, 1857. Four 
hundred and twenty seven lives and $2,- 
000,000 of treasure were lost. 

Steamer .in stria, of the New York 
and Hamburg line, was burned Sept. 13, 
1858, in mid ocean. Out of five hundred 
and thirty-eight persons only sixty-seven 
were saved. 

Steamer Ladi/ KUjin. with a Sun- 
day School excursion aboard from Mil- 
waukee, collided with the sailing vessel 
Augusta on Lake Michigan, September 
8, 1S60. Two hundred and ninety-seven 
persons were lost. 

Steamer Gohlen Gate, of San 



per ship, was abandoned in a sinking 
condition off Bermuda, March 4, 1S72. 

Vaeifie Mail Steamer Amt-rica 
was burned August 24th, 1872, at Yoko- 
hama, Japan. Sixty lives and a large 
amount of specie were lost. 

Collision on Long Island Sound, 
August 30, 1872, between the propeller 
Metis and a schooner. The latter in- 
stantly sank, and the steamer shortly 
broke up. Twenty-two lives were lost. 

Steamer ]}rissoiiri, from New York 
to Havana, burned October 22, 1872, off 
Abaco. Eighty eight persons, out of 
one hundred on board, perished. 



MARINE DISASTERS, ETC 



253 



Great Storm throughout tin- Uuited 
States, December 26th, 1S72, which was 
very severe on the Athintic coast. Rark 
Kadosh wrecked in Massachusetts Bay 
and seven lives lost. Siiip Peruvian lost 
on Massachusetts coast, and all hands 
on board, twenty-five in number, were 
drowned. 

Steamer llarrff A. Jones burned 
at Galveston, Texas, February 15, 1S73, 
Twenty-one persons perished. 

Alaska 3Iaif Steamer George S. 
Wright was wrecked at Portland, Ore- 
gon, March 4, 1873, with a loss of twen- 
ty-three lives. 



Anglo- Am er lean Cable Steamer, 
Robert Lowe was lost November 2otIi, 
1S73. Commander Tidmarsh and sixteen 
of the officers and crew were drowned. 

Fremh Steamer Ville de Havre 
collided with British ship Loch Earn, 
November 22d, 1873, and sunk in mid 
ocean with a loss of two hundred and 
twenty-seven lives. 

Mississip2)i Steamer Pat Rogers 
was burned near Aurora, Ind., August 
5, 1874. Fifty passengers perished. 

I'aeifie Mail Steamer Japan 
burned near Yokohama, December 17, 
1874, with great loss of life. 



Steamer Atlantic, of the White 
Star Line, was wrecked on March 30th, 
1873, off the coast of Halifax. Seven 
hundred lives lost. 

Steamer Wawasset burned on the 
Potomac with seventy lives, August 8th, 
1873. 

Terrible Storm on the Atlantic 
coast, in August, 1873, caused immense 
damage. Fifty American and two hun- 
dred and eighty .fishing vessels were 
lost. 

Propeller Ironsides foundered on 
Lake Michigan, September 15th, 1873, 
with great loss of life. 



Three Steamers burned at New 
Orleans, April 23d, 1875, and fifty lives 
were lost. 

Steamer rieUshtny, from Mon- 
treal to Liverpool, was lost in an ice- 
field, May 30th, 1875, with eighty-three 
persons. 

I'nited States Steamer Saranac, 
lost ofi" Vancouver's Island. June 21st, 
1875- 

Steamer raeifie was' wrecked on 
the California coast November 4th, 1875, 
and nearly two hundred lives were 
lost. 

Steamer City of Waco was burned 



254 



MARINE DISASTERS, ETC 



November 9th, 1875, off Galveston bar, 
and nearly seventy lives were lost. 

PropelJer St. Clair was burned on 
Lake Superior July 10, 1876. Upwards 
of thirty lives were lost. 

Arctic Jf It f I liiif/ Fleet of twelve 
vessels was lost in the ice with many 
lives. The barque Florence arrived at 
San Francisco October 21, 1876, with the 
intelligence. 

Hear If Gales on the Atlantic coast 
November 24th, 1877, caused immense 
damage. The United States man-of-war 
Huron was lost, with one hundred lives, 
off the coast of North Carolina. 

Steamef Metropolis was lost in a 
gale January 31st, 1878, on Currittuck 
beach. North Carolina. On board were 



at sea December 27th, 1878. Only two 
persons were saved. This was the 
steamer that carried yellow fever to 
New Orleans. 

Fishing Fleet, of Gloucester, Mass,, 
lost fourteen vessels and one hundred 
and fifty-five lives, February 20, 1879. 

Excursion Steamer Seawanhaka, 
of New York, burned in East River on 
June 29, 1880, and fifty persons perished. 
A colored singer and his wife had floated 
together in the water some time, when 
she began to be exhausted. To encour- 
age her he said: " Let us try and sing 
Rock of Ages." They made the effort, 
and were joined by others in the water, 
which stimulated some to new efforts, 
and they were saved. 



200 laborers and 500 tons of railroad 
iron for the Maderia and Mamore rail- 
road, in Brazil. Eighty lives were lost. 

If haling Bark Sarah, of New 
Bedford, capsized October 12, 1878, in a 
hurricane. Eighteen of the crew were 
lost. Seven were imprisoned in the fore- 
castle by the overturn of the hull of the 
vessel, four of whom died from lack of 
food and pain from being thrown about 
by the rolling of the vessel. Two dived 
and came up outside and climbed on the 
bottom of the hull. They were rescued 
by a pilot boat, and cutting a hole in the 
hull they saved the last man, who was 
yet imprisoned. 

Steamer Em ill/ S. Sonde r, from 
New York to Turk's Island, foundered 



Steamer Vera Cruz was lost off" 
the Florida coast in a hurricane, August 
29, 1880. Out of eighty-two persons but 
eleven reached land. The same storm 
destroyed jji, 500,000 of "the Florida or- 
ange crop. 

Disasters on the Great Lakes. — On 
October 16-18, 1880, a fearful storm de- 
stroyed numerous vessels and lives. — 
The shores of Lake Michigan were 
strewn with wrecks. The greatest loss 
was the steamer Alpena, of the Good- 
rich line, which went down with all on 
board, some seventy persons, near Hol- 
land, Mich. 

Elgin, III., April 28th, 1881, twelve 
persons were drowned by the capsizing 
of a Ferry boat in the Fox River. 



SPORTING EVENTS. 



255 



Steamer Columbia. September 11, 
1881, foundered off Frankfort, Mich.— 
Fifteen persons were drowned 

Steamer Golden City was burned 
at Memphis, April 3, 1882. Thirty lives 
were lost. 

Sehooner Iiidnstry capsized on 
Lake Michigan June 4, 1882, and all on 
board perished. 

Steamer Sciota, while carrying an 
excursion party, collided with a tugboat, 
near Mingo Junction, Ohio, July 4, 1882. 
Fifty-nine lives were lost. 

Steamer Gold Dust exploded its 
boiler, August 7, 1882, on the Ohio river, 



near Hickman, Ky. Seventeen lives 
were lost. 

West Point f Va. — Decemoer 25th, 
1882, a steamboat explosion occurred at 
West Point, Va. , by which nineteen 
lives were lost. 

Projieller Morninff Star exploded 
her boiler, December 6th, 1883, on the 
Mississippi River, by which sixteen men 
were killed. 

Steamship City of Columbus, of 
the Boston and Savannah line, was 
wrecked off Gay Head, Mass., January 
18, 1884. One hundred and three lives 
were lost. 



SPORTING- 
Uiilau'f'ul Enterta i H menis. — The 

first Congress met October 26, 1774, and 
took action discountenancing gaming, 
cock fighting, exhibitions, plays, shows 
and other expensive diversions and en- 
tertainments. 

^Messenger, an English thoroughbred 
horse, was imported into the United 
States in May, 1788. He was sire of 
many fast horses of this century. He 
died at Oyster Bay, Long Island, in the 
year 1808. Over his grave a volley of 
musketry was fired in honor of his long 
popularity. 

Pugilistie. — In 1816 the first pugilis- 
tic encounter, between trained men, oc- 



EYENTS. 

curred in the United States. It was be- 
tween Jacob Hyer (father of Tom Hyer), 
and Tom Beasley. The match was de- 
clared a draw. 

Morgan Horses. — The progenitor 
of this celebrated breed died in 1S21 
from a kick from another horse. He 
was twenty-nine years old. 

Horse-Kacing in America was in- 
augurated by trotting " Boston Blue" 
against time. It was the result of a 
wager by Major William Jones, of Long 
Island, with Colonel Bond, of Maryland, 
that no horse could trot a mile in three 
minutes. "Boston Blue" did it. 

Trotting Horses. — In 1836 "Dutch- 



256 



SPORTING EVENTS. 



man" made three miles in 7 minutes 
2,i)i seconds 'Awful," another horse, 
was noted for speed and his vicious dis- 
position. 

Vacltf Chi h.— The first in the United 
States was organized in New York in 
1S44. It consisted of nine members and 
nine yachts. 

lieijatta in New York harbor held 
July 17th, 1845. Ten yachts competed. 
The Cygnet won. This was the first re- 
gatta in America, 

Bdse Ball.— The " Knickerbocker " 
club was organized in New York in 1S45. 
It was the first permanent club in this 
country. 

Trustee's " Twenty-Mile Trot " was 



nine years old he trotted five miles in 
16 minutes, winning |i,ooo. He was 
twenty three years old when he died. 

Base Ball Phujers of various 
States first organized the National Asso- 
ciation in 1S57, and established a uni- 
form system of rules. 

Chaniju'oH Cfiess Playrv of the 
World.— In 1S58 Paul C. Murphy, of 
New Orleans, then twenty-one years of 
age, having beaten every noted chess 
player in the United States, visited Eu- 
rope, and was victorious over the best 
players of the Old World. 

College Keyatta Association was 
organized in May, 1858, by a convention 
from Yale, Harvard, Brown and Trinity 
Colleges. 



made in 59 minutes and 35 '/i seconds. — 
It took place in October, 1848. 

Yacht America won the prize, the 
"Cup of all Nations," at the interna- 
tional regatta, at Cowes, England, Aug. 
22d, 185 1. She was built by George 
Steers, at Brooklyn, New York, and 
commanded by Com. John C. Stevens, 
and was the first yacht to cross the 
ocean. 

Collef/e Boat Bare, August 3, 1852. 
Harvard and Yale crews rowed their 
first race, in eight-oared barges, on Lake 
Winnipeseogee, N H. Harvard won. 

Black llairJx. — This famous horse 
died at Bridgeport, Vt., in 1856. He 
was the first of that breed, and was sold 
for $150.00 when four yeatrs old. When 



Prize Fight between John C. Hee- 
nan and John Morissey took place Octo- 
ber 20, 1858, at Long Point Island, Lake 
Erie, for a wager of $2,500. The latter 
was victor, and was declared champion 
of America. 

Flora Tem]}le trotted two miles in 
harness in 4 minutes and 50]^ seconds, 
August i6th, 1859, on the Long Island 
track. 

Bare}/, the horse-tamer, created 
great excitement in 1861 by his public 
exhibitions, in which he made the wild- 
est and most vicious steeds obey his 
will. He claimed that kindness was the 
basis of his system. 

Citiciiniati Base Ball Club played, 
during the season of 1869, with all first 



SPORTING EVENTS. 



257 



class clubs in the United States and won 
every game. 

Natioufd Association of Ameri- 
can Colleges for rowing was organized 
in 1870. 

l>o((f Hacf on the Connecticut river, 
at Holyoke, Mass., July 19th, 1S71, be- 
tween the Atlantics, of New York, and 
the Harvard crew. The former were 
victors. 

Goldsmith Maid trotted a mile in 
2 minutes 17 seconds, at Milwaukee, 
Wis., September 6, 1871. 

(Ti)u 3Iace and Joe Coburn fought a 
prize fight near New Orleans, November 
30, 1871. Twelve rounds were fought in 
four hours. Neither was victor. 

Yacht Hace in New York harbor in 



John Hatfield threw a regulation ball 
"^33 yards, i foot and 7j4 inches, in 
Brooklyn, New York, October 15, 1872. 

Goldsmith Maid and Occident ran 
a race at Sacramento, Cal. , October 16, 
1872. It was won by Goldsmith Maid in 
three straight heats. Best time, 2:2034:^. 

Great Strength. — Dr. Winship, in 

1872, in Boston, lifted 2,600 pounds in 
harness. 

"• Tt'ite Blue" ran two miles in 3 
minutes 32>< seconds, at a horse race m 
Saratoga, N. Y., July 12, 1873. 

Jlai'rard-Yole Regatta, July i6th, 

1873, on the Connecticut River. Yale 
was victor. 

Prize Fif/ht between Mike McCooI 
and Tom Allen, near St. Louis, Mo., 



1871. The American sloop Magic won 
the Queen's cup, running forty-three 
miles in 4 hours, seven minutes and 54 
seconds. 

Hoot Mace, June 10, 1872, between 
the London (Eng.), Rowing Club, and 
the Atlanta, of New York, on the river 
Thames. The Englishmen won. 

Great liace at Saratoga, between 
Longfellow and Harry Rassett, July 16, 

1872, won by the latter because of an 
injury to the former during the race. 

VoUe<je lieijatta at Springfield, 
Mass., between Amherst and Harvard 
crews, July 24, 1872. The former won, 
rowing three miles in 16 minutes and 32 
seconds. 

Hall ThroiviiHj Extraordinary. — 



September 22, 1873. The latter won on 
the ninth round. 

Feats of St rent/ fh.— November 18, 
1873, in New York, R. A. Pennell lifted 
1,210 pounds dead weight, and W. B. 
Curtis lifted 3,300 in harness. 

tTack L,eivis and Jim Rogers fought 
a prize fight, near Ottawa, 111., Nov. 19, 
1873, which resulted fatally for Lewis, 
who died after the 36th round. 

Shdtiiaj F.rti-aordiuari/. — In 1873 
William Clark, at Madison, Wisconsin, 
skated one mile in one minute and fifty- 
six seconds. 

Stea}itl>oat Mary Powell ran from 
New York to Poughkeepsie, seventy-six 
miles, in 3 hours and 3 minutes, in 1S73. 

Corinthian Yacht Race at Newport, 



258 



SPORTING EVENTS. 



August 9th, 1874. The cup was won by 
the "Idler." 

Sirininn'ng Matrh between Trantz 
and Johnson, at Pleasure Bay, August 
28, 1874. The latter won. 

Jntei'iKffioiKfl Rifle Match at Creed- 
moor, September 26th, 1874, between 
Irish and American teams. The latter 
won. 

Irisfi Team won the Bennett prize 
in long range contest at Creedmoor, Oc- 
tober 2, 1874. 

SosfoH and Athletic base ball 
clubs visited England in 1874 and played 
cricket with the English elevens. 



New York August 11, 1876. The Amer- 
ican yacht Madeline beat the Canadian 
yacht Countess of Dufferin. 

Intevuatioiiol Rifle Match at Creed- 
moor, September 14th, 1876, between 
teams from Australia, America, Ireland 
and Canada. The Americans won by 
twenty-three points. 

Polo, a game played upon horseback 
with a ball and crooked mallets, was in- 
troduced into this country in 1876 by 
James Gordon Bennett. 

Red Stock iufj base ball club of Bos- 
ton, won the championship in 1876 for 
five years successively from 1S71. 



Daniel O'Leavij, of Chicago, Ills., 
walked 115 miles in 24 hours, April 24, 

1875- 

International Rifle Match at Dolly- 
mount, Ireland, June 29, 1875, was won 
by the American over the Irish team by 
a score of 968 to 929. 

Saratofja licgatta, July 13th, 1875, 
was won by Cornell. 

Ocean Race between the Dauntless 
and Mohawk was won by the former, 
October 26th, 1875, and on October 28th 
the Dauntless beat the resolute in a race 
from Cape May. 

Yacht Race for the Queen's cup at 



International Rifle Match between 
American and British teams at Creed- 
more range, Long Island, September 
14, 1877, resulted in a brilliant victory 
for the Americans. The score beat the 
world. 

Interndtional Walking Match in 
London, March 23d, 1878, was won by 
O'Leary, an Irish- American, who walked 
two hundred and fifty miles between i 
A. M. on the i8th and 10 p. m. on the 23d. 
He obtained the champion pedestrian 
belt of the world. 

Cricket JIatch played October 2d, 
1878, between an Australian and New 



SPORTING EVENTS. 



259 



York eleven. The former won by a 
score of 162 to 161. 

Intet'nattonul Sculling Match at 
Montreal, October 3, 1878, between Han- 
Ian, a Canadian, and Courtney an Amer- 
ican, was won by Hanlan. 

InternatioiKil Walking Match at 
Gilmore's Garden, New York, ended 
March 15, 1879, with the victory of Row- 
ell, the Englishman, The distance was 
500 miles. It lasted six days and the 
receipts were over fifty thousand dol- 
lars. 

Paul Hot/ tt foil made a scccessful 
trip in his rubber suit down the Connec- 
ticut river and over Bellows' falls, Octo- 
ber 29, 1879. One night in the month of 
May, 1885, Boynton attached a baloon- 



Infei'natiofUtl Walking Match in 
London, Eng., was won, June 21, 1879, 
by E. P Weston, an American, who 
who walked five hundred and fifty miles 
in six days. 

*• Sleepy Tom." the blind pacer, 
made the fastest record in the world at 
Chicago, July 25, 1879. Time, a mile in 

2:i2X. 

Chanrpion Walker. — Hart, a negro, 
made the best distance on record, April 
loth, 1880. He walked 565 miles in six 
days, twelve more miles than had ever 
been recorded. 

Fast Trotting by St. Julien and 
Maud S., at Rochester, New York, Aug. 
12, 1880. This team made a mile in 2 
minutes ii|4f seconds. 



shaped dynamite torpedo to the British 
man- of war Garnet, while she lay in New 
York harbor. He was not detected in 
the work until after he had rowed out of 
danger, when the splashing of his oars 
arrested the attention of one of the sen- 
tinels on the Garnet. The torpedo was 
harmless, but for the failure of the offi- 
cers of the Garnet in arresting him they 
were courtmartialed by the British gov- 
ernment. 

International Sculling Race on the 
Tyne in England, May 5, 1879. Edward 
Hanlan, of Toronto, Canada, defeated 
John Hawdon, of Delaval, Eng. 



<S'^. Jalieii, the California trotter, beat 
his own record by trotting a mile in 
2:ii^'4f at Hartford, Conn., August 27th, 
1880. 

''3Iau(l S" trotted a mile in 2:io|i( 
on the track of the Chicago Jockey 
Club, September 18, 1880, thus beating 
the record of the world. 

Jaij-Eye-See trotted a mile in 2:10, 
at Narragansett park, R. I., August i, 
1884, beating all previous records. 

Maud S trotted a mile at Cleveland, 
Ohio, August 2, 1884, in 2:o9|4f, beating 
Jay-Eye-See's record. November 19th 
she trotted a mile in 2:0914!'. 



ACCIDENTS — MISCELLANEOUS. 



261 



ACCIDENTS— MISCELLANEOUS. 



Whaleship Essex, of Nantucket, 
was sunk November 13, 1820, by a whale. 
Its calf had been captured, when the en- 
raged dam dashed against the ship 
twice with such force as to crush in its 
bows. 

Cvawford Xotrh disaster in White 
Mountains, August 28, 1S26. Samuel 
Willey, Jr., kept a little inn in the notch. 
A fearful tempest arose and the Saco 
river became a raging torrent. An ava- 
lanche swept down the mountain. Wil- 
ley and his family rushed out for safety 
and were overwhelmed. The house es- 
caped destruction, being protected by 
an enormous boulder, which split the 



sher and Secretary of Navy T. W. Gil- 
mer and eighteen others were killed and 
injured. 

New York. — A frightful catastrophe 
occured in Ward School, No. 26, in New 
York City, November 20, 1851. A panic 
among the children was created by the 
fainting of a teacher. In their struggle 
to escape from the building fifty lost 
their lives. 

Xew York and Neiv Haven Rail- 
road Accident, May 6th, 1853. A train 
ran into an open drawbridge, killing 
and wounding a large number. 

Pcnihcrtoii Mill Horror. — ^January 
10, i860, one of the great mills at Law- 



avalanche. A Bible opened at the i8th 
Psalm was found on the table. 

Steamboat Ejcplosion. — In 1833 the 
Lioness was blown up at the mouth of 
Red River by gunpowder, carelessly 
stowed, killing Senator Johnson of Lou- 
isiana, and fourteen others. 

Hon, J. lilalr, of South Carolina, 
committed suicide in 1834, at Washing- 
ton, D. C, while insane. 

Drawbridge at Albany, New York, 
fell in 1840, and twenty persons were 
drowned. 

Ejcplosion of the " Peacemaker," a 
large cannon, occurred February 28th, 
1844, on the United States steamer 
Princeton, while on an excursion on the 
Potomac. Secretary of State A. P. Up- 



rence, Mass., filled with operatives, fell 
in with a crash, leaving no time for 
escape. The mass of ruins quickly 
caught fire, and about one hundred per- 
sons lost their lives. 

Oil City, JPa. — In December, 1862, 
50,000 barrels of petroleum were lost 
at Oil City, Pa., the boats with which 
it was loaded being crushed in an ice 
gorge. 

Indianapolis, Tnd. — The explosion 
of an engine on the fair grounds, at 
Indianapolis, October ist, 1869, killed 
thirty persons and injured many others. 

Steamer V. It. Arthur exploded 
near Memphis, Tenn., January 28, 1871, 
and killed eighty persons. 

lievere Station. — A railway disaster 



J 



262 



ACCIDENTS — MISCELLANKOUS, 



occurred August 26th, 1871, at Revere 
Station, near Boston, Mass., caused by 
an express train running into the rear 
of a crowded excursion train. Thirty- 
three were killed and many injured. 

liHdge on Cincinnati and Louisville 
Railroad, near Elliston, gave way Feb- 
ruary 23, 1S72. A train fell twenty-five 
feet and sixty-five passengers were killed 
or wounded. 

Ashlandf P<(. — Colliery explosion 
occurred near Ashland, Penn., March 
26, 1872, fatally injuring ten men. 

Steaiuev *• Ocraii us " exploded her 
boiler on the Mississippi, near Cairo, 
April II, 1872, killing seventy persons. 

Kit(f/arn J^affs, April 24th, 1872. — 



WiUUnnsport, J*a.— Baptist church 
disaster, near Williamsport, Pa., occur- 
red December 25, 1872. The floor gave 
way and precipitated three hundred per- 
sons into the cellar. Eleven were killed 
and many wounded. 

Stoniiif/fon. und Providence Rail- 
road. — April 19, 1873, a passenger train 
broke through a bridge, killing and 
wounding a large number. 

Dixon, III. — Iron bridge at Dixon, 
Ills., gave way May 4th, 1873, under a 
crowd of spectators to a baptism, and 
one hundred lives were lost. 

Arctic Steamer Tigress exploded 
April 9th, 1874, killing twenty-one per- 
sons. 



Three unknown men from Chippewa 
were carried over the falls. 

Tiif/ Boat Epsilon exploded at her 
pier in New York harbor, May 27, 1872, 
killing every man on board. 

Xitro-Glycerine explosion at Yon- 
kers. New York, November 25th, 1S72, 
caused by the foolhardy "fun" of four 
young men, who threw stones at the 
cans containing it to see what would 
happen. Two were blown to atoms and 
two crippled for life. 

Buffalo and Bittshur<f Railroad 
disaster. Dec, 24th, 1872, a train fell 
through a trestle bridge near Prospect, 
New York. Twenty persons were killed 
or burned to death. 



Baloon Ascension took place at 
Chicago, July 15th, 1875, by Professor 
Donaldson and Grimwood, a newspaper 
reporter. Both were lost. 

Yacht Mohawh was capsized July 
20, 1876, off Stapleton, Staten Island. — 
The owner, Commodore Garner, his 
wife, Mr. Frost Thorne, Miss Adele 
Hunter and a cabin boy were drowned. 

Mine Disaster a.t Scranton, Penna., 
November i6th, 1871. — The props of the 
roof of a mine under Hyde Park gave 
way, and twenty acres covered with 
buildings dropped three feet, causing 
$50,000 damage. 

Opera, House disaster at Sacramen- 
to, Cal. , November 18, 1S76. The Peak 



ACCIDENTS — MISCELLANEOUS. 



263 



Family Swiss Bell Ringers were per- 
forming, when the floor gave way, kill- 
ing seven and injuring fifty-four. 

Ashtnhitla, Ohio, Hovrov. — Dec. 
29, 1876, a train of eleven cars and two 
engines, with one hundred and sixty 
passengers, were precipitated into a 
creek by the breaking of a bridge. A 
terrible storm, intense cold, and the 
burning of the wreck made it a scene of 
horror. One hundred were killed, and 
of the rescued sixty several died. P. P. 
Bliss, the revival singer, and his wife, 
were among the victims. 

Dome of Courf-Housp at Rock- 



boiler between New York and Norwalk, 
Conn., on September 2Sth, 1878, killing 
twelve and injuring twenty persons. — 
The accident was in consequence of the 
parsimony of the owners, who used an 
old unsafe boiler. 

E.rcur.Kt'oti Ti-ahi on the Old Col- 
ony Railroad, near Wollaston, Mass., 
was wrecked, October 8, 1878, by a mis- 
placed switch. Twenty-one persons were 
killed and one hundred and fifty in- 
jured. 

Poftsville, Pa. — The explosion of a 
powder magazine, August 17, 1878, with 
i,ioa barrels of powder, occurred at 



ford. 111., fell May nth, 1877, before the 
building was completed, killing ten 
men. 

Niagara Falls Catastrophe. — ^July 
ist, 1877, two men in a row boat were 
caught in the rapids and swept over the 
falls. 

Hartford, Conn. — ^January 15, 1878, 
an excursion train from a Moody and 
Sankey meetmg in Hartford, Conn., fell 
through a bridge over the Farmington 
river, near Tariffville, killing thirteen 
and injurmg many other persons. 

Htcubrni'ille, O.— A railway colli- 
sion at Steubenville, Ohio, August 7th, 
1878, occasioned tlie death of fifteen per- 
sons and injury of fifty. 

Steamer Adelphia exploded her 



Pottsville, Penna., by a stroke of light- 
ning. Several persons were killed. 

New Albany, Ind. — Ice break in 
the Ohio river at New Albany, Ind., Jan- 
uary 14, 1879, caused great damage upon 
the river banks for miles. 

Aeronaut Professor John Wise made 
an ascension in a baloon and was lost in 
Lake Michigan, October 13, 1879. 

Madison Square Garden disaster in 
New York occurred April 21st, 1880. — 
While a large hospital fair was in prog- 
ress part of the building fell and crushed 
about twenty-five persons. Many valua- 
ble paintings loaned for the occasion 
were destroyed. The cause was faulty 
construction of the building. 

Hudson Hirer Hail road. — A col- 



264 



FOREIGN VISITORS OF NOTE. 



lision between passenger trains occurred 
on this road January 13, 1882, near Spuy- 
ten Duyvil. Eight persons wers killed, 
including Webster Wagner, the inventor 
of Wagner's Palace Cars. 

Xeir Albion, Id., January 16, 1882. — 
An accident occurred on the railroad 
here by which twenty-one persons were 
killed. 

Chester, Pa.. February 17, 1882, the 
fireworks factory at this place exploded 
and fourteen lives were lost by the acci- 
dent. 

Texarhatidf Ark. — A house was 
struck by lightning July 12th, 1882, and 



beneath its walls thirty persons were 
crushed to death. 

Greeitrfffe, Texas. — Thirteen per- 
sons were killed by the collapse of a ho- 
tel, April 6, 1883. 

Xarth I*ohit. — Tivoli, near Balti- 
more, was the scene of a serious disas- 
ter, July 23d, 1883. Sixty-five persons 
were drowned by the breaking of the 
wharf, which gave way while a large ex- 
cursion party were waiting to embark 
on the boat. 

Alliance, O. — February ist, 1884, an 
explosion of gasoline occurred, by 
which eight persons were killed. 



FOREIGN VISITORS OF NOTE. 



J'erome Sonaparte, nineteen years 
of age, brother of Napoleon, visited the 
United States in 1803 and wedded Miss 
Patterson, of Baltimore, Md. In 1805 
he returns to France, leaving his wife to 
follow. The Emperor forbids her to en- 
ter France, and had the marriage an- 
nulled by the French Council. Jerome 
then married the daughter of the King 
of Wurtemberg, and six days after was 
made King of Westphalia. 

tlosejth Hon a parte, brother of the 
Emperor, came to the United States as 
Count de Survilliers, in 1815, and purch- 
ased 1,500 acres of land in Bordentown, 
N. J., and settled down to the life of an 



opulent gentleman. In 1830 he returned 
to France, and died in Florence in 1844. 

Napoleon JMarat, nephew of Napo- 
leon I., arrived in the United States in 
1820. He was of a scientific turn of 
mind, and took great interest in our edu- 
cational institutions. He married a 
grand niece of George Washington, and 
died in Tallahassee in 1847. 

Lafayette revisits the United States 
August 15, 1824, and returned to France 
September 7, 1825. 

Xapoleon Liieien Cha rfes, nephew 
of Napoleon I., came to America and 
married a Yankee school mistress, in 
1825. He went to France in 1848 and 



FOREIGN VISITORS OF NOTE. 



265 



received the title of Prince of the Impe- 
rial Family. 

Charles Louis Napoleon, the late 
Emperor of the French, was banished 
to the United States for attempting to 
gain the throne of his uncle, the First 
Consul, by revolutionary means. He 
landed in Norfolk in March, 1827, and 
then came to New York, where he re- 
mained until May, when he sailed for 
Switzerland to see his dying mother. 

Charles Dichens and wife landed in 
Boston June 22, 1842. 

Martlet Koszta, a leader in the Hun- 
garian revolt of 1849, had taken out par- 
tial naturalization papers in the United 
States and visited Smyrna, where he was 
seized by the Austrian Consul as a rebel 



ited some of the chief cities in the Uni- 
ted States, and was received with great 
enthusiasm. He returned to England in 
October of the same year. 

Oiieen Kiunifi, widow of a former 
King of the Sandwich Islands, arrived in 
San Francisco in 1866, and after making 
a thorough inspection of our institutions 
and religious and educational systems, 
she went to England via New York. 

Prince Arthur, third son of Queen 
Victoria, arrived in New York January 
21, 1870. Three days later he was in- 
troduced to President Grant by the Brit- 
ish Minister, and was honored with a 
grand ball in the Masonic Temple in 
Washington. 



refugee, and put on board an Austrian 
frigate. His release was demanded by 
the American Consul, which was re- 
fused, thereupon Capt. Ingraham, com- 
manding the American sloop of war St. 
Louis, July 2d, 1853, threatened to fire 
upon the Austrian vessel unless Koszta 
was surrendered. It was then agreed 
that he should be placed in charge of 
the French Consul to await the action of 
the respective governments. The ques- 
tion was discussed by Baron Hulseman, 
the Austrian minister at Washington, 
and William L. Marcy, Secretary of 
State. Koszta was ultimately surrend- 
ered to the United States. 

I*rhice of Wales arrived at St. 
Johns, July 24, i860. He afterward vis- 



Graiul Duke Alexis, son of the 
Czar of Russia, arrived in New York 
November i8th, 1871. After a grand re- 
ception there he visited the President at 
Washington. 

tlajtanese Kmbassu was received 
by President Grant at Washington on 
the 4th of March, 1872. 

Henry 31. Stan lei/, the discoverer 
of Livingston, arrived in New York on 
the 2oth of November, 1S72. 

Kinf/ KahiJidua, of the Sandwich 
Islands, arrived in Washington and was 
received by the President and Congress 
December 12, 1874. 

JJoni Vedro, the Emperor of Brazil, 
arrived in New York for a tour of the 
United States, April 15, 1876. 



266 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS AND HOLIDAYS. 



Centennial Celebrations and Holidays. 



Titan JtSffirhif/ was appointed and 
held in the ftiU of 1621 at Plymouth, in 
gratitude of an abundant harvest. Three 
days were occupied in the festivities, to 
which Massasoit and some of his tribe 
were invited. 

Fast Dai/. — In July, 1623, the Ply- 
mouth colonists observed their first fast 
day. A long drouth had prevailed, and 
the crops were endangered. A failure 
meant starvation. The day set in clear 
and hot, but in eight or nine hours a 
gentle rain fell, which saved the crops. 

First Celebration of the Fourth of 
July occurred at Pliiladelphia in 1777. — 
A Hessian band, captured at Trenton, 



Peace tTiihiJee at Boston, June 15- 
20, 1S69, lead by P. S. Gilmore, in a 
building covering four acres. An or- 
chestra of 1,000 pieces and a chorus of 
10,000 singers participated. Parepa 
Rosa's wonderful voice created a great 
sensation. One hundred firemen beat 
the anvil chorus on one hundred anvils, 
and a battery of cannon outside was fired 
by electricity in unison with the mu- 
sic. Wonderful enthusiasm pervaded 
throughout the vast audience. 

Decoration Day. — May 30th, 1872, 
was observed by impressive ceremonies 
in honor of the dead soldiers of the civil 
war. 



N. J., played excellent music on this oc- 
casion. 

Great Celebration in Philadelphia, 
July 4th, 178S, in honor of the newly 
adopted constitution. A similar cele- 
bration at Providence, R. I., was pre- 
vented by a mob from neighboring towns 
who opposed the constitution. 

Washington's Dirtlnlaij was cele- 
brated February 22d, 1793, and excited 
criticism among some who feared an at- 
tempt to make him King. 

World's Fair opened in New York 
July 14, 1853, m a crystal palace built of 
glass and iron in the form of a Greek 
cross, 365 feet long each way and 150 feet 
wide. Three thousand exhibitors came 
from foreign countries. 



WorlO's Peace Jubilee. — The sec- 
ond jubilee, directed by Gilmore, was 
held at Boston June 17, 1872. The cho- 
rus consisted of 20,000 voices and the 
orchestra of 2,000 musicians. 

Centennial Celebration of the dis- 
covery of oxygen gas by Dr. Joseph 
Priestly was held at Northumberland, 
Penn., in 1S74. 

Dnnher Hill Centennial occurred 
June 17, 1875. Hon CharlesDevens, Jr. , 
delivered the oration. Among the many 
military organizations participating was 
the Washington Light Infantry, of Char- 
leston, S. C, which had fought in the 
rebellion. Three hundred thousand vis- 
itors were present. 

Centennial Aj>pro2)riation Dill 



CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS AND HOLIDAYS. 



267 



of 11,500,000 was signed by the Presi- 
dent of the United States February 16, 
1S76, with the quill of an eagle found 
near Mount Hope, Oregon. 

Centetmial Eochihition at Philadel- 
phia, May 10, JS76. The opening of this 
exhibition, celebrating the looth anni- 
versary of American independence, oc- 
curred. Forty foreign nations had re- 
sponded to the invitation of the United 
States to send commissioners and make 
exhibits. The President and Cabinet, 
the Diplomatic Corps, Senators and 
Representatives and Commissioners 
frem every State in the Union, and also 
Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, were 
present. The grounds embraced sixty 
acres. Three hundred thousand persons 



17. 1877. by 60,000 people and a proces- 
sion four miles long. Speeches were 
made by President Hayes and Secretary 
Evarts. 

Lynn, 3Ifrss., celebrated its 250th 
anniversary, June 17th, 1879. 

Ejrjtosifion at Louisville, Ky., was 
opened by President Arthur, August r 
1S83. 

Kewhvyf/h, N. Y., Centennial was 
celebrated October iSth, 1883, with im- 
posing ceremonies. 

3Iary1an(l PUgrivis. — In Balti- 
more, Md., March 25, 1884, was witness- 
ed the celebration of the two hundred 
and fiftieth anniversary of the landing of 
Maryland Pilgrims. 

International Electrical Exhibition 



were present, and the day's receipts were 
175,000. The exhibition closed Nov. 10, 
1876. The following comparison with 
other great exhibitions shows its suc- 
cess: — 



Year. 


Place. 


Number of 
visitors. 


Receipts. 

482,530,000 
640,500 
2,300.000 
2,822,932 
2,000,000 
3,761,598 


2,= 


1851..., 
1855.... 
1862.... 
1867.... 


London 

Paris 

London 

Paris 


6.039.195 
5,102,330 
6,211,103 
10,000,000 
7,254.687 
9.786,151 


141 
200 
171 


1873 

1876... 


Vienna 

Philadelphia.... 


186 
158 



Centennial Fourth of July, 1876, 
was celebrated in all parts of the United 
States with extraordinary enthusiasm. 

Centemn-!/ of the Battle of Ben- 
nington, Vermont, was celebrated Au^^. 



opened in Philadelphia, Pa., September 
2d, 1884. 

Franhlin County, Fa., Centennial 
was celebrated at Chambersburg, Sept. 
8, 1884. 

Methodist Centenary.— A Metho- 
dist Centennial Conference, to celebrate 
the organization of the Methodist church 
in America in 1784, at the Christmas 
Conference in Baltimore, was held in 
Mount Vernon Place I\I. E. Church, De- 
cember 10-17, 1884. Eight branches of 
Methodism were represented— the Meth- 
odist Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal 
South, African Methodist Episcopal, 
African Methodist Episcopal Zion, Col- 
ored Methodist Episcopal Church of 
America, Primitive Methodist, Canada 



268 



TELEGRAPHIC INVENTIONS. 



Methodist Episcopal, and the Independ- 
ent Methodist Cliurches. Al)()iit five 
hundred delegates were present. Sta- 
tistics were read, showing tiiat in all the 
branches cf Methodism in the United 
States there were 25, 239 traveling preach- 
ers, 32,937 local preachers, 3,488,000 
members, and 189,328 probationers. 

Xm> Orlrans l^.rposifioH. — The 
World's Industrial and Cotton Centen- 
nial Exposition at New Orleans was 
opened December i6th, 18S4, by the 
President of the United States in Wash- 
ington City, setting the machinery in the 
halls in motion by the touch of an elec- 
tric key. The funds guaranteed for the 
Exposition in advance were $1,650,000 
by the United States Government, $500,- 



000 by the citizens of New Orleans, and 
|ioo,ooo by tlie State of Louisiana. The 
principal buildings, five in number, were 
located in the City Park. The dimen- 
sions of the main building were 1,378 
feet by 905 feet, without courts and with 
continuous roof composed largely of 
glass. A building for the United States 
Government and State exhibits was 8S5 
by 565 feet; the Horticultural Hall 600 
by 194 feet; the Art Gallery 250 by 100 
feet, and an iron building, 350 by 120 
feet, for factory and milling machinery. 
There was also a building belonging to 
the Republic of Mexico, which country, 
as well as Central and South America 
and the West Indies, was largely repre- 
sented. 



TELEGRAPHIC INVENTIONS 
TclcgrapJiic EjcprvhiK'nts, — In 



1748 Dr. Benjamin Franklin stretched a 
wire across the Scliuylkill river and 
transmitted electric shocks over it. 

Elect licit If and lightning were first 
proven to be identical by Dr. Franklin's 
well known experiment with a kite made 
in the year 1752. 

lioston and Martlia's Vineyard were 
connected by telegraph October 14th, 
I Sue, by a patent made and operated by 
Jonathan Grant. Jr., of Belchertovvn, 
Mass. The distance between the places 
was ninety miles, and a question had 
been sent over the line and answered in 
less than ten minutes. 



TeJcffraph on Long Island. — In 1827 
a line two miles long was operated on 
the race track. Signals were transmit- 
ted through the chemical action of elec- 
tricity on litmus paper. 

Morse's Teteffraph. — The idea of 
an electric recording telegraph origina- 
ted in 1832 with Prof. S. F. B. ]\Iorse. In 
1S34 Dr. Charles T. Jackson, of Boston, 
claimed that Morse had got the idea of 
a recording telegraph from him; also 
that he had first discovered the use of 
anaesthetics for relieving pain. He had 
a prolonged controversy with Morse over 
the first, and with Dr. W. T. G. Morton 
over the second. The I'^rench Academy 



TELEGRAPHIC INVENTIONS. 



269 



of Sciences awarded prizes of 2,500 
francs each to Drs. Jackson and Morton. 
Morse first exhibited his invention in a 
room in New Yorlc in 1835. In 1837 lie 
tiled a ceveat for a patent upon the Am- 
erican magnetic telegraph. 

Sithniarhtr Cable was first laid 
between New York and Governor's Is- 
land October iS, 1S42, by Prof S. F. B. 
Morse, through which signals were suc- 
cessfully transmitted. Another was laid 
in 1S43, between Cony Island, N. Y., 
and New York City, by Samuel Colt, 



liaffiniore and Washimjtoii. — A 

telegraph line between Baltimore and 
Washington was completed May 27, 1844. 
Miss Anna Ellsworth dictated the first 
message: "Whathatli God wrought?" 
Morse's original idea was to lay the wire 
in pipes, but a test resulted in failure. — 
Ezra Cornell then erected the wire on 
poles, which was his own idea. 

Submarine Telegraph was laid 
August, 1849, across the Hudson at Fort 

Lee. The wire was coated with gutta 
percha. 



of fire-arms fame, which worked suc- 
cessfully. 

Apjtropi'iation for Morse's tele- 
graph. — An appropriation of 130,000 was 
voted by Congress, March 3, 1843, to 
Samuel F. B. Morse, for the purpose of 
establishing an experimental telegraph 
line. After weary waiting and working, 
the appropriation was made on the last 
night of the session. Morse had gone 
away to his bt- d disappointed and sore. 
But fresh faith was given by the news of 
the morning. 



Atlantic Cable. — In October, 1851, 
the United States brig Dolphin began a 
line of soundings across the Atlantic 
preliminary to laying a cable. The first 
attempt to lay one ocross the ocean be- 
gan August 5, 1857, at Valentia, Ireland, 
by the English ships Leopard and Aga- 
memnon, and the American ships Niag- 
ara and Susquehanna. The cable parted 
three hundred miles from land, and the 
enterprise was abandoned for this year. 
It was successfully laid August 13, 1858, 
between Valentia, Ireland, and New- 



270 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS. 



foundland. On the 17th congratulatory 
messages were passed between Queen 
Victoria antl President Buchanan. It 
ceased working about Sept. ist. The 
Atlantic cable was successfully laid July 
27, 1866, by the steamer Great Eastern. 
She then returned to the mid-Atlantic, 
grappled the end of the cable of 1S65, 
spliced it and continued the line to New- 
foundlantl. These lines have never 
since failed. The persevering efforts of 
Mr. Cyrus W. Field were crowned with 
success. 

liorht/ Monii fains. — Telegraph 



over the Rocky Mountains across the 
continent was established in 1S62. 

French Cahfr between Duxbury, 
Mass., and Brest, France, via the Island 
of St. Pierre, was completed July 14th, 
1869. 

SixtJi Athititir Cab/r.— November 
16, 1879, a new Franco-American trans- 
Atlantic cable was landed at North 
Eastham, Mass., from Brest, France. 

Tclet/rap/i Jloiiojtoli/ was consum- 
mated January 12, 1881, by the consoli- 
dation of the Western Union, the Am- 
erican Union, and the Atlantic and Pa- 
cific Companies. 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS. 

Alphabetically Arranged. (,See also Manufactures and Arts. 



Artificial Li inbs. — In 1S46 a patent 
was issued to Benj. F. Palmer, of Mere- 
dith, N. H., for artificial legs and feet. 
In 1857 he patented iiands and arms. 

Aiitinnatir Fire Signal Telegraph 
was first exhibited in New York at II. 
B. Cladin vS: Co.'s store in December, 

1873- 
"Babbitt Met a I. "—Isaac Babbitt, 

of Taunton, Mass., began to manufac- 
ture it in 1825. It is also known as 
" Brittania " and "white metal." 

liabrock's Fire Extinguisher was 
patented in December, 1S69. 

Sccf Shipping. — American beef was 



first shipped to England on February 11. 
1875. It was kept fresh and cool by fan 
blowers, first operated by hand, after- 
ward by steam, which sent air currents, 
first passed over ice, through the refrig- 
erators containing the meat. 

Jiccr — Ale invented 1404 B. C. ; ale- 
booths set up in England in 72S, and 
laws passed for their regulation. Beer 
was first introduced into England in 
1492; in Scotlandias early as 14S2. By the 
statute of James I, one full quart of the 
best beer or ale was to be sold for one 
penny, and two quarts of small beer for 
one penny. 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS 



271 



Boiub-shelf, invented by Robert L. 
Stevens in 1813, was purchased by the 
United States for an annuity. 

Jiows and arrows introduced in 1066. 

Bi'ead.— First made with yeast in 
England in the year 1754. The quarter 
loaf was sold for about eight cents; 
three years after it rose to about twenty 
cents, and in March, iSoo, to about 
thirty-four cents, when new bread was 
forbidden, under the penalty of |i.2oper 
loaf, if the baker sold it until twenty- 
four hours old. 

liieerJt-Loadhiff JRifle invented in 
181 1 by John Hall. The United States 
Government ordered some made at 



Cannon were first used in ships of war in 
1539- 

('(trdhif/ and Spfmintf/. — Ma- 
chinery for weaving, carding and spin- 
ning cotton was firsf constructed in the 
United States by Alexander and Robert 
Barr in 1786. Massachusetts voted /200 
toward setting it up at East Bridgewa- 
ter. 

Carte <Je Visite. — (Photographic) 
first made by M. Ferrier, in Paris, 1857, 

Carpet ircarhtg.—ln 1845 E. B. 
Bigelow patented his methods of match- 
ing figures in weaving carpets by the 
automatic power loom. 

C/)innie!/s. — F'ivst introduced into 
buildings in the year 1200. In England 



Harper's Ferry, under Hall's supervi- 
sion. 

Bridf/ea.—A model for an iron bridge 
of 400 feet span, to be built across the 
Schuylkill river, was exhibited in 1787, 
by Thomas Paine, anthor of " Common 
Sense." He got his idea from a spider's 
web. It was deemed too hazardous, and 
a wooden bridge was built instead. 

Barhles. — Invented about this time 
in 1680. 

Calicos.—F'wst made in Lancashire 
in 1771. 

Cannon. — Invented in 1330, and were 
first used by the English in 1346; first 
used in England in 1445; first made of 
iron in England in 1547; of brass in 1635. 



only in the kitchen, or large hall, where 
the fiimily sat round a large stove, the 
funnel of which passed through the ceil- 
ing, 1300. 

Cirriilar ^rt?r.— Invented by Gen. 
Bentham, in England, in 1790; improved 
by Trotter, 1804; by Brunei, 1S05 and 
1809. 

Clocks. — With wheels of metal, were 
made by Chauncey Jerome in 1837. They 
speedily superseded wooden wheeled 
clocks. 

Coal. — Was discovered in 1234 near 
Newcastle; first dug at Newcastle by a 
charter granted the town by Henry III.; 
first used in 12S0 by driers, brewers, etc. 
In the reign of Edward I , began to use 



272 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS. 



sea-coal for fire in 1350, and he published 
a proclamation against its use in 1398 
as a public nuisance. 

Cof/odiaii.— Used in photography.— 
Originated by F. S. Archer in 1851. 

•• Columbia (J,"' a long gun for throw- 
ing shells, was invented in 1S14 by Col. 
Bomford, of the Ordinance Department. 
It was afterward improved in France 
and called "Paixhaus." 

Columbian Pvititing Press was 
invented in 1817 by George Clymer, of 
Philadelphia. It would print 250 im- 
pressions per hour. 

CoittJeused 3Ii1k was patented by 
Charles Alden in 1857. He has since 
invented processes for evaporating the 
moisture in fruit. 



received no permanent benefit from his 
invention. 

Daguerreotyjye. — Definite experi- 
ments looking to the production of a 
picture by the action of light upon a 
sensitized surface were made as early as 
1802, but the production of a permanent 
picture was not accomplished until 1838, 
by M. Daguerre, an optician of Paris, 
France, from whom such pictures were 
named. 

EfJi son's Electric Ligltt. — In Jan., 
1880, a stock company was formed, and 
on the announcement of the success of 
his experiments shares advanced until 
they reached |?3, 300 each. Unexpected 
difficulties caused them to drop to $1 ,500. 

El^'Ctrotypiug was first introduced 



Corn Shelter. — Invented by Phin- 
ney in 1815; improved by James in 1819. 

Corn, Starch from Indian corn was 
first produced by Thomas Kingsford in 
1842. Now, at Oswego, N. Y., alone, 
1,000,000 pounds are annually made. 

Cotton Gin. — M. Debreuil, of Louisi- 
ana, invented one in 1742 It was used 
to some extent, but was not a success. — 
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin was invented 
in 1793. He was a Yankee schoolteacher 
in Savannah, Ga. Cotton was compara- 
tively a worthless crop before this, owing 
to the difficulty of separating the seeds 
from the cotton From a production of 
487,600 pounds in 1793 it increased to 
6,276,300 pounds in 1796. It also gave 
great impetus to slave labor. Whitney 



in 1839 by Joseph A. Adams. It has 
taken the place of stereotyping in all 
fine work. 

Elevated JRailway. — Invented by 
Sargent in 1825; improved by Andrew in 
1861. 

Electric Light. — Invented by Stalte 
& Petrie about 1846; improved by Jules 
Dubosq in 1S55; by M. Lerrin, 1862; by 
Holmes, 185S; by Dumas & Benoit, 1862. 

Electric Telegraph was proposed 
in 1816 by Dr. John Rodman Coxe, Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry in the University of 
Pennsylvania. He suggested that sig- 
nals be transmitted by the decomposi- 
tion of water and metalic salts, which 
would produce a change of color. 

Fairs and 3Iarhets. — First insti- 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS. 



273 



tuted in 886 in England by Alfred. The 
first fairs took their rise from wakes, 
when the number of people then assem- 
bled brought together a variety of tra- 
ders annually on these days. From these 
holidaj's they were called fairs. 

Fairbanks' Scales.— E. & T. Fair- 
banks, of St. Johnsburg, Vt., obtained 
patents on scales for weighing heavy 
bodies, June 13, 1831. 

Fire Alarm Telegraph constructed 
in Boston in 1852. 

Fire Engines. — In 1841 Mr. Hughes 
built a steam fire engine in New York 
after a model made by Captain John Er- 



Fh/ing Machine was exhibited in 
Tremont Temple, Boston, by Professor 
Ritchel, of Connecticut, June 24, 1878. 

Friction Matches were introduced 
into America in 1831. 

Gas From Coal. — In 1802 Benjamin 
Henfrey proposed to light Central 
Square, in Philadelphia, with it. He 
had obtained a patent "for a cheap 
mode of obtaining light from fuel," and 
had already lighted Richmond with gas 
from wood. 

Gas for lUnmination was used in 
Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York 
in 1816. It was made from stone coal. 



ricsson. Captain Erricsson also fitted 
the first screw propeller in America to 
the United States steamer Princeton. 

Fire-Proof Safe.— Jesse Deland, of 
New York, obtained a patent in 1826 on 
an " Improved Paris Fire-Proof Safe." 

Fire Service. — In 1853 a steam fire 
engine was built and put into effective 
use in Cincinnati by A. B. Latta. It 
weighed ten tons and was partly pro- 
pelled by its own steam. 

Flour Mill Machinery. — In 1783 
Oliver Evans invented the endless chain, 
conveyor hopper-boy, drill and kiln 
drier, upon which all subsequent mill 
improvements have been based. 



Galling Gan was patented in 1S62. 
It fires four hundred shots per minute. — 
It was afterward used by the United 
States army. 

Gun <7offo>j.— Invented by M. Schon- 
bein in 1845-46. 

Hats. — First made in London in 1510. 

High To irers.— Virst high towers or 
steeples were erected on churches in 
the year 1000. 

India linhber Manufacture. — In- 
vented by Chaffee in 1836; improved by 
Charles Goodyear in 1844. 

Iron Armor for protecting vessels 
was suggested in iSii by Robert L. Ste- 
vens, of Hoboken, N. J. 



274 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS. 



Iron Tioat. — The first in America 
was built at York, Penn., in 1825. It 
was named the "Codurus." 

Iron Clad Steamship. — Patented 
in 1S14 by Thomas Gregg, of Penna. 

Iron Clad Steamers. — In 1S42 the 
Government authorized R. L. Stevens, 
of Hoboken, N. J., to construct one as 
an experiment for coast defense. It was 
not begun until 1S56, and was sold for 
old iron in 1880. 

Knives. — First made in England in 

1563. 

Lamp for preventing explosion by 
fire-damp in coal mines, first invented 
in 1815. 

lanterns, — First invented by King 
Alfred in S90. 



lock that no English locksmith could 
pick, but Linus Yale, Jr., of Pennsylva- 
nia, did it. 

Locomotive. — William Howard, of 
Baltimore, Md., obtained the first re- 
corded patent in the United States for a 
locomotive steam engine, Dec. 10, 1828. 

Mould Board for plows, which 
would turn a furrow without breaking it, 
was invented by Thomas Jefferson in 

1793- 

Nail Cntfiuf/ Machine.— The first 
one was patented in America in August, 
1791, by Saml. Briggs, of Philadelphia. 

Xail Cutting and Ileading Ma- 
chine. — The first one was patented in 
1796 by Isaac Garrettson, of Philadel- 
pliia. 



Lathe. — The irregular form lathe, a 
wonderful invention, was patented Jan- 
uary 20, 1820, by Thomas Blanchard. 

Leaden Pipes for carrying water 
invented in 1236. 

Life Boats invented in 1802. 

Life Car, invented by Captain Ott- 
inger, of the United States revenue ma- 
rine, was adopted by the United States 
in 1849. By it persons can be saved from 
wrecks upon the coast. 

Lightning Rods. — Invented in 1752 
by Benjamin Franklin. 

Locks. — Hobbs.an American, picked 
an English lock on exhibition at the 
World's Fair in London in 1851, winning 
^200 reward from the makers, Messrs. 
Bramah & Co. Hobbs then invented a 



Nail Machines of American inven- 
tion were patented in England by Joseph 
C. Dyer, of Boston. In 181 1 he patented 
the American card making machine. 

Oleomargeri ne was first patented 
in 1871 by William H. Bradley. 

Organs. — Improved organs were pat- 
ented in 181S by A. M. Peasley. Over 
thirty years after Emmons Hamlin dis- 
covered the art of voicing reeds. Mr. 
Hamlin and Henry Mason, son of Dr. 
Lowell Mason, founded the house of 
Mason & Hamlin, for maufacturing or- 
gans. 

Parlor Skates. — Invented by Plym- 
ton in 1863; improved by Pollitt in 1870. 

Parrott Guns were invented by 
Mr. Parrott, at Cold Spring, N. Y. , in 1S60. 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS. 



275 



One of them known as "Swamp Angel," 
threw a ball five miles into Charleston, 
South Carolina. 

Percussion Lochs were first used 
for the muskets of the United States in- 
fantry in 1842. 

Vhonoffvaph, an instrument for re- 
cording and reproducing sounds, was 
invented in 1S78 by Thomas A. Edison. 

Pianos, — The great American piano- 
forte, "of his own invention," was ad- 
vertised by James Juliann, of Philadel- 
phia, 1785. Po-table Grand Pianos were 
patented in 1800 by John J. Hawkins, 
Philadelphia. 

Planing Machine patented in 1828 
by William Woodworth, of New York. 

Ploivs. — An improved plow was pat- 



ter carpets was patented by Alexander 
Smith and Halcyon Skinner in 1856. The 
factory is at Yonkers, N. Y. 

Printing Presses. — Bullock's Web 
printing press was patented in i86r. It 
receives the paper from a roll and cuts 
off each sheet as it proceeds and prints 
both sides before the sheet leaves the 
cylinders. 

Propellers. — ^John Erricsson patent- 
ed an improved propeller in 1S3S, which 
is in extensive use on all waters. 

Putnam forged horse-shoe nails by a 
machine invented by Silas S. Putnam, 
which was put in operation at Neponset, 
Mass., in 1859. This nail was adopted 
by the United States Government as a 
standard nail. 



ented in 1819, by Jethro Wood. It is the 
basis of all modern plows. A steam 
plow, the first in the United States, was 
patented in 1833 by E. C. Bellinger, of 
North Carolina. Daniel Webster's mam- 
moth plow, which he invented in 1836, 
was twelve feet long and turned a furrow 
twenty-four inches wide. He was enthu- 
siastic over its success. 

Postmark Stamp. — Invented by M. 
P. Norton in 1859. 

Poiver Looms, for weaving ingrain 
carpets, were invented in 1S39 by E. H. 
Bigelow of Boston, for the Lowell Man- 
ufacturing Company. Ten yards per 
day were produced against eight yards 
by hand looms. 

Poiver Lootn, for weaving Axmins- 



liailwaij'. — Charles Williams, of 
Boston, patented an improvement in 
1821. He claimed that in 1S17 he had 
been the first to apply steam to locomo- 
tives, and that Robert Stevenson had 
copied his invention. 

Reaping Machine, patented by 
Obed Hussey, of Cincinnati, O., made a 
public trial July 2d, 1833. It was a suc- 
cess and took the lead. Cyrus W. Mc- 
Cormick, of Rockbridge County, Va., 
patented his reaper June 21st, 18^4. It 
took the great medal at the World's 
fair in 1851. 

lie/fecting Quadrant, invented by 
Thomas Godfrey, of Pennsylvania, came 
into use in 1731. It is wrongly known 
as " Hadley's Quadrant " in England. 



276 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS. 



Herolrers. — Colt's revolvers were 
patented February 25, 1836. His first 
model was made when he was fifteen 
3'ears old. It was improved by Sharp in 
1850; Pettingill, 1859; Smith & Wesson 
and T. Remington, 1863; Kittridge, Pal- 
mer, Joslyn, Reynolds, Wood and E. T. 
Starr, 1864; A. M. White, 1S75. 

lirrolrhif/ Turrets. — In 1841 T. R. 
Timby, of New York, produced a model 
of a metalic revolving turret, for use in 
warfare. At the outbreak of the civil 
war he was paid for the use of his idea 
in the Monitors constructed for the gov- 
ernment. 

J*///e.s were invented by Whitworth 
about 1800. Sharps' Rifle, an improved 
breech-loading gun, was patented Sept. 



Satriiif/ 3TarJiiiU'. — A rotary saw- 
ing machine was patented in 1820 by 
Robert Eastman and J. Jaquith, of 
Brunswick, Me. 

Scenes first introduced into theatres 

in 1533- 

Sci/fhes were invented by Mr. Joseph 
Jenks, of Lyim, Mass., in May, 1655, who 
obtained a patent in it for seven years. 

Setrhiff JtfarJrhtes. — In 1S34 Walter 
Hunt, of New York, invented a sewing 
machine with an eye-pointed needle at 
the end of a vibrating arm, and a lock- 
stitch shuttle. In 1S54 he applied for a 
patent, but his claim was already cov- 
ered by the patent of Elias Howe. John 
J. Greenough obtained the first patent 
February 21, 1841. The eye was in the 



12, 184S, by Christian Sharps, of Cincin- 
nati, O. The Spencer Repeating Rifle 
was patented in 1S60. It has a magazine 
in the butt of the gun containing seven 
cartridges, which can be discharged in 
twelve seconds. 

liijied Giuis.— Mr. Cyrus Alger, of 
the South Boston Iron Works, produced 
the first in America in 1834. 

llubber Goods. — Goodyear's rubber 
patent was granted February 24, 1S39.— 
It was based upon the use of sulphur in 
drying rubber, but the goods were not 
durable. By experiments he found that 
rubber impregnated with sulphur did 
not melt, but charred and hardened 
when touched to a hot stoxe. He finally 
succeeded in vulcanizing rubber. 



centre of the needle, which was pointed 
at each end. The Howe sewing machine 
was patented September 10, 1S46, by 
Elias Howe, of Cambridge, Mass. It 
was the first practicable sewing ma- 
chine. 

Shoes, of the present fashion were 
first worn in England in 1633. 

Shoe I'eijs were invented in iSiS by 
Joseph Walker, of Hopkinton, ]\Iass. — 
They were made at first by hand and 
subsequently by machinery. The peg- 
ing machine has since been invented. 

Sleepiitff Cars were run on Ameri- 
can railroads for the first lime in 1S58. 

Spihe M<(chhie was patented in 
1839 by Henry Burden, of Troy, N. Y. — 
It made fifty complete spikes per min- 



IMPORTANT INVENTIONS. 



277 



lite, and most of the railroad spikes in 
tlie United States are made by Burden's 
machines 

Starch. — A process for making starch 
from potatoes was invented and pat- 
ented in 1802 by John Biddis, of Penn- 
sylvania. 

Steantboats. — First steamboat vv^as 
exhibited July, 17S6, on the Delaware by 
Joiin Fitch and Henry Voight. It was a 
skiff with paddles at the stern, propelled 
by a steam engine with a 3-inch cylinder. 
Another steamboat was exhibited on 
the Delaware river in 1787 by John Fitch. 
It was a larger boat than that of the last 
year. It had a 12-inch cylinder and ob- 
tained a speed of eight miles an hour in 
dead water. James Rumsey, m Decem- 



WilliamGed, a goldsmith, of Edinburgh, 
Scotland, in 1735. 

Stoves. — The Franklin stove was in- 
vented by Benjamin Franklin, in 1742 as 
a substitute for the old brick fireplace. — 
Franklin refused to patent it, affirming 
that "as we are benefitted by the inven- 
tions of others we ought to devote ours 
to the general good." A man patented 
it and made money on it in England. — 
Improvements in stoves were made in 
17S5 by Count Rumford, a scientific Am- 
erican. He encountered much preju- 
dice. 

Street Sweeper. — Invented by R. A. 
Smith in 1855. 

Tack and ?fail Machine. — Invented 



ber, 17S7, floated a steamboat on the 
Potomac river, which was propelled by 
pumping water in at the bow and forci- 
bly expelling it at the stern directly into 
the river, thus pushing the boat ahead. 

Steam Heating was successfully 
accomplished at Lockport, N. Y., in Feb- 
ruary, 1S78. The steam was furnished 
to dwellings from a central station on 
the plan of water and gas supply. 

Steel Engraviufjs.—ln 1814 Jacob 
Perkins, of Newburyport, Mass., first 
decarbonized steel so that it could be 
engraved. 

Steel Pens. — Invented about 1820. 

StereoscojH'.— Invented by Charles 
Wheatstone in 1838. 

Stercoti/2>e PrlnMng. — Invented by 



in 17S6 by Ezekiel Reed, Bridgewater, 
Mass. 

Talloiv Candles. — First used in 
1290, and were so great a luxury that 
splinters of wood were used for lights. 
There was no idea of wax candles in 
the year 1300. 

Telephone. — This instrument rests 
upon the "resonator," invented in 1873 
by Elisha Gray, of Chicago. In 1876 
Professors Bell and Dolbear and Thomas 
A. Edison experimented upon it, and 
from their various attempts came the 
modern instrument. 

Theater Seat (to turn up out of the 
way). — Invented by A. A. Allen in 1854. 

Time automatically regulated by tel- 
egraph was achieved by Dr. John Locke, 



278 



NOTED MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 



of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1848, for which 
Congress donated to him ten thousand 
dollars. 

Type-Casting Machine. — David 
Bruce, Jr., patented the only successful 
one ever invented in 1831. 

Type-Setthtg Machine was in- 
vented by Timothy Alden in 1856. 

Velocipede. — Patented by William 
K. Clarkson, Jr., of New York, June 26, 
1819. 

M'atches. — Said to have been in- 
vented at Nuremburg in 1477. 

Wtitei'-Powe}'. — In 1646, in Massa- 
chusetts, Joseph Jenks patented "the 
making of engines for mills to go by 
water." 



Wafev-rroof Clofhinff. — In 1833 
a company for its manufacture was char- 
tered at Roxbury, Mass. 

lf'esti)ighoiise Brakes proved their 

efficacy, March 7, 1872, on a New York 
and Boston train, w'lich was partially 
derailed near Springfield, ]Mass They 
prevented any sleeping car from leaving 
the track, although part of the train had 
gone over into the river. 

Wi}idow Gltiss. — First made in Eng- 
land in 1557. 

Yale's Lochs. — In 1843 Linus Yale, 
of Philadelphia, patented a lock which 
was never picked until some years after- 
ward. The feat was accomplished by 
his son, Linus Yale, Jr. 



NOTED MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 

[ Alphabetically Arranged. ] 



America received its name in 1507 
by the suggestion of a geographer of 
Freiburg, who called it America Terra, 
in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, whose 
account of his voyage in 1499 had just 
been published. 

American Flag in China. — It was 
first displayed in 1784 by the "Empress 
of China," a New York ship commanded 
by Captain Green. 

Grand TJnke Alexis gave l5,ooo to 
the poor of New York City, December 
Ji, 1871. 

lieacon Hill. Tioston, got its name 
in 1635, because a pole was erected 



thereon, to the top of which a barrel of 
burning tar could be elevated as a signal 
to the surrounding country. 

Sunher Hill Monument Associa- 
tion was incorporated by the Massachu- 
setts Legislature, June 7th, 1823. The 
corner stone for the monument was laid 
June 17th, 1825, by Lafayette. Daniel 
Webster delivered an oration. 

Unnher Hill Survivor. — Ralph 
Farnam, who fought at Bunker Hill, died 
December 26, 1861, at Acton, Me He 
was born at Lebanon, Me., July 17, 1756, 
and was 105 years, 5 months and 19 
days old. 



NOTED MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 



279 



Cemeteries. — ^Jiily 17, 1S62, Congress 
authorized the purchase of grounds for 
the interment of those who should die 
in the national service. There are now 
about eighty of these cemeteries, con- 
taining 350,000 soldiers. 

Stonewall Jackson Cemetery was 

dedicated at Winchester, Ya., October 
23, 1866. 

Chinese- Arnevicaii Citizen. — Nov. 
27, 1878, Wong Ah Lee was naturalized, 
the first instance on record. 

Charter Oak, at Hartford, Conn., 
being Hollow, was, in 1687, made a hid- 
ing-place for the charter of Connecticut 



Colored Senator. — H. R. Revels 
was elected United States Senator from 
Mississippi January 20th, 1870. He was 
made presiding officer pro tem. of the 
Senate, February 14, 1879. 

Confederate Dead from Gettys- 
burg were removed and carried in mourn- 
ful procession through Richmond, Va., 
June 20, 1872. 

Copyriffht T^air. — The first in Am- 
erica was granted by the General Court 
of Massachusetts to John Upsher, in 
1672. 

Creniation. — December 6, 1876, at 
Dr. F. J. Le Moyne's furnace, Washing- 



from Sir Edmund Andross, who went 
there to secure it. The oak was blown 
down during a heavy gale, August 21st, 
1856. 

Cit}/ ''Wards." — In 1637 train bands 
were organized in Boston to "watch and 
Tvard" over separate parts of the town. 
They also originated the "training days" 
so well known in New England. From 
this early date city wards first origi- 
nated. 

Civil Service Reform. — March 3, 
187 1, in accordance with an act of Con- 
gress, President Grant appointed a board 
of commissioners, George William Cur- 
tis, of New York, chairman, to investi- 
gate and reform government appoint- 
ments. 



ton, Penna. , the body of Baron D. Palm 
was cremated in two hours ten minutes, 
and the ashes gathered into an urn. This 
was the first cremation, and it created a 
wide-spread interest. 

Remains of the corpse of Mrs. 

Ben. Pitman were cremated February 
i5> 1875. at Dr. Le Moyne's furnace, at 
Washington, Penna. 

Crematory at Lancaster, Pa., was 

dedicated November 25, 18S4. 

Egifptian Obelisk, which hau oeen 
transported to America by Commander 
Gorringe, at the expense of W. H. Yan- 
derbilt, was set upon its pedestal in 
Central Park, New York, January 22, 
1881. 



NOTED MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 



281 



Fatal Leaj)s, — Sam Patch made his 
famous leap into the Genesee Falls, at 
Rochester, N \., November 13, 1829. — 
The Falls were 100 feet high, but in addi- 
tion he had a scaffold 25 feet erected, 
from which he jumped, making the dis- 
tance 125 feet. He advertised it as "Sam 
Patch's Last Jump," and as such it 
proved to be, as he never arose to life 
again. 

Robert Odium, an expert swim- 
mer, of Washington, D. C, jumped 
from the Brooklyn bridge, May 19, 1885. 
The height was 145 feet, and the jump 
resulted in his death in 43 minutes after 
he made the leap. 

"Flying 3Iac7iine." — This was the 
name of a passenger coach advertised in 



army took place in Washington, D. C, 
May 22-3, 1S65. 

Gas.— For illumination was first made 
a permanent success in 1822 at Boston. 

'^ITail Colutnhia."— This national 
ode was composed in 179S by Joseph 
Hopkinson, of Philadelphia. 

Imprisonment for debts due to the 
United States was abolished January 14, 
1841. 

Tntevnational Fish Commission met 

at Halifax Nov. 23, 1877, and awarded 
15,500,000 to Great Britam for fishing 
privileges given to the United States. 

Lotteries. — In 161 2 the new charter 
of Virginia authorized the raising of 
money by lotteries and ^29,000 was real- 



1772, to run between New York and 
Philadelphia, "in the remarkably short 
time of two days." 

Fountain, of Youth. — ^Juan Ponce 
de Leon, being told by the Indians of a 
fountain whose waters restored youth to 
the old, sailed March 3, 1572, to find it. 

Grand Jury. — The first Grand Jury 
in America met in Boston, September i, 
1635, and prepared a list of one hundred 
names, which they presented to the mag- 
istrates for trial. 

Geological Surveys. — Massachu- 
setts was the first State to have its terri- 
tory completely surveyed. In 1830 Dr. 
Edward Hitchcock was charged with the 
work. 

Grand Revietv of the United States 



ized from them in a few years. This 
was the first lottery in America. 

In Massachusetts lotteries were 

suppressed by law in 1719. 

In Baltimore a lottery was estab- 
lished in 1753 to raise money enough to 
build a public wharf. 

They were authorized by Massa- 
chusetts in 1759 to aid in constructing 
public works. 

Dismal Swamp Lottery Company, 

of Norfolk, Va., was chartered in 1787, 
for the purpose of raising $50,000 for the 
improvement of internal navigation be- 
tween the waters of North Carolina and 
those of Virginia, through the Dismal 
Swamp. The company never done any- 



282 



NOTED MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 



thing, and in 1882 its charter was for- 
feited. 

Congress authorized lotteries in 

1776 to raise funds to defray the expenses 
of the campaign of 1777, but it was a 
failure. 

Lotteries in the United States had, 

in 1834, multiplied to such an extent that 
efforts were made to break them up by 
wholesome laws. 

Lotiisiatta ceded to France by Spain 
in 1S02, pending which the Spanish com- 
mander at New Orleans closed the navi- 
gation of the Mississippi river to United 
States citizens. Congress thereupon 
sent James Monroe to Paris to negotiate 
for its reopening. 



ing no word. Returning and finding her 
lover gone she started after him on foot, 
in a snow storm, with night coming on. 
Her road was a path with blazed trees, 
which led through Crawford Notch in 
the White Mountains, thirty miles dis- 
tant, where dwelt the only inhabitants 
on the route. She tried to kindle a fire 
in the warm ashes, where her lover had 
recently camped. Exhausted by her 
rough journey, and in fording the Saco 
river, she perished in the storm. Her 
affianced died a madman. 

Xiof/ara Falls. — The first known 
mention of this cataract was made in 
the year 1648, in the Jesuit relation, by 
Ragueneau. 



Marqiiet. — Father Marquet died on 
May 19th, 1675, on the shore of Lake 
Michigan, on his homeward trip. He 
was one of the noblest pioneers of the 
Northwest. 

Militia Oi'f/an izafion . — Ancient 
and Honorable Artillery Company, of 
Boston, was organized in 1637. It was 
armed with pikes, " hand-gounes " and 
" snap-hances." It is the oldest militia 
organization in America, and still has an 
annual "training day.'' 

"Xifiui/'s JifH'h.'" — In 1778 a young 
couple in Jeffen n, N. H., were engaged 
to be married. During the girl's tem- 
pi^rary absence the young man started 
with his employer to Portsmouth, leav- 



Oinnibas.— The first in America was 
built and run in New York in 1830. 

" rtnn Tveaty Trrr" was blown 
down in 1810 by a severe gale 

Pension Act. — The first Pension Act 
was passed by Congress August 26th, 
1776. 

Pfijinoiiflt Borh.—ln 1774 an attempt 
was made to remove this famous rock 
from its bed to a place in town. While 
being raised it broke apart. Only a por- 
tion was removed, but in iSSo it was re- 
stored to its oriijinal position. A beau- 
tiful granite canopy now covers it. 

rost-lirllinn (\nn-f<'si<'s.—Ko\em- 
ber 12, 1S79, the Duke of Northumber- 
land, England, presented a portrait of 



NOTED MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 



28- 



Lord Percy, who led the British in their 
march on Lexington, Mass., April 19th, 
1775, to that town. In return the citizt-ns 
voted to present to the Duke a painting 
of Monroe tavern, where Lord Percy 
made his headquarters during his brief 
stay in Lexington. 

PoUfffamif was decided by the Uni- 
ted States Supreme Court to be illegal 
and subject to prohibition by Congress 
on January 6, 1S79. 

Potosi is the highest city in the 
world. It is 13,300 feet above the sea. 
Two hundred years ago the population 
was 150,000. It has now less than 30,000, 
yet the mint coins $2,000,000 annually. 

Powder Jlill was erected in Massa- 



Rev. Dr. Hall, an Episcopalian, and Mr. 
Lincoln's pastor. Rev. Dr. Gurley, Pres- 
byterian. Afterward, from city to city, 
in one vast funeral procession, the mourn- 
ing people followed his remains to their 
last resting place at Springfield, Ills., 
where on May 4, 1865, Bishop Simpson 
pronounced the funeral oration, and a 
choir of 250 voices sang requiems. 

President Vttn Puren received 
costly presents from the Imaum of Mus- 
cat in 1840, which were sold, and the 
price converted into the United States 
Treasury. Congress appropriated I15,- 
000 for return presents. 

Pod mail Gun was cast at the Fort 
Pitt Iron Works, Pittsburg, Pa., in 1S63. 



chusetts in 1640, but it was afterward 
suppressed by English law. 

Poivder Houses in Massachusetts. 
In 1642 the General Court passed a law 
obliging every town to keep a supply of 
powder on hand, which led to the erec- 
tion of powder houses on lonely hills. 

Presidential Fund of 1250,000, the 
interest of which is presented to Gen. 
Grant during life, was completed Feb. 
2, 1881. After his death it will be pre- 
sented to the senior ex-President of the 
United States then living. 

President Lincoln's funeral occur- 
red April 19, 1S65. The ceremonies in the 
White House were conducted by Bishop 
Simpson, a Methodist clergyman, and 



Its weight when cast was 17,000 pounds, 
and when finished 115,000 pounds. It 
was 243 inches long, with a bore 210 
inches long. It would throw a 1,000 
pound solid shot, or a 700 pound shell. 
In casting three furnaces were charged 
with eighty-six tons of metal, which re- 
quired 6 hours in melting and 25 minutes 
in drawing off into the mould. 

Soring Service. — The United States 
Life Saving Service originated March 3, 
1847, by an appropriation from Congress 
to equip light-houses with the means of 
assisting wrecked vessels. 

Sewing 3IacJiine patents expired 
in 1S77, ending the monopoly and re- 
ducing the price one-half. 



284 



NOTED MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 



Ship Canal, to connect the Atlantic 
and Pacific oceans via Lake Nicaragua, 
was i)roposed in 1527. 

Statues. — The Benjamin Franklin 
statue was unveiled January 17, 18S2, in 
Printing- House Square, New York. 

The statue of Abraham Lincoln, 

by Thomas Ball, was unveiled at Wash- 
ington, D. C, April 14th, 1S76. It was 
erected by the colored people of the 
United States. 

Sfuifresaiif IPear Tree, corner of 

Third avenue and Thirteenth street, N. 
v., died in 1S67. It was over 200 years 
old and bore fruit till shortly before its 
death. 

Table liock, Niagara Falls, May 24, 



Massachusetts alone. Several States 
passed severe laws against them. Grad- 
ually the nuisance decreased. 

"UnrJe Sam." — This phrase origi- 
nated in 1812, at Troy, New York, where 
a large number of provisions had been 
contracted for by the United States. — 
They were inspected by two brothers, 
Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson, the latter 
of whom was familiarly known as Uncle 
Sam. The packages were all branded 
E. A. — U. S. A jocose workman, being 
asked what the letters meant, replied: 
"It must be Elbert .A.nderson and Uncle 
Sam," which latter term became current 
for the United States. 

VallaiKlff/hain. — Clement L. Val- 



1S77. The last half, weighing sixty tons, 
fell with a shock which was felt for sev- 
eral miles. 

Testimonial to Lafaf/effe. — In De- 
cember, 1824, Congress voted |;2oo,ooo 
and a township of land to Lafayette, as 
a slight return for his efforts in behalf of 
American liberty. 

Trades So<'ieties. — The Carpenters' 
Society, organized in Pliiladelphia in 
1724, was the first of a long list of trade 
societies in America. 

*' Tramps" had been roving about 
the nortliern States ever since the close 
of the civil war. Their numbers in 
creased so rapidly as to create alarm. — 
In August, 1S75, there were 30,000 in 



landigham, of Dayton, O., was arrested 
by General Burnside, May 4th, 1S67, for 
treasonable speeches, courtmartialed 
and sent within the Confederate lines 
under penalty of execution if he re- 
turned. 

U'as/uiiaton. — President Washins:- 
ton was maligned by the press, October 
1795. It was charged that he had over- 
drawn his salary, etc., by the Secretary 
of the Treasury, but Alexander Hamil- 
ton proved it to be false. 

His farewell address was issued 

September 17, 1796. It was his last di- 
rect utterance to his countrymen. Its 
wisdom and patriotism showed that he 
truly merited the title "Father of his 
country." 



NOTED MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 



285 



Washington Xafional Monn- 
tnent. — The building of the Washington 
National Monument at Washington, D. 
C, was completed on Saturday, Decem- 
ber 6th, 1884. The idea of this National 
Monument took definite shape in 1833, 
when citizens of Washington formed an 
association to build it by popular sub- 
scriptions of individual sums not to ex- 
ceed one dollar each. In 1S47 the collec- 
tions footed up only |87,coo. With this 
sum it was determined to begin the 
work. On the 4th of July, 1848, the cor- 
ner stone of the monument was laid; in 
1S54 the funds of the National Monu- 
ment Society, amounting to 1230,000, 
were exhausted. The monument had 



15 feet }4 inch thick, and at the five hun- 
dred feet mark, where the pyramidal top 
begins, 34 feet 5>^ inches square and 18 
inches thick. The amounts expended 
for the monument to the date of Decem- 
ber 6th, 18S4, were as follows: By the 
Monument Society, $230,000; appropria- 
ted by Congress $900,000, making a total 
of 11,130,000. Within the obelisk (the 
walls being vertical), is an elevator and 
stairway. From the top of the wall of 
the obelisk to the bottom are 900 steps, 
requiring about twenty minutes to make 
the descent. 

Weighty 3Ian. — Miles Darden died 
January 23, 1857, in Tennessee, weighing 
over one thousand pounds. He was 



then reached a height of 170 feet, and 
during the succeeding twenty-four years 
only four feet were added. On August 
22d, 1876, Congress passed an act crea- 
ting a joint commission for the continu- 
ance and completion of the monument, 
and made the necessary appropriation, 
which was continued annually. The 
monument is a marble obelisk. The 
shaft from the floor is 555 feet 4 inches 
high, being 30 feet 5 inches higher than 
the spires of the great Cathedral at Col- 
ogne, Germany. The present founda- 
tions are 36 feet 8 inches deep, making 
an aggregate height from the foundation 
bed of 592 feet. The base of the obe- 
lisk is 55 feet ij4 inches square, the walls 



born in North Carolina in 1798 and grew 
to be 7 feet 6 inches high. When 47 he 
weighed 871 pounds. He worked until 
he was 55 years old. 

Jf'hale Fisher ies were first begun 
on a large scale in America in 1690 by 
Nantucket sailors. 

• WJiite Mountains, in New Hamp- 
shire, were ascended for the first time 
in 1642 by the first white man, an Irish- 
man named Darby Field, accompanied 
by two Indians. 

Women of Xote. — Female attorneys 
were allowed to practice in the United 
States Supreme Court by a law passed 
Februarj' 7, 1879. The bill had passed 
the House a year before, and was called 



286 



LABOR STRIKES. 



up in the Senate through the persistent 
efforts of Mrs. Belva A. Lock wood. 

In January, 1S49, EHzabeth Black- 
well, an English woman, graduated from 
the medical school at Geneva, N. Y. — 
Other schools had refused to admit her 
on account of her sex. 

Anna Dickinson delivered her first 

public address in Philadelphia in i860, 
upon Woman's Rights and Woman's 
Wrongs." 

Dr. Mary P. Jacobi, of New York, 

graduated from the Paris Ecole de Med- 
ecine in 187 1, of which she was the first 



female graduate. She had previously 
been the first woman to graduate from 
the College of Pharmacy, New York. — 
She won the second prize for her gradu- 
ating thesis in Paris. 

Dr. Mercy B. Jackson, of Boston, 



was the first woman admitted to the 
American Institute of Homoepathy in 
Philadelphia, June, 1871. 

Fanny Wright, a Scotch woman, 

lectured extensively in the United States 
in the year 1820, upon politics, slavery 
and woman. 



LABOR STRIKES. 



Coal Miners great strike began in 
Pennsylvania, January 10, 1871. 

Eifflif-Hour 3£oi'cineiit. — In 1872 
workmen all over the United States 
loudly clamored for a reduction from 10 
to 8 working hours at the same pay. — 
The problem began to look serious, un- 
til solved by the panic of 1873, during 
which time work of any kind was scarce. 

31hiers' Strikes in Pennsylvania 
suppressed by the militia June 5, 1875. 

Jiellcrille, Ills. — The coal miners 
struck here May 7th, 1S78. Four thou- 
sane stopped work. In a short time 
1,500 men were on the verge of starva- 
tion. 



Ijipin.3Iass. — The strike of the Lynn 
shoemakers occurred January 14, 1877. 
Work almost entirely stopped and a 
long conflict was begun. 

Baltimore <£• Ohio 11. 11. — A strike 
began among the employees of this road 
July i6th, 1877, because of a 10 per 
cent, reduction of wages. The strikers 
had stopped 1,200 cars at Martinsburg, 
W. Va., by July 17, 1877, and fired upon 
the militia, who had been ordered by 
the Governor to suppress rioting. Fed- 
eral troops were ordered to IMartinsburg, 
Va., by President Hayes, July 18, 1877, 
to quell the railroad riot, by request of 
the Governor of West Virginia, the 



LABOR STRIKES. 



287 



Strikers having got possession of the en- 
tire railroad. 

Erie Railway/. — A strike occurred 
on the Erie Railway, July 20, 1877. All 
trains were stopped. The Sixth Mary- 
land Regiment was assaulted in Balti- 
more by the mob with stones and brick- 
bats. The soldiers fired upon the mob 
and killed 9 and wounded about 50 of 
them. 

Conflict at Pittsburg, Pa., between 
strikers and the military, July 21, 1877, 
resulted in the killing of Sheriff Fife and 
a number of others, and the wounding 
of many, including General Pearson. — 



as they marched out hastily, they were 
attacked by the strikers, who followed 
them as they double-quicked toward the 
Arsenal, firing shots and hurling all sorts 
of missiles at the soldiers, many of 
whom were badly hurt and others shot 
down and left in the streets. Once the 
military turned and fired into their pur- 
suers, twenty or more persons being 
killed by the discharge. The command- 
ant at the Arsenal refused to allow the 
troops admission, saying that he had but 
twenty men with him, and if he allowed 
them to enter he could not protect the 
place against the mob. They then hur- 



The mob sacked all gun stores. Presi- 
dent Hayes issued a proclamation order- 
ing all to desist and to retire to their 
homes by noon of July 22. On the morn- 
ing of the 22d the rioters continued their 
work of destruction by completely de- 
stroying the Round House of the Penn 
sylvania Railroad Company, together 
with 125 first-class locomotives, hundreds 
of loaded freight cars and other prop- 
erty, aggregating m value, according to 
a rough estimate, $3,000,000. The troops, 
who had been penned up in the Round 
House all night, were forced to attempt to 
escape when the building was fired, and. 



ried on to the bridge over the Allegheny 
at Sharpsburg, after crossing which they 
separated in squads and took to the 
woods. The civil authorities were to- 
tally powerless, and thieves, who took 
advantage of the reign of terror, broke 
open and plundered the cars and carried 
off the stolen goods with perfect impu- 
nity. The strike in Philadelphia was in- 
augurated at 6 o'clock p. M., by the men 
abandoning their places. Trouble oc- 
curred at Hornellsville, N. Y., on the 
Erie road, the strikers preventing trains 
departing. 
Railroad Strilicrs were joined by 



288 



LABOR STRIKES. 



the Central New Jersey, Lehigh Valley 
and Texas Pacific freight men. July 25, 
1S77, conflicts occurred between the ri- 
oters and police at Chicago, St. Louis 
and San Francisco. The Erie strikers 
at Hornellsville and at Rochester, N. Y., 
agreed to resume work. 

Erie liailroad and canal men at 
Buffalo, N.Y., on July 25, 1877, took pos- 
session of the New York Central stock 
yards and stopped the movement of 
trains. On the Cleveland and Pittsburg 
Railroad and Lake Shore and Southern 
Michigan Railroad all trains were aban- 
doned. The Vandalia Railroad men at 
Indianapolis, Ind., and the Niagara divi- 
sion of the Erie Railroad employees 



Compromise ivith Firemen and 

brakemen on the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne 
and Chicago Railroad was partially ef- 
fected July 29, 1S77. Troops were con- 
centrated at East St. Louis, Ills., for fear 
of an attack upon the bridge. 

Strikers Hesiime iror/,-.— Striking 
trainmen of the Lake Shore, Texas Pa- 
cific, Delaware, Lackawanna and Great 
Western Railroads, and of several lines 
centering at Pittsburg, Pa., went back to 
work July 30th, 1S77, at the reduced 
wages, the question of pay to come up 
for future discussion. Freight trains in 
large numbers were moved on the Penn- 
sylvania and Baltimore and Ohio roads. 
Regular trains were running on the 



joined the strike. A vigilance commit- 
tee was formed at Pittsburg to protect 
property. At Reading, Pa., troops killed 
seven and wounded thirty rioters en- 
gaged in tearing up tracks. 

lifdlroad St rihes.— At Baltimore, 
Md., July 28, 1877, seven freight trains 
moved and five hundred cars from Cum- 
berland, over the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, all under the protection of 
troops. At Pittsburg, Pa., Governor 
Hartranft, with 4,000 United States 
troops, took possession of the Pennsyl- 
vania Company's territory. At Johns- 
town mobs stoned moving trains and 
wrecked five cars. At Fort Wayne, 
Ind., the mob prevented two attempts of 
the authorities to move trains. 



]\Iorris and Essex and New Jersey Cen- 
tral Railroads. No fresh outbreaks oc- 
curred on the railroads, and dispatches 
from various points indicated a speedy 
resumption of work. At Baltimore 
many of the old men were returning, 
more offering than could be made 
use of. 

Labor War Ended. — August 3d, 
1877, freight trains were running, or were 
about to be started, on all the roads. — 
The striking miners in the coal regions 
of Pennsylvania were kept quiet by the 
presence of troops. The coronor's jury 
at Baltimore, Maryland, exonerated the 
Sixth Regiment from all blame for the 
riot. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



289 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



THE FENIANS. 

^'Fenians." — This organization was 
founded in 1S57 in New York by Michael 
Corcoran and others, as the " Emmet 
Monument Association." Similar socie- 
ties in Ireland were known as Phrenix 
societies. The name "Fenian" was af- 
terward taken from Finn, the commander 
of Irish militia in the third century. 

Fenian Nfff tonal Conf/ress was 
held at Chicago on November 3d, 1863. 
About 15,000 of the brotherhood were 
represented, and James Stephens was 
declared to be the "head centre." 

Maid on €an<(da. — June ist, 1866, 
Notwithstanding the watchfulness of the 



President Grant, and the leader, Colonel 
O'Neill and his officers, were captured 
and imprisoned. 

Irish Xational Cong reus convened 
at Cincinnati, O., August 23, 1870. 

O'Dftnoran Hossa and other Fenian 
exiles arrived in New York in January, 
1871. 

Fenians under Gen. O'Neill seized 
the Canadian Custom-House and Hud- 
son Bay post at Pembina, Manitoba, Oct. 
7, 1871. The United States troops cap- 
ture them. 

Jrisit (-a use. — C. S. Parnell, member 
of Parliament from Meath, Ireland, and 
John Dillon, arrived in this country Jan. 



United States authorities, 1,500 Irishmen 
crossed into Canada at Buffalo. They 
encountered the Canadian militia June 
2nd, and lost heavily in wounded and 
prisoners, and a few killed. At night 
they attempted to recross and 700 of 
tiiem were captured by a United States 
steamer. This failure discouraged fur- 
ther attempts. 

Erin's Hoiye was the name of a ves 
sel sent to Ireland in April, 1S67, by the 
Fenians, with military supplies. Owing 
to the watchfulness of the British gov- 
ernment she did not land and returned 
to America. 

Ejcpedition against Canada by the 
Fenians, ISIay 24th, 1870, was broken up 
by General Meade, under orders from 



I, 18S0, to promote the cause of Irish 
home rule, and procure money for their 
famished countrymen and for political 
purposes. 

Charles S. Parnell, the Irish agi- 
tator, received a farewell banquet March 

II, 1880, on the eve of his departure for 
Ireland. 



INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

Marine Insurance. — John Copson, 
of Philadelphia, first engaged in this 
business in 1721, but failed because ship 
owners preferred to insure in other 
countries. In 1759 the first office in 
America for this business was opened in 
New York. 

Fire Insurance Company. — "The 



290 



MICSELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



Philadelphia Contributionship for the 
insurance of houses from loss by fire," 
was orj;anizecl, with Dr. Franklin as 
President, in 1752. It still does buiness 
in Philadelphia. 

First Tjifr Tnsni'anrf Co. in Am- 
erica was chartered in 1769. It was 
called the " Protestant Episcopal Asso- 
ciation for the benefit of Widows and 
Children of the Commonwealth of Penn- 
sylvania." 

l*hil<tdelplihi (Jomjutmj for life 
insurance, with a capital of $500,000, was 
organized in 1812 

Trarcllt'r's Insurance Company was 
organized by Mr. James G. Batterson in 
1S63. The first policy issued was to ^Ir. 



tories, were v^aralyzed, and financial dis- 
tress prevailed. Consequently they were 
opposed to the war policy of the admin- 
istration. They were in secret session 
about three weeks, and accomplished 
little, except to create an imi^ression that 
they meditated a disruption of the Union, 
and thereby they made a final wreck of 
the Federal party. 

If'om fit's Hk/Itfs Convention, July 
19, 1S4S, was held at Seneca Falls, N.V., 
by Lucretia INIott, Elizabeth Cady Stan- 
ton, Martha C Wright, Mary Ann Mc- 
Clintock, and others. 

XffffoiKil Teacher's Assorhithm 

held its first annual convention at Cin- 
cinnati, August II, 1858. 



James Roltes, in Hartford, Conn., who 
asked Mr. Batterson: " What will you 
take to insure me for 15,000, if I get killed 
by accident, in gt>ing from here to my 
house in Buckingliam street.-"' "Two 
cents," was the reply. The two cents 
were paid, and are now e.xhibited by the 
company as the first "accident" premium 
taken in America. 



CONVENTIONS. 
Jftirfford CoHrcHtion met on the 

14th of December, 1814, in response to 
a call from the Masachusetts Legislature 
"to confer upon the subject of their 
public grievances. " The delegates were 
from the New England States, whose 
chief industries being in ships and fac- 



Grand Arimj of the Republic held 
a National Convention November 2olh, 
1866. It was organized to perpetuate 
the friendships of the war. 

y<(fioit<il Jj<(bor Convention met at 
Philadelphia August 16, 1869. 

j\'<ffioiKtf \l (unuii's SufiVage Con- 
vention, presided over by Henry Ward 
Beecher, was held at Cleveland, O., No- 
vember 24, 1869. 

Ndtionnl Cidorcil Labor Conven- 
tion was held in Washington, D. C, on 
December 10, 1869. 

II Oman's y<(t tonal Suffrage Asso- 
ciation was organized in 1S69. 

Jiretrcrs' t'ottt/ress was held in 
Boston on June 3, 1874, representing a 
capital of ^89, 910,823, besiele II17, 000,000 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



291 



in malt ho.uses. They employed 56,000 
persons and made 9,000,000 barrels of 
beer in 1873. 

E.r-Confe(7rrfiff' and Union soldiers 
met at Cincinnati, Ohio, September 4th, 
1877, to arrange for a reunion of both 
armies, to take place in 1878. 

Knifflits Teviplars of the United 
States met in grand convention at Chi- 
cago, Ills., August 16, 1880. It was the 
largest gathering ever made of this 
character. The festivities lasted a week. 



PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 
ludependeiire TTall in Philadelphia 
was begun in 1729, and was not comple- 
ted till 1734. 



ence. It was built after 7 years study 
by Herr Walcker, of Ludwigsburg. — 
It is 60 feet high, 48 feet wide and 24 
feet deep. It has nearly 6,000 pipes 
and cost |6o,ooo. 

Ford's Theater in "Washington, D. 
C, where President Lincoln was mur- 
dered, was opened as an Army Medical 
Museum April 13, 1867. 

American 3Iiisetmi of Natural 
History, incorporated in New York in 
1S69, for which a building five times 
greater than the national capitol is pro- 
posed to contain the collections for this 
great enterprise. 

. ilbanij, N. Y. — Corner stone of the 
capitol laid June 24, 1S71. 



Astor Liibrarij in New York City 
wasopened January 9, 1854. 

3IoHnt f'ei'ifoi*, the home of George 
Washington, was purchased by the " La- 
dies' Mt. Vernon Association" in 1858 
for $200,000. Their design is to make 
it a place of national resort. 

Arnnj 3Iedical 31 aseu in. May 21, 
1862. — The valuable collection in Ford's 
Theater, Washington, D C, originated 
in a request to army surgeons to preserve 
and forward for a museum all specimens 
of morbid anatomy that would be valua- 
ble; also everything relating to death or 
injury by war, and disease in camp. 

Boston Music Hall Organ, Novem- 
ber 2, 1863. — This great organ was inau- 
gurated at this date before a vast audi- 



Mercantile Liiltrarfi of New York 
was opened for the first time on Sunday, 
May 12, 1872. 

Corner Stone of American Museum 
of Natural History, corner Eighth ave- 
nue and Seventy-seventh street, New 
York, laid June 2d, 1874, by President 
Grant. 



SECRET SOCIETIES. 

3Iason ic Lod{/e. — Albion Lodge, 
formerly No. 17 E. R., of Quebec, is the 
oldest lodge of Free Masons in America. 
It was instituted in 1721. 

Masonic (^rand Lodf/e was con- 
stituted at Boston July 30, 1733, for New 
England, namedSt. John's Grand Lodge. 

Society of Cincinnati was organ- 



292 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



ized at Newburg, N. Y., June 19, 1783, 
by army officers, to commemorate tlieir 
experiences in the war, and to promote 
brotherhood between the States. It still 
exists. 

Odd Fell furs' Lodge was estab- 
lished in New York City in 1806. It was 
named "Shakespeare Lodge." Another 
was instituted there in 1816 named the 
Prince Regent Lodge. It was short 
lived. 

Pohtfers' Society was organized in 
1850 by water color artists. 

Baltimore, Md. — Odd Fellows' 
Lodge was organized at Baltimore, Md., 
April 26, 1819. It was called Washing- 
ton Lodge No. I, and was the first per- 
manent one in America. 



1872, the Geneva Commission awarded 
115,500,000 in gold to liie United States, 
for damages to American commerce by 
the Confederate privateers Alabama, 
Florida and -Shenandoah, which were 
fitted out in English ports in violation of 
neutrality laws. 

frasJriiff/ton ConnnissioH appoint- 
ed to arbitrate respective claims of Am- 
erican and Englishmen, for losses occa- 
sioned during the civil war, awarded the 
sum of 11,929,819 to England, Septem- 
25, 1873. 



SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES. 
JHoeufation for Small-Pox was first 
tried in America in 1721 by Dr. Zabdiel 
Boylston, of Boston, at the suggestion 



Knights of Pythitts, — Washington 
Lodge No. I, of this order was organized 
in Washington, D. C, February 19th, 
1864. 



INTERNATIONAL AWARDS. 

Treaty of Washington. — February 
27, 1871, a joint high commission com- 
posed of five British and five American 
statesmen, met at the capitol, by which 
it was agreed to submit the Alabama 
claims of the United States to a tribunal 
to sit at Geneva, Switzerland, the coast 
fishing question to one at Halifax, and 
the San Juan boundary question to the 
German Emperor. 

Alahauia Award. — September 14, 



of Cotton Mather. The plague was rag- 
ing with great virulence. Boylston en- 
countered fierce opposition from doctors 
and others. Cotton Mather defended 
him against their abuse, and, beginning 
in his own family, he inoculated 286 
persons, of whom only 6 died. Of 5,759 
others attacked by the disease 844 died. 
This success soon silenced all opposi- 
tion. 

I'arrination was first performed in 
America in 1799 by Dr. Benjamin Water- 
house, of Boston, upon his own children. 

Chloroform as an anaesthetic was dis- 
covered by Dr. Samuel Guthrie, of Sack- 
ett's Harbor, N. Y., in 1832. 

Ether was first used in perlbrming a 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



293 



surgical operation March 30, 1842, by Dr. 
C. W. Long, of Jefferson, Ga. 

If'nter-Cui'c Establishment, the first 
in America, was opened in 1844 in New 

York City. 

Laiif/Jihif/ Gas was first used in den- 
tistry by Dr. Horace Wells, of Hartford, 
Conn., in 1844. 

Ether as an AmestJietfe was first 
publicly used in surgical operations at 
the Massachusetts General Hospital on 
October i6th, 1846. 

Blue Glass excitement arose in Jan- 
uary, 1877, resulting from experiments 
by General Pleasanton, whose theory 



England Denninded the release of 
Alexander McLeod, a Canadian, who, in 
1841, was arrested and tried for partici- 
pating in the destruction of the Caroline 
at Navy Island. The demand was re- 
fused, but the charge against him was 
not proven. 

Spanish Authorities at Havana, 
refused, in November, 1852, to receive 
mails and passengers from the American 
steamship "Crescent City," plying be- 
tween New York and New Orleans. 

American Steamer " Black War- 
rior " was seized by the Cuban authori- 
ties in the harbor of Havana, February 
28, 1S54. 



was that sunlight passing through it 
would heal many diseases. Some sin- 
gular cures were reported. 



FOREIGN TROUBLES. 

French Lndignities. — C. C. Pinck- 
ney, of South Carolina, our minister to 
France, was refused recognition and or- 
dered to leave France, in February, 
1797, the French government having 
taken offence at Jay's treaty. 

French Hostility to Mr. Adams' 
election was such that in May, 1797, the 
capture of American vessels and hang- 
ing of American seamen found in foreign 
ships was decreed. 



British Minister at Washington, 
also consuls at New York and Cincin- 
nati, were sent home by the United 
States in 1855, for encouraging the en- 
listment on our soil of soldiers for the 
Crimean war. 

Spanish Man-of-War Vasco de 
Nunez overhauled the American steamer 
Florida, December 14, 1871, and exam- 
ined her papers, which, being correct, 
she was allowed to proceed on her voy- 
age. 

Itassian 3Iinister Catacazy was re- 
called by his government, December 16, 

187 1, at the request of the United States 

for discourtesy to the authorities. 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



295 



Fictitious Names of States, 

Albany lipfjertfij. — A name popu- 
larly given in the United States to a 
junto of astute Democratic politicians, 
having their headquarters at Albany, N. 
Y. , who controlled the action of the 
Democratic party for many years, and 
who had great weight in national poli- 
tics. The effort to elect William H. 
Crawford President, instead of John 
Q. Adams, was their first great struggle. 

Uddfjer St tit e. — A name given to 
Wisconsin. 

Hay State. — A popular name of Mas- 
sachusetts, which, previous to the adop- 
tion of the Federal Constitution, was 
called the Colony of Massachusetts. 



Cities and Noted Persons. 

ping, and discharged their small arms 
and cannon at everything they saw float- 
ing on the river during the ebb tide. 

Til lie Hen, The. — A cant or popular 
name for the State of Delaware. The 
sobriquet is said to have its origin in a 
certain Captain Caldwell's fondness for 
the amusement of cock-fighting. Cald- 
well was an officer in the First Delaware 
Regiment in the war of the Revolution, 
and was greatly distinguished for his dar- 
ing and bravery. He was exceedingly 
popular in the regiment, and its high 
state of discipline was generally con- 
ceded to be due to his exertions; so that 
when officers were sent on recruiting ser- 



Hayoti State. — A name sometimes 
given to the State of Mississippi, which 
abounds in bayous or creeks 

Bear State. — A name by which the 
State of Arkansas is sometimes desig- 
nated on account of the number of bears 
that infest its forests. 

Battle of the Keys. — The subject 
and title of a mock heroic poem, by 
Francis Hopkinson. This ballad, very 
famous in Revolutionary times, was oc- 
casioned by the following incident: Cer- 
tain machines in the form of kegs, 
charged with gun powder were sent 
down the river to annoy the British ship- 
ping, then at Philadelphia. The danger 
of these machines being discovered, the 
British manned the wharves and ship- 



vice to fill vacancies occasioned by death 
or otherwise, it was a saying that they 
had gone home for more of Caldwell's 
game cocks; but as Caldwell insisted 
that no cock could be truly game unless 
the mother was a Blue hen, the expres- 
sion Blue Hen's chickens was substituted 
for game cocks. 

Bluff City. — A descriptive name ap- 
plied to the city of Hannibal, Mo. 

Boston 3Iassarre. — A name popu- 
larly given to a disturbance which oc- 
curred in the streets of Boston on the 
evening of March 5th, 1770, when a ser- 
geant's guard belonging to the British 
garrison fired upon a crowd of people 
(who were surrounding them and pelting 
them witii snow-balls), and killed three 



296 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC 



men, besides wounding several otliers. 
The leader of the town people was a 
black man named Crispus Attucks. 

Jioston Tea Pai'tf/. — A name given 
to the famous assemblage of citizens in 
Boston, December 16, 1773, who met to 
carry out the non-importation resolves 
of the colony, and who, disguised as In- 
dians, went on board three ships, which 
just arrived in the harbor, and destroyed 
several hundred chests of tea. The 
British Parliament retaliated by closing 
the port of Boston. 

Urofhrr Jonathan. — A sportive 
collective name for the people of the 
United States, originating as follows: — 
When General Washington, after being 
appointed commander of the army, went 



the subject." He did so, and the Gov- 
ernor was successful in supplying many 
of the w;uits of tlie army. Tlie origin 
of the expression being soon lost sight 
of, the name Brotiier Jonathan came to 
be regarded as the national sobricjuet. 

Buckeye Sf<ffe.—Thi; State of Ohio, 
so. called from the Buckeye tree, which 
abounds there. 

at)/ of Jii'othei'Tf/ Lftre. — Phila- 
delphia is sometimes so called, this be- 
ing the literal signification of the name. 

Cffi/ of CJtarches. — A name popu- 
larly given to the city of Brooklyn, N. 
Y., from the unusually large number of 
churches which it contains. 

Cifij of Julius. — A familiar denomi- 
nation of New Haven, Connecticut, 



to Massachusetts to organize it, and 
make preparations for the defense of the 
country, he found a great want of ammu- 
nition and other means necessary to 
meet the powerful foe he had to contend 
with, and great difficulty in obtaining 
them. If attacked in such conditions, 
the' cause at once might be hopeless. On 
one occasion at that anxious period, a 
consultation of the officers and others 
was had, when it seemed that no way 
could be devised to make such prepara- 
tions as were neces.sary. His Excellency 
Jonathan Trumbull, the elder, was then 
Governor of Connecticut, and, as Wash- 
ington placed the greatest reliance on 
his ii'.dgment and aid, he remarked: — 
We must consult Brother Jonathan on 



many of the streets of which are thickly 
shaded with lofty elms. 

Clti/ of ?r(tf/iiificent Distances. — 

A popular designation given to the city 
of Washington, the capitol of the United 
States, which is laid out on a very large 
scale, being e.xtended to cover a place 
of four miles and a half long, and two 
miles and a half broad, or eleven squaf-e 
miles. The entire sight is traversed by 
two sets of streets from seventy to one 
hundred feet wide, at right angles to one 
another, the whole again intersected ob- 
liquely by fifteen avenues from one hun- 
dred and thirty to one hundred and sixty 
feed wide 

Citi/ of Jlocks. — A descriptive name 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES. ETC. 



297 



popularly given in the United States to 
the city of Nashville, Tenn. 

City of Sphidfes. — A name popu 
larly given to the city of Lowell, Mass., 
the largest cotton manufacturing town in 
the United States. 

Citi/ of the Straits. — A name given 
to Detroit, which is situated on the west 
bank of the river or strait connecting 
Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie. Detroit 
is a French word meaning "strait." 

Corn-Crarkfr. — A popular nick- 
name or designation for the State of 
Kentucky. The inhabitants of the State 
are often called Corncrackers. 

Co>r-Iioijs. — A band of marauders in 
the time of the American Revolution, 



Crescent City. — A popular name 
for the City of New Orleans, the older 
portion of which is built around the con- 
vex side of a bend of the Mississippi 
river. In the progress of its growth up 
stream, however, the city has so extend- 
ed itself as to fill the hollow of a curve 
in the opposite direction, so that the 
river front presents an outline resemb- 
ling the character S. 

Empire City. — The city of New 
York, the chief city of the Western 
world, and the metropolis of the Em- 
pire State. 

Etnpire State, The. — A popular 
name of the State of New York, the 
most populous and the wealthiest State 
in the Union. 



consisting mostly of refugees who ad- 
hered to the British side, and who in- 
fested the so-called " neutral grounds," 
lying between the American and British 
lines, plundering all those who had taken 
the oath of allegiance to the Continen- 
tal Congress. (See Skinners). 

Cradle of Liberty. — A popular 
name given to Faneuil Hall, a large 
public edifice in Boston, Mass., cele- 
brated as being the place where the ora- 
tors of the Revolution roused the people 
to resistance to British oppression. 

Creole State. — A name sometimes 
given to the State of Louisiana, in which 
the descendants of the original French 
and Spanish settlers constitute a large 
proportion of the population. 



Excelsior State. — The State of New 
York, sometimes so called for the motto 
" Excelsior " upon its coat of arms. 

Falls City. — Louisville, Kentucky, 
popularly so called from the falls which, 
at this place, impede the navigation of 
the Ohio river. 

Father of Waters. — A popular 
name given to the Mississippi river on 
account of its great length (3,160 miles), 
and the very large number of its tribu- 
taries, of which the Red, the Arkansas, 
the Ohio, the Missouri, the Illinois, the 
Des Moines, the Wisconsin, and the St. 
Peter's or Minnesota, are the most im- 
portant. The literal signification of the 
name, which is of Indian origin, is said 
to be Great River. 



298 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC 



Fern, Fanny. — A pseudonym adopt- 
ed by Mrs. Sarah P. Parton (born 181 1), 
a popular American authoress. 

Flour City. — A popular designation 
in the United States of the city of Roch- 
ester, N. v., a place remarkable for its 
extensive manufactories of flour. 

Flower City. — Springfield, 111., the 
capital of the Stale, which is distin- 
guished for the beauty of its surround- 
ings. 

Forest City. — i. Cleveland, Ohio, so 
called from the many ornamental trees 
with which the streets are bordered. 2. 
A name given to Portland, Maine, a city 
distinguished for its many elms and other 
beautiful shade trees. 



Garden of the West.— A name usu- 
ally given to Kansas, but sometimes ap- 
plied to Illinois and others of the West- 
ern States, which are all noted for their 
productiveness. 

Garden of the World. — A. name 
frequently given to the vast country com- 
prisingmore than 1,200,000 square miles, 
which is drained by the Mississippi river 
and its tributaries— a region of almost 
unexampled lertility. 

Gate City. — Keokuk, Iowa, popu- 
larly so called. It is situated at the foot 
of the lower rapids of the Mississippi 
river (which extends twelve miles, with 
a fall of twenty-four feet), and is the nat- 
ural head of navigation. A portion of 



. Freestone State. — The State of 
Connecticut, sometimes so called from 
the quarries of freestone which it con- 
tains. 

Funh, Peter. — A person employed 
at petty auctions to bid on articles put 
up for sale, in order to raise their prices; 
probably so called from such a name 
having frequently been given when ar- 
ticles were bought in. To fuiil:, ox fiuik 
out, is a vulgar expression, meaning to 
slink away; to take one' s self off. In 
some localities it conveys the added no- 
tion of great fear. 

Garden City. — A popular name for 
Chicago, a city which is remarkable for 
the number and beauty of its private 
gardens. 



the city is built on a bluff one hundred 
and fifty feet high. 

Gotham. — A popular name of the 
City of New York, first given to it in 
"Salmagundi" (a humorous work by 
Washington Irving, and William Irving 
and James K. Paulding), because the in- 
habitants were such wiseacres. 

Granite State. — A popular name for 
the State of New Hampshire, the moun- 
tainous portions of which are largely 
composed of granite. 

Green Mountain State. — A popu- 
lar name for the State of Vermont, the 
Green Mountains being the principal 
mountain range in the State. 

Grundy, Mrs. — A person frequently 
referred to in Morton's comedy "Speed 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



299 



the plow," but not introduced as one of 
the dramatis personam. The solicitude 
of Dame Ashfield in this play, as to zvhat 
zvill Mrs. Grundy say? has given the 
latter great celebrity, the interrogatory 
having acquired a proverbial currency. 

JIatniltoii , Gail. — A pseudonym 
adopted by Miss Mary Abigail Dodge, of 
Hamilton, Mass., a popular American 
writer of the present day. 

Ilinrheye State.— The State of Iowa, 
said to be so named after an Indian chief, 
who was once a terror to voyagers to its 
borders. 

Jfoo.s*>rS^r/fc.— The State of Indiana, 
the inhabitants of which are often called 
Hoosiers. This word is a corruption of 



famous Jeffreys during the " Bloody As- 
sizes." The name is thought by some 
to be derived from Richard Jacquett, 
who held the manor of Tyburn, near 
London, wliere criminals were formerly 
executed. 

Keystone State, — The State of 
Pennsylvania, so called from its having 
been the central State of the Union at 
the time of the formation of the Consti- 
tution. If the names of the thirteen or- 
iginal States are arranged in the form of 
an arch, Pennsylvania will occupy the 
place of the keystone. 

Khtff Cotton. — A popular personifi- 
cation of the great staple production of 
the Southern States of America. The 



/lusher, formerly a common term for a 
bully throughout the West. 

Hub of the Universe. — A burlesque 
and popular designation of Pioston, Mas- 
sachusetts, origmatmg with the Ameri- 
can humorist, O. W. Holmes. 

Iron City, — A name popularly given 
in the United States to Pittsburg, Pa., a 
city distinguished for its numerous and 
immense iron manufactures. 

Jvetrli. ,Tae1i. — A hangman or execu- 
tioner; so called m England from one 
John Ketch, a wretch who lived in the 
time of James II., and made himself 
universally odious by the butchery of 
many brave and Tiol)le victims, particu- 
larly those sentenced to death by the in- 



supremacy of cotton seems to have been 
first asserted by the Hon. James H. Ham- 
mond, of .South Carolina, in a speech 
delivered by him in the Senate of the 
United States on the 4th of March, 1S5S. 

KitcJien Cabinet. — A name spor- 
tively given, in the United States, to the 
Hon. Francis P. Blair and the Hon. 
Amos Kendall, by the opponents of 
President Jackson's administration. Mr. 
Blair was the editor of The Globe, the 
organ of the President, and Kendall was 
one of the principal contriubtors to the 
paper. As it was necessary for Jackson 
to consult freciuently with these gentle- 
men, and as, to avoid observation, they 
were accustomed, when they called upon 



?oo 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITjES, ETC 



him, to go in by a back door, the Whig 
party styled them, in derision, the 
"Kitchen Cabinet," alleging that it was 
by their advice that the President re- 
moved so many Whigs from office and 
put Democrats in their place. 

Lohr Stiite. — A name popiilary given 
to the State of Michigan, which borders 
upon tlie four lakes — Superior, Michigan, 
Huron and Erie. 

L(fii(f of St fa (I If JTahits. — A name 
by which the State of Connecticut is 
sometimes designated, in allusion to the 
moral character of its inhabitants. 

Learned liJarhstnifh. — Ah epithet 
sometimes applied to Elihu Burritt, born 
in iSii, who began life as a blacksmith, 



Lumber State. — The State of Maine, 
the inhabitants of which are largely en- 
gaged in the business of cutting and 
rafting lumber, or of converting it into 
boards, shingles, scantling and the like. 

Mad Aitthonfi. — A sobriquet of 
Major General Anthony Wayne, distin- 
guished for his military skill and impet- 
uous bravery in the war of the revolu- 
tion. 

Mason and L>ixon's Line. — A 

name given to the southern boundary of 
the free State of Pennsylvania, which 
formerly separated it from the slave 
States of Maryland and Virginia. It lies 
in latitude 49° 43^ 26.3'''*, and was run, 
with the exception of about 22 miles, 



and afterward distinguished himself as a 
linguist. 

Lion of the Sea.— A name formerly 
given to the Cape of Good Hope. 

Little Giant. — A popular sobriquet 
conferred upon the Hon. Stephen A. 
Douglass, a distinguished American 
statesman (born in 1S13, died 1S61), in 
allusion to the di.sparity between his 
physical and intellectual proportions. 

Little Ma<ji(ian,—\ sobritjuet con- 
ferred upon the Hon. Martin Van Buren, 
President of the United States from 1837 
to 1S41, in allusion to his supposed po- 
litical sagacity and talent. 

Lone Star State. — T\\q State of 
Texas, so called from the device on its 
coat of arms. 



by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dix- 
on, two English mathematicians and 
surveyors, between November 15, 1763, 
and December 26, 1767. During the 
exciting debates in Congress in 1820, on 
the question of excluding slavery from 
the State of Missouri, tiie eccentric John 
Randolph, of Roanoke, made great use 
of the phrase, which was caught up and 
re-echoed by every newspaper in the 
land, and thus gained a celebrity which 
it still retains. 

Mill lioff of the Slashes. — A sobri- 
quet conferred upon Henry Clay (1777- 
1S52), a distinguished American orator 
and statesman, who was born in the 
neighborliood of a place in Hanover 
county, \'irginia known as the s/as/ies, 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



301 



(a local term for a low, swampy country), 
where there was a mill, to which he was 
often sent when a boy. 

Mo}tuinental City. — The city of 
Baltimore, so called from the monuments 
it contains. 

Mortnoiis. — The last of a pretended 
line of Hebrew prophets, existing among 
a race of Israelites, principally the de- 
scendants of Joseph, who are fabled to 
have emigrated from Jerusalem to Am- 
erica about six hundred years before 
Christ. This imaginary prophet is said 
to have written the book called "The 
Book of Mormon," which contains doc- 
trines upon which the "Mormons," as 
"Latter Day Saints," found their faith, 
but the real author was one Solomon 



ficial mounds that occupied the site on 
which the city is built. 

XtffHtef/ State, — A popular name for 
the State of Connecticut, the inhabitants 
of which have such a reputation for 
shrewdness that they have been jocosely 
accused of palming oflTvYOoden nutmegs 
on unsuspecting purchasers, instead of 
the genuine article 

Ol<7 Hull ton. — A sobriquet conferred 
on Col. Thomas H. Benton (1782-1S52), 
a distinguished American statesman, on 
account of his advocacy of a gold and 
silver currency as the true remedy for 
the financial embarrassments in which 
the United States were involved after 
the expiration of the charter of the na 
lional bank, and as the only proper me- 



SpaldingCborn 1761 and died 1816), an m- 
veterate scribler, who had in early life 
been a clergyman The work fell into 
the hands of Joseph Smith, who claimed 
it as a direct revelation to himself from 
heaven, and, takingit as his text and au- 
thority, began to preach tiie new gospel 
of " Mormon ism. " 

Mothf'f of Presidents. — A name 
frequently given to the State of Virginia, 
which has furnished six Presidents to the 
Union, 

3Iother of States. — A name some^ 
times given to Virginia, the first settled 
of the thirteen States which united in 
the Declaration of Independence. 

3Ion}i(l Citif. — A name given to St, 
Louis on account of tiie numerous arti- 



dium for government disbursements and 
receipts. 

Old Colony. — A name given to that 
portion of Massachusetts included within 
the original limits of the Plymouth colo- 
ny, which was formed at an earlier date 
than the colony of Massachusetts Bay, In 
1692 the two colonies were united in one 
province, bearing the name of the latter, 
and at the formation of the Federal 
Union became the State of Massachu- 
setts. 

Old Donihifoii. — A name given to 
the State of Virginia. 

01 fl Jliehori/. — General Jackson was 
known among the soldiers who served 
under him as "Old Hickory," a sobri- 
quet given him during the Creek war. — 



302 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OP STATES, CITIES, ETC 



His brigade was making a forced march, 
without baggage or tents, to surprise the 
Indians in one of their villages, and were 
for several days and nights exposed to 
the peltings of a March storm, the rain 
freezing as it fell. General Jackson got 
a severe cold, but did not complain as 
he tried to sleep in a muddy bottom 
among his half frozen soldiers. Captain 
Allen and his brother John cut down a 
stout hickory, peeled off the bark and 
made a covering for the General, who 
was with difficulty persuaded to crawl 
into it. The next morning a drunken 
citizen entered the camp, and seeing the 
tent kicked it over. As Jackson crawled 
from the rums the toper cried: " Hello, 
Old Hickory; come out of your bark 



Constitution, which was launched at 
Boston, September 20th, 1797 She be- 
came greatly celebrated on account of 
the prominent part she took m the bom 
bardment of Tripoli, in 1804. and for the 
gallantry she displayed during the war of 
1S12. 

Old North Sfnfe. — A name by which 
the State of North Carolina is sometimes 
known. 

Old Public FfOHtionarf/. — A name 
given to James Buchanan, fifteenth Pres- 
ident of the United States. He first ap- 
plied the expression to himself in his 
annual message to Congress, in the year 
1S59. Sometimes humorously abbrevi- 
ated O P. F. 

Old IVof/on.— A sobriquet given to 



and ]ine us in a drink!" Thenceforth 
the General was known in camp as "Old 
Hickory," and when he was talked of as 
a Presidential candidate the nickname 
was adopted by his supporters. The 
"liberty tree" of the Revolution was 
revived in the " hickory tree " planted 
at every country cross-roads and village 
by the enthusiastic Democrats, while 
they sang: — 

" Freemen, cheer the hickory tree. 
Long its boughs have sheltered thee.*' 

Old IlHuhei's. — A nickname applied 
to the ultra-conservative portion of the 
Democratic party in the United States, 
and especially in the State of New York 

Old Ironsides. — A title popularly 
conferred upon the United States frigate 



the frigate United States, which was 
launched at Philadelpliia in 1798, and was 
afterward rebuilt on the original model. 
She got her nick-name previous to the 
war of 1S12, from her dull sailing quali 
ties, which weresubsequently very much 
improved. 

Old-style Jonathan.— A. nom de 
plume of Washington Irving, under 
which he contributed in 1S42 to the 
JMoniing Chro)iiclc, a Democratic jour- 
nal of New York City. 

Palmetto State. — The State of 
South Carolina, so called from the arms 
of the State, which contain a palmetto. 

Panh((ndle, The. — A fanciful and 
cant name given to the most northerly 
portion of the State of West Virginia, a 



FICTITIOUS ^fAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



303 



long, narrow projection between the 
Ohio river and the Western boundary of 
Pennsylvania. 

Partlnfffoii , JIi's. — An imaginary 
old lady whose laughable sayings have 
been recorded by the American humor- 
ist, B P. Shillaber. She is distinguish- 
ed, like Smollett's " Tabitha Bramble," 
and Sheridan's " Mrs. Malaprop," for 
her amusing affectation and misuse of 
learned words. 

I*atJi/i infer of the Rocky Mountains. 
A title applied to Major General John C. 
Fremont, who conducted four exploring 
expeditions across the Rocky Mountains. 

Peunsijlranid Faruiei'. — A sur- 
name given to John Dickinson (1732- 



and distinguished for their circulation of 
the prudential virtues, as temperance, 
frugality, order, justice, cleanliness, 
charity, and the like, by means of max- 
ims or precepts, which, it has been said, 
'"are as valuable as anything that has 
descended from Pythagoras." — See 
Saunders, Richard. 

Vt'dirie State. — A name given to 
Illinois in allusion to the wide-spread 
and beautiful prairies, which form a strik- 
ing feature of the scenery of the State. 

Pni'itaii Citij. — A name sometimes 
given to the city of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, in allusion to the character of its 
founders and early inhabitants. 

Qiia/ier City. — A popular name of 



1808) an American statesman and au- 
thor, and a citizen of Pennsylvania. In 
the year 1768 he publislied his "Letters 
from a Pennsylvania Farmer to the In- 
habitants of the British Colonies." — 
These were republished in London, with 
a preface by Dr. Franklin, and were sub- 
sequently translated into French and 
published in Paris 

Pine Tree State. — A popular name 
of the State of Maine, the central and 
northern portion of which are covered 
with extensive pine forests. 

Poor Richard. — The feigned author 
of a series of almanacs (commenced in 
1732 andcontmued for twenty-five years) 
really written by Benjamin Franklin, 



Philadelphia, which was planned and 
settled by William Penn. accompanied 
by a colony of English Friends 

Queen City. — A popular name of 
Cincinnati, so called when it was the 
undisputed commercial metropolis of 
the West. 

Queen, City of the Lahes. — A name 
sometimes given to the citv of Buffalo, 
N.Y , from its position and importance. 

Itailroad City. — Indianapolis, the 
capitol of the State of Indiana, is some- 
times calletl by this name, as being the 
lernriinus of various railroads. 

Pail-fiplitter. — A cant designation 
of Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth 
President of the United States, who is 



304 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



said to have supported himself for one 
winter, in early life, by splitting rails for 
a farmer. 

llt'd-t'outs, — The name given by the 
Americans in the Revolutionary War to 
the British soldiery, in allusion to their 
scarlet uniform. 

lif'f/Hlafoi-s. — The popular name of a 
party in North Carolina, which arose in 
1768, and had for its object the forcible 
redress of public grievances. 

liJiotJf/. I/itt1(\ — A popular designa- 
tion of Rhode Island, the smallest State 
in the Union. 

liouf/Ji oikI Head if. — A sobriquet 
given to General Zachary Taylor (born 
1790 — died 1850), twelfth President of 



Sambo. — A cant designation of the 
negro race. No race has ever shown 
such capabilities .of adaptation to vary- 
ing soil and circumstances as the negro. 
Alike to them the snows of Canada, the 
hard, rocky land of New England, or 
the gorgeous profusion of the Southern 
States. Sambo and Cuffy expand under 
them all. 

Satittders, Hichard. — A feigned 
name under which Dr. Franklin, in 1732, 
commenced the publication of an Alma- 
nac — commonly called " Poor Richard's 
Almanac," of which the distinguished 
feature was a series of maxims of pru- 
dence and industry in the form of prov- 
erbs. 



the United States, as expressive of promi- 
nent traits in his character. 

St. Nicholas. — The patron saint of 
boys. He is said to have been Bishop 
of Myra, and to have died in the year 
326 The young were universally taught 
to revere him, and the popular fictions 
which represent him as the bearer of 
presents to children on Christmas Eve 
is well known. He is the Santa Claus 
(or Klaus) of the Dutch. 

Sam. — A popular synonym in the 
United Stales for the Know-Nothings, 
or Native American party. The name 
involves an allusion to Uncle Sam, the 
common personification of the United 
States Government 



Scarlet Woman. The. — In the con- 
troversial writings of the Protestants, 
a common designation of the Church of 
Rome, intended to symbolize its vices 
and corruptions. The allusion is to the 
description contained in Revelation, 
chapter xvi : 1-6. 

Set'eii Sleepers. — According to a very 
widely diffused legend of early Cliristi- 
anity, seven noble youths of Epiiesus, in 
the time of the Decian persecution, who, 
having fled to a certain cavern for ref- 
uge, and having been pursued, discov 
ered and walled in for a cruel death, 
were made to fall asleep, and in that 
state were miraculously kept for almost 
two centuries. Their names are tradi- 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



305 



tionally said to have been Maximican, 
IMalchus, Martinian, Denis, John, Scrap- 
ton and Constantine. The church has 
consecrated the 27th of June to their 
memory. The Koran relates the tale of 
the seven sleepers, deriving it probably 
from the same source as the Christian 
legend, and declares that out of respect 
to them the sun altered his course twice 
a day that he might shine into the cav- 
ern. 

Seven Wouflers of the World. — A 
name given to seven very remarkable 
objects of the ancient world, which have 
been variously enumerated. The follow- 
ing classification is one of the most gen- 
erally received: i. The Pyramids of 



Yankee character and dialect, written by 
Judge Thomas C. Haliburton, of Nova 
Scotia. Sam Slick is represented as a 
Yankee clockmaker and peddler, full of 
quaint drollery, unsophisticated wit, 
knowledge of human nature, and apti- 
tude in the use of what he calls "soft 
sawder." 

Sniohy at]/. — A name sometimes 
given to Pittsburg, Pa., an important 
manufacturing city. The use of bitumi- 
nous coal occasions dense volumes of 
smoke to fill the air in and around the 
place, soiling the garments of passen- 
gers and giving the buildings a dark and 
sooty appearance. 

Stone iro II Jaelison. — A sobriquet 



Egypt; 2. The Pharos of Alexander; 3. 
The walls and hanging gardens of Baby- 
lon; 4. The Temple of Diana at Ephe- 
sus; 5. The Statue of the Olympian 
Jupiter; 6. The Mausoleum of Artemisia; 
7 The Colossus of Rhodes. 

Skinners. — A name assumed by a 
predatory band in the Revolutionary 
War, who, professing allegiance to the 
American cause, but influenced by a de- 
sire to plunder, roamed over the "neu- 
tral ground " lying between the hostile 
armies, robbing those who refused to 
take the oath of fidelity. 

Slick, Sam. — The title and hero of 
various humorous narratives, illustrating 
and exaggerating the peculiarities of the 



given during the American civil war to 
Thomas Jonathan Jackson (born 1824, 
died 1863), a General in the service of 
the Confederate States. This famous 
appellation had its origin in an expres- 
sion used by the Confederate General 
Bee, on trying to rally his men at the 
battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1862, "There 
is Jackson standing like a stonewall." 
From that day he was known as "Stone- 
wall" Jackson, and his command as the 
Stonewall Brigade. 

Sucker State. — A cant name given 
in America to the State of Illinois, the 
inhabitants of which are very generally 
called Suckers throughout the West. — 
The origin of this term is said to be as 



3o6 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



follows: The western prairies are in 
many places full of the holes made by 
the crawfish (a fresh- water shell-fish, 
similar in form to the lobster), which de- 
scend to the water beneath. In early 
times, when travelers wended their way 
over these immense plains, they very 
prudently provided themselves with a 
long hollow reed, and when thirsty thrust 
it into these natural artesians, and thus 
easily supplied their longings. The 
crawfish well generally contains pure 
water, and the manner in which the 
traveler drew forth the refreshing ele- 
ment gave him the name of Sucker. 

SivedisJi Nightingale. — A name 
popularly given to Jenny Lind (Madame 



from deeds of violence. His rule was 
always discreet, and he endeavored to 
induce his followers to cultivate agricul- 
ture and the arts of peace rather than 
those of war. When he became old he 
called a council to have a successor ap- 
pointed, after which the residue of his 
life was spent in retirement, and tradi- 
tion relates that "young and old repaired 
to his wigwam to hear him discourse 
wisdom." His great motto was, "Unite 
in peace for happiness, in war for de- 
fense." When and by whom he was 
first styled saijif, pr by what whim he 
was chosen the patron of Democracy, 
does not appear. 

Tippecanoe. — A sobriquet confer- 



Goldschmidt, born 1821), a native of 
Stockholm, and the most celebrated of 
female vocalists. 

Taimnani/<, St. — The name of an 
Indian Chief who, in the United States, 
has been popularly canonized as a saint, 
and adopted as the tutelary genius of 
one branch of the Democratic party. — 
Tammany was of the Delaware nation, 
and lived probably in the middle of the 
seventeenth century. He resided in the 
country which is now Delaware until he 
was of age, when he moved beyond the 
Alleghanies, and settled on the banks of 
the Ohio. He became chief sachem of 
his tribe, and being always a friend of 
the whites, often restrained his warriors 



red upon General William H. Harrison, 
afterward President of the United States, 
during the political canvass which pre- 
ceded his election, on account of the vic- 
tory gained by him over the Indians in 
the battle which took place on the 6th of 
November, iSii, at the junction of the 
Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers. 

Topsg. — A young slave girl in Mrs. 
Stowe's novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
who is made to illustrate the ignorance, 
low moral development and wild humor 
of the African character, as well as its 
capacity for education. 

Turpentine State. — A popular name 
for the State of North Carolina, which 
produces and exports large quantities of 
turpentine. 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



307 



Uncle Sam. — A cant or vulgar name 
of the United States Government. Im- 
mediately after the last declaration of 
war with England, Elbert Anderson, of 
New York, then a contractor, visited 
Troy, on the Hudson, where was con- 
centrated and where he purchased a 
large contract of provisions, beef, pork, 
etc. The inspectors of these articles, at 
the place, were Messrs. Ebenezer and 
Samuel Wilson. The latter gentleman, 
invariably known as "Uncle Sam." gen- 
erally superintended in person a large 
number of workmen, who, on this occa- 
sion, were employed in overhauling the 



by them on the increasing extent of his 
possessions. Many of these workmen, 
being of a character denominated "fond 
of powder," were found, shortly after, 
following the recruiting drum and push- 
ing toward the frontier lines, for the 
double purpose ot meeting the enemy 
and of eating the provisions they had 
lately labored to put in good order. — 
Their old jokes accompanied them, and 
before the first campaign ended, this 
identical one first appeared in print; it 
gained favor rapidly till it penetrated, 
and was recognized in every part of 
tiie country, and will, no doubt, con- 



provisions purchased by the contractors 
of the army. The casks were marked 
E. A.— U. S. This work fell to the lot 
of a facetious fellow in the employ of 
the Messrs. Wilson, who, on being 
asked by some of his fellow-workmen 
the meaning of the mark (for the letters 
U. S. for United States were then almost 
entirely new to them), said he did not 
know, unless it meant Elbert Anderson 
and "Uncle Sam, ' ' alluding exclusively to 
the said "Uncle Sam" Wilson. The joke 
took among the workmen, and passed 
currently; and "Uncle Sam" himself 
being present, was occasionally rallied 



tinue so while the United States remain 
a nation. 

Uiidevground Hail road. The. — 

A popular embodiment of the various 
ways in which fugitive slaves from the 
Southern States were assisted in escap- 
ing to the North, or to Canada; often 
humorously abbreviated U. G. R. R. 

Wagon Hoy, Ohio's. — A sobriquet 
of the Hon. Thomas Corwin (born 1794), 
a distinguished iVmerican statesman. — 
While yet a lad Harrison and his army 
were on the Northern frontier, almost 
destitute of provisions, and a demand 
was made on the patriotism of the peo- 



3o8 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES, CITIES, ETC. 



pie to furnish the necessary subsistence. 
The elder Corwin loaded a wagon with 
supplies, which was delivered by his 
son, who remained with the army during 
the rest of the campaign, and who is 
said to have proved himself " a good 
whip and an excellent reinsman." 

Westeru Reserve, The. — A name 
popularly given to a region of country 
reserved by the State of Connecticut at 
the time of the cession of the Northwest 
Territory to the United States. Disputes 
arose, after the war of the Revolution, 
between several of the States respecting 
the right of soil in their territory, which 



pendent territory, and in 1S03 it was 
received as a State into the Union. 

WJiite House, The. — In the United 
States a name properly given to the ex- 
ecutive or presidential mansion at Wash- 
ington, which is a large building of free- 
stone painted white. 

Jf'icJved Bible. — A name given to an 
edition of the Bible published in 1632 by 
Baker & Lucas, because the word noi 
was omitted in the seventh command- 
ment. The printers were called before 
the High Commission, fined heavily, and 
the whole impression destroyed. 

IVolverine State. — The State of 



were only. allayed by the cession of the 
whole to the United States, Connecticut 
reserving a tract of 3,666,921 acres near 
Lake Erie. In 1800 jurisdiction over 
this tract was relinquished to the Fed- 
eral Government, the State reserving 
the right of the soil to settlers, while 
the Indian titles to the rest of the soil 
were bought up l)y the general govern- 
ment. In 1799, the Northwestern Ter- 
ritory, over which Congress had exer- 
cised jurisdiction since 1787, was admit- 
ted to a second grade of territorial gov- 
ernment. Shortly after, Ohio was de- 
tached from it and erected into an inde- 



Michigan, popularly so called for its 
abounding with wolverines. 

Yellow fT<ieh\ — Among sailors a 
common personification of the yellow 
fever. Although used as a proper name, 
it is probable that the original meaning 
of the appellation was nothing more 
than yellow flag, a flag being termed 
jack by seamen, and yellow being the 
color of that customarily displayed from 
lazarettos, or naval hospitals, or from 
vessels in quarantine. 

Yonruj America. — A popular col- 
lective name for American youth, or a 
personification of their supposed char- 
acteristics. 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



309 



BIOG-RAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 

(Alphabetically Arranged). 



Adnnis,(To7in. — Was born in Brain- 
tree, Mass., October 19, 1735, and ditd 
July 4, 1826. He graduated at Harvard 
College in 1755, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1758. He served as President of 
the United States from)i7o7 to 1801. He 
was a member of the first and second 
Congresses, and nominated Washington 
as Commander-in-Chief Thomas Jef- 
ferson wrote the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, but Adams secured its adop- 
tion in a three daj-s' debate. In his po- 
sition as President he lost the reputa- 
tion he had gained as Congressman. — 
His enemies accused him of being a bad 
judge of men, of clinging to old unpop- 



already dead in his Virginia home. — 
Thus, by the passing away of these two 
remarkable men was made memorable 
the 4th of July, 1826. 

uidcnus, John Quincy. — Died in 
Washington, D. C, February 23, 1848. 
He was born at Quincy, Mass., July 11, 
1767. When II years old his father, John 
Adams, Minister to France, took him to 
Paris. When 14 years old he went to 
Russia as private secretary to Francis 
Dana. In 1794 President Washington 
appointed him Minister to the Nether- 
lands. He was next made Minister to 
Berlin. President Madison appointed 
him Minister to Russia. In 1815 he 



ular notions, and of having little control 
over his temper. They also ridiculed 
his egotism, which they declared to be 
inordinate. He lived, however, to see 
the prejudice against his administration 
give place to a more just estimate of his 
great worth and exalted integrity. As a 
Delegate to the Constitutional Conven- 
tion he was honored as one of the fath- 
ers of the Republic Adams and Jeffer- 
son were firm friends during the Revolu- 
tion, but political strife alienated them. 
On their return to private life they be- 
came reconciled. They died on the 
same day, the fiftieth anniversary of 
American independence. Adams' last 
words were: "Thomas Jefferson still 
survives." Jefferson was, however, 



was transferred to the English court. 
In 1817 he was Secretary of State under 
]\Ionroe. He was elected President in 
1825. He was stricken by paralysis in 
his seat in the House of Representatives, 
to which he was elected in 1S31, and died 
in an adjoining room. His last whisper 
was: "This is the last of earth; I am 
content." 

AfJanis, Samuel. — Died October 2, 
1803. He was born in Boston Septem- 
ber 27, 1722. He graduated at Harvard 
in 1740, and at once took an active in- 
terest in politics, becoming prominent 
and influential. He served ten years in 
the Assembly, and was a strong advocate 
of the Continental Congress, of which he 
was for years a member. He signed the 



3IO 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



Declaration of Independence and filled 
the offices of Lieutenant Governor and 
Governor of Massachusetts. 

Allan, Ethan. — The Green "Moun- 
tain Champion of Liberty," died Febru- 
ary 13th, 1789, sixty years old. He was 
was born in Connecticut, but removed 
to the present State of Vermont when a 
child. He was one of the first to respond 
to tlie call of war. His fame rests chiefly 
on his successes at Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point. He was captured at Mon- 
treal and taken to England. He was 
there offered a tract of land in America 
if he would become a British officer. — 
Said he. "That reminds me of Satan's 
offer to Jesus Christ, of all tlie kingdoms 



raids at the head of British and Tory 
forces upon unprotected colonists, ren- 
dered his name infamous. In England 
the "treason was accepted but the traitor 
despised." 

Aflklnson, Henry. — Was a native of 
South Carolina, and entered the army as 
a Captain in 1S08. He was retained in 
the army after the war of 1812, was made 
Adjutant General, and was finally ap- 
pointed to the command of the Western 
army. He died in Jefferson Barracks in 
June, 1842. 

Ashe, John. — Was born in England 
in 1721, and came to America when a 
child. He was engaged in the Regula- 
tor war in North Carolina in 1771, and 



in the world if he would fall down and 
worship him, when at the same time the 
poor devil had not a foot of land on the 
earth." He suffered a prolonged impris- 
onment, but was exchanged in 1778 and 
made a Brigadier General. 

Arnold, Benedict. — Died June 14, 
1801, in obscurity, in London, England. 
He was born in Norwich, Conn., Jan. 3, 
1740. He was a cruel, tyrannical and 
reckless boy, and a rash and fearless 
man. He was with Ethan Allan at Ti- 
conderoga, with AVashington at Cam- 
bridge, and made a celebrated march 
into Canada, which resulted in disaster. 
His attempted treason at West Point, 
and his subsequent fierce and brutal 



was a general in the Continental army. 
He died of small-pox in 1781. 

Andreiv, John Albion. — Widely 
known as the war governor of Massa- 
cliusetts, died at Boston, October 30th, 
1867, aged 49 years. 

Salhoa Beheaded by Davila, Gov- 
ernor of Darien, in 1517, who had grown 
jealous of his fame. He was born in 
Spain, and being oppressed with debt 
went to Hayti. His discovery of the 
Pacific ocean worked a change in the 
feelings and bearing of the man, and he 
rose to rank among the great explorers of 
his time. His record was free from stain. 
He perished in his 42d year, a victim to 
despicable jealousy and enmity. 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



3" 



SahibrifTge, Williani (Commo- 
dore), was born in New Jersey in 1774. — 
He was the Captain of a merchant ves- 
sel at the age of 19. He entered the 
naval service in 1798. He was disting- 
uished during the war of 1812, and died 
in 1833. 

Hartley , Commodore was born in 
Baltimore in 1759. He entered the naval 
service of the Revolution in 1775, and 
was active during the whole war. He 
bore the American flag to the French 
National Convention in 1796, and enter- 
ed the French service. He returned to 
America in iSoo, and took part in the 
war of 1812, and died at Pittsburg in the 
year 1818. 



Black Hawk, a celebrated Indian 
chief of the Sacs and Foxes, died Octo- 
ber 3, 1838, in Iowa, aged 71 years. — 
Their home was on Rock river, Illinois. 
Black Hawk fought on the British side 
in 1812. By a treaty made with Keokuk, 
one of their chiefs, July 15th, 1832, the 
Sacs and Foxes relinquished their lands 
east of the Mississippi to the United 
States, but Black Hawk and part of the 
tribe refused their assent, and would not 
leave. The "Black Hawk War" ensued, 
the Indians were defeated and Black 
Hawk captured. He was taken to St. 
Louis and afterward to Washington, 
where he excited great curiosity. Lands 
in Iowa were subsequently assigned to 



Bell, Hon. John of Tennessee, died 
September 10, 1869. 

Bennett, James Gordon, Sr. — 

Founded the New York Hera/d in May, 
1S35, with a capital of I500, in a cellar 
on Wall street. New York. He encoun- 
tered severe trials in his enterprise, hav- 
ing suffered once from robbery and twice 
from fire during the first fifteen months 
of his business experience, but being 
possessed of an indomitable will, he 
overcame all obstacles. He was born 
in Scotland in 1795, and came to Ameri- 
ca with I25, and found his first steady 
employment as a proofreader in Boston, 
and in 1822 emigrated to New York City. 
He died June i, 1872. 



him, upon which he spent the remainder 
of his days. 

Boehm, Her. Henri/ an eminent 
Methodist Minister, died on Staten Is- 
land, New York, January i, 1876, aged 
loi years. 

Boliver, Simon the South American 
patriot, died at San Pedro, December 
18, 1830. He was born at Caraccas July 
24, 1783. He spent his life and fortune 
in the effort to make his country free. 

Boturparte, Jerome Xapoleon 
died at Baltimore, Md., June 17, 1870. — 
He was the son of Jerome Napoleon, 
brother of the Emperor. 

Boone, Daniel died at Charlotte, 
Mo., September 26, 1820. He was bom 



312 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



in Bucks county, Pa., February ii, 1735. 
He was famous as a pioneer, hunter and 
explorer. In 1769 he penetrated into 
Kentucky from North Carolina, where 
he had been living. He was several 
times captured by Indians. In 1775 he 
founded Roonesborough. Twenty years 
afterward Kentucky was admitted as a 
State into the Union. He then went to 
Missouri and afterward explored Arkan- 
sas, and in 1814 trapped beavers on the 
Great Osage, being then 80 years old. — 
His remains now lie at Frankfort, Ky., 
where they were buried at public ex- 
pense. 

liofts, Hon. tToIin Dfinor of Virgi- 
nia, died September 16, 1869. 



the Pilgrims who came over in the May- 
flower, died April 16, 1644. He was 
born at Scrooby, England, in 1560. He 
was imprisoned for his religious views 
and went to Holland, and from there 
came to America with the Colony, the 
religious care of which devolved upon 
him in the absence of the pastor, John 
Robinson. He continued in pastoral 
charge until 1629, but declined to admin- 
ister the sacraments. He was greatly 
venerated He left a library of 275 vol- 
umes, 64 of which were in the learned 
languages. 

Brown, Ossawatfomic. — In the 

terrible civil war which raged in Kansas 
in 1S56, between slave and free State set- 



Bi'(u1foi'd, Willktm one of the Pil- 
grims who came over in the Mayflower, 
died at Plymouth, Ma.ss., May 9tli, 1657. 
He was born in Yorkshire, England, in 
1588. He was elected successor to Gov. 
Carver in 1621, and held the office for 31 
years. He was a man of ability, and 
Plymouth Colony owed its success large- 
ly to his wise administration. He wrote 
a history of the Colony from 1602 to 1647. 

Brof/ff, Bra.rton F. an ex Confeder- 
ate General, died at Galveston, Texas, 
September 27, 1876, aged 61 years. 

Breckenridf/e^ffohtt C Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States under Buch- 
anan, died May 18, 1875. He was born 
near Lexington, Ky., January 21, 1821. 

Bi'ctrstcr. KUIer M'iUiam one of 



tiers, John Crown, with small bands of 
men, often held large numbers at bay. — 
With thirty men he made a successful 
attack upon 500 at Ossawattomie, from 
which he gained this sobriquet. 

Brown ftlacob was born in Pennsyl- 
vania in 1775. He engaged in his coun- 
try's service in 1813, and soon became 
distinguished. He was made a Major- 
General in 1814. He was Commander-in- 
Chief of the United States army in 1821, 
and held that rank and office when he 
died, in 1838. 

Brown, Major was born in Massa- 
chusetts in 178S; was in the war of 181 2, 
and was promoted to Major in 1843. He 
was wounded in the Mexican war by the 
bursting of a bomb-shell, and died on 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



3 J 3 



the ninth of May, 1846. 
eight years of age. 



He was fifty- 



Biichanan, Jatnes was born in 
Franklin county, Pennsylvania, April 13, 
1791, and died at Wheatland, June ist, 
1868. He was a graduate of Dickinson 
College, and was admitted to the bar in 
181 2. He was President from 1857 to 
1861, and was so constantly in office from 
1820 up to that time that he was known 
by the sobriquet of " Public Function- 
ary." The " bachelor-President," as Mr. 
Buchanan was sometimes called, was 66 
years old when he was called to the ex- 
ecutive chair. He had just returned to 
his native country, after an absence of 
four years as Minister to England. Pre- 



sey in 1756. In his twentieth year he 
joined the Continental army, and accom- 
panied Arnold in his expedition against 
Quebec. Ill health compelled him to 
leave the army in 1779, and he became a 
distinguished lawyer and an active pub- 
lic man. He died on Staten Island, N. 
Y., in 1836. 

Bnrlingmne, Hon. Anson United 
States Minister to China, died at St. Pe- 
tersburg, Russia, February 23d, 1870, 
aged 48 years. 

Butler, Zehiilon was born in Con- 
necticut in 1731. He served in the Revo- 
lution as a Colonel, and died in Wyo- 
ming in 1795. 

Calhoun, JoJiu C died March 31, 



viously to that he had been well known 
in public life as Congressman, Senator, 
and as Secretary of State under Presi- 
dent Polk. Much was hoped from his 
election, as he avowed the object of his 
administration to be " to destroy any 
sectional party, whether North or South, 
and to restore, if possible, that national 
fraternal feeling between the different 
States that had existed during the early 
days of the Republic." But popular 
passion and sectional jealousy were too 
strong to yield to pleasant persuasion. — 
When Mr. Buchanan's administration 
closed the fearful conflict was near at 
hand. He retired to his estate in Penn- 
sylvania, where he died. 

Burr, Aaron was born in New Jer- 



1850, at Washington, D. C. He was 
born March i8th, 1782, in Abbeyville 
county, South Carolino, of Irish-Presby- 
terian parentage, He graduated from 
Yale College in 1804, studied law at 
Litchfield, Conn., and was admitted to 
the bar in South Carolina; was elected 
to the State Legislature, and in 181 1 to 
Congress. Was Secretary of War under 
Monroe, Vice-President of the United 
States from 1824 to 1S32. He was the 
champion of Nullification, and but for 
President Jackson's decision and energy 
would have led South Carolina out of 
the Union in 1832. He was a man of 
distinguished ability, of honor, and a 
Christian gentleman. 

Carroll, Charles of Carrollton, Md., 



3H 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHEr) PERSONS. 



the last surviving; signer of the Declara. 
tion of Independence, died November 
14th, 1832. He was born at Annapolis, 
Md., September 30, 1737. He was worth 
J^2, 000,000 at tlie outbreak of the Revo- 
lution. He was a member of the Colonial 
Congress when he signed the Declara- 
tion of Independence. Some one jocose- 
ly said: "There were so many Carrolls 
that the British would not know wiiich 
one it was," whereupon he promptly 
added "of Carrollton." 

Cnrsoti, ''Kit'' the famous frontier 
leader and scout, died May 23d, 1S68, at 
Fort Lyon, Colorado. He was born in 
Kentucky, December 24, 1809. He was 
Fremont's guide, Indian agent in New 



water. William Bradford was chosen 
his successor. 

Chainihtg, William E.. T). I)., an 

eminent iJnitarian minister, died at Ben- 
nington, Vermont, October 2, 1842, aged 
62 years. 

Chandler, John was a native of 
Ma.ssachusetts and served as a general in 
the war of 181 2. Some years after the 
war he was a United States Senator from 
Maine. He died at Augusta, in that 
State, in 1844. 

Clarh-. George Hogers was a native 
of Virginia, and was born in 1752. He 
was one of the most accomplished and 
useful officers of the Western pioneers 



Mexico, and Brevet Brigadier General in 
the civil war. His first name was Chris- 
topher. ^ 

Carftrrif/Jif. Teter a famous back- 
woods Methodist preacher, died at Plea- 
sant Plains, Ills., September 25, 1872. — 
He was born in Virginia September ist, 

1785. 

Carrer, Governor died April 6th, 
1621, less than four months after the 
landing of the Pilgrims. He was a se- 
rious loss to the Colony He was pos- 
sessed of skill and prudence, and was 
helpful and unselfish, spc nding his prop- 
erly freely, and laboring with his own 
hands for the good of his fellow mem- 
bers. It was largely owing to him that 
the Pilgrims were enabled to cross the 



during the Revolution. He died near 
Louisville, Ky., in 184S. 

Clay, Henry died June 29th, 1S52, 
aged 75 years. He was born in Hanover 
county, Virgmia. His father was a Bap.- 
tist preacher. He studied law and was 
admitted to the bar at 21. He emigrated 
to Lexington, Ky., in 1799, was elected 
to the Legislature in 1S04 and to the 
United States Senate in 1806. He was 
chosen Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives in 181 1, which position he oc- 
cupied until 1S25, except for one term. 
He was one of the United States Com- 
missioners at the treaty of Ghent. He 
received 37 electoral votes for President 
in 1S24. He was Secretary of Slate un- 
der John Q. Adams. In 1S32 he received 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



315 



the electoral votes of six States. In 
1S44 lie was the Whig candidate for Pres- 
ident, but was defeated by Mr. Polk. He 
was in the United States Senate when he 
died. He was opposed to slavery, but 
favored gradual emancipation. He was 
a strong advocate for a protective tariff. 
He was an able and eloquent statesman. 

Clay, Green was born in Virginia in 
1756 and was made a brigadier of Ken- 
tucky volunteers early in 1S13. He com- 
manded at Fort Meigs in 1S13. He died 
in 1826. 

CI in foil, Georf/e of New York, Vice- 
President of the United States, died on 
the 2oth of April, 1812, at Washington, 
D. C. He was born July 26, 1739. 



voyages in the Mediterranean, to the 
Azores, the Canaries, and the coast of 
Guinea. He first conceived the idea that 
land existed to the westward while con- 
structing maps and charts at Lisbon, 
which was then the headquarters of geo- 
graphical discovery. He first laid his 
theory and project before John I., of 
Portugal, then before the Republic of 
Genoa and before other courts, all of 
whom treated his schemes as visionary. 
Finally, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 
furnished him with three small vessels 
and 120 men, agreeing to reward him by 
making him High-Adniiral Governor 
and Viceroy over all lands he might dis- 
cover, and a tenth of all the produce of 



Colii/inbns returned to Palos, March 
15, 1493, and received a joyous welcome. 
The Pinta arrived the evening of the 
same day. Her ccmmander, Martin 
Alonzo Pinzon, had forwarded a letter 
to Ferdinand and Isabella from Bayonne, 
hoping to receive for himself the honor 
due to Columbus. Receiving instead a 
reprimand, his proud spirit was broken, 
and he shortly after died of chagrin. — 
Columbus died May 20, 1506, at Valla- 
dolid, aged seventy years. His body was 
laid in the Convent at St. Thomas. He 
ranks among the great navigators of the 
world. He was the son of a wool comber 
and was born at Genoa; was educated at 
Pavia, evincing earlj' a taste for astrono- 
my and cosmography. He made repeated 



of the countries. The little fleet sailed 
from Palos, August 3, 1492, and America 
was discovered October 12th. Notwith- 
standing the vast territory and wealth he 
had added to Spain, he was treated with 
jealousy and ingratitude, and died in 
poverty and neglect. 

Covtez, Hernando was born in 
Spain in 1485. He came to Hayti when 
Ovando was Governor, and participated 
in the conquest of Cuba under Velas- 
quez, and began to exhibit the popular 
characteristics which afterward gave him 
such a strong hold upon his soldiers. 
When the Governor had fitted out his 
expedition for the conquest of Mexico, 
he appointed Cortez Captain-General, 
who immediately devoted himself and 



3IO 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



his fortune to the project. After con- 
quering Mexico he died, December 2, 
1547, near Seville, Spain, aged 63 years. 
He was pre-eminently a representative 
soldier among the explorers of his time. 
He was really a great general, and his 
victories were gained, not by dash and 
superior force, but by good judgment 
and military perception. 

Croclxett, David with five compan- 
ions, were murdered at Fort Alamo, 
after they had surrendered, March 6th, 
1836. He was born at Limestone, Tenn., 
August 17, 1786. He was a noted hunter 
and backwoodsman. Was in the Creek 
war with General Jackson in 1813. Was 
elected to the State Legislature several 



the Revolution, and, in the war of 1812, 
was appointed Major-General and Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the armies. He was 
born in New Hampshire. He returned 
to private life in 1815, and died at Rox- 
bury, near Boston, in 1829, at the age of 
78 years. 

DcKalh, Jiaron was a native of Al- 
sace, a German province ceded to 
France. He had been in America as a 
secret French agent about fifteen years 
before. He came to America with La- 
fayette in 1777, and Congress commis- 
sioned him a Major-General. He died 
of wounds received at the battle of 
Camden in 17S0. 

Decatur, St ephet I was born in 1779, 



times, and in 1827 to Congress, to which 
he was re-elected twice. He participated 
in the war for Texan independence. He 
was a man of great native force of char- 
acter and originated the popular saying: 
"First, be sure you're right, then go 
ahead." 

Ciishiium, Charlotte the famous 
actress, died in Boston, Mass , February 
18, 1876, aged 59 years. 

Dahlf/reeu, Admiral died in Wash- 
ington, D. C, July i2th, 1870. He was 
born in Philadelphia in 1810, and was 
appointed midsliipman from the State of 
Pennsylvania, February 1st, 1826, and 
served with distinction in the United 
States navy until the time of his death. 

Dearborn, Henri/ was an officer of 



in Maryland. He entered the navy at 
the age of 19. After his last cruise in 
the Mediterranean he superintended the 
building of gunboats. He rose to the 
rank of Commodore, and during the war 
of i8i2hewas distinguished for his skill 
and bravery. -He afterward humbled the 
Barbary powers, and after returning 
home he was killed in a duel with Com- 
modore Barron, in March, 1820. 

DeSoto. — Hernando de Soto was born 
about the year 1496, in Estremaduro, 
Spain. He came to America in the year 
15 19, and after having traveled through 
the region of the Arkansas river and se-- 
lected a site on the Mississippi for a col- 
ony, died May 21, 1542, and was buried 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



317 



by his followers in the Mississippi, the 
river he had discovered. 

DoHf/lass, F'ved escaped from his 
master in Baltimore September 3, 1838. 
He has since become a famous negro 
orator and journalist. 

DoiifjlaSf Stcjihcii A. died at Chi- 
cago, 111., June 3, 1S61. He was born at 
Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. He was a 
prominent American statesman. 

Dt'ftkr, Siv Francis who was one 
of the first adventurer^ with Sir John 
Hawkins, to introduce slaves into this 
country, was born in the south of Eng- 
land in the year 1545. After experienc- 
ing many misfortunes in battles on the 
Mexican coast he returned home a poor 
man, and died in 1595. 



bile, he rendered himself famous, where 
his deeds excited the astonishment of 
all who knew the fortifications, as they 
were believed to be impregnable until 
captured by him. His services were so 
important that Congress, in 1866, created 
the office of Admiral and appointed him 
to fill the position. 

Forrest, Edwin. — He was born in 
Philadelphia in 1806, and died of apo- 
plexy, December 12, 1872, at the age of 
sixty-six years. He was an eminent ac- 
tor and developed a dramatic taste 
when a mere boy, and appeared on the 
regular stage when but thirteen years 
old. In 1858 he retired to private life, 
and at his death provided a fund foraged 
and destitute actors. 



Endicott, John died in Boston, 
March 15, 1665, at the age of 76 years. — 
He was born in Dorchester, England, 
and he, with others, settled in Salem, 
Mass., in 1628, and was chosen first Gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts. He was subse- 
quently re-elected to that office several 
times, which he filled with great satis- 
faction to the people. 

Fnrraffuf, Admiral was born near 
Knoxville, Tenn., July 5, 1801, and died 
at Portsmouth, N. H., August 14, 1870, 
at the age of 69 years. He entered the 
United States navy at eleven years of 
age, and made a brilliant career up to 
the time of his death. In 1862, during 
the civil war, at New Orleans and Mo- 



Fesseuden, Hon. Williani Pitt 

of Maine, died September 8, 1869. 

Fillmore, Millard being elected 
Vice-President to President Taylor, be- 
came his constitutional successor, and 
served the unexpired term from 1850 to 
1853. He was born in Cayuga county, 
N. Y., January 7, 1800, and died March 
8, 1874. He had not a very liberal edu- 
cation, and, when young, served as an 
apprentice to the fuller's trade. In the 
year 1821 he was admitted to the bar, 
and practiced law with success. From 
1832 to 1840 he was a member of Con- 
gress; in 1842 he was nominated by the 
Whigs of New York for Governor, and 
was defeated, and in 1856 the Native 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS- 



31^ 



American party run him for President, 
and he received only the electoral vote 
of Maryland. Upon the death of Presi- 
dent Taylor the entire cabinet resigned. 
Franklin, Senjamhi died April 
17, 1790. He was born in Boston, Jan. 
17, 1706. His father designed him for 
the ministry, but after a little schooling, 
at 12 years of age, he was bound appren- 
tice to his brother James, a printer, who 
published the New England Courant — 
When 14 years old he wrote a number of 
articles and slipped them under the office 
door at night. They were published and 
met with great favor. When his brother 
learned the author he gave him no en- 
couragement. Franklin left him secretly 
and went to Philadelphia, where he ob- 



Fulto}!, liobevt the inventor and 
discoverer of steam navigation, was born 
in Pennsylvania, and was a student of 
West, the great painter, for several 
years. He had more genius for mechanics 
than for the fine arts, and he turned his 
efforts in that direction. He died in 
1815, soon after launching a steamship- 
of-war, at the age of 50 years. 

Gaines, Edmund P. was born in 
Virginia in 1777. He entered the army 
in 1799, and rose gradually until he was 
made Major-General for his gallantry 
at Fort Erie in 1814. He remained in 
the army until his death in 1849. 

Gates, Gen. Horatio died at New 
York, April loth, 1806. He was born 
in England in 1728. He was wounded 



tained employment from Mr. Skinner. — 
He soon attracted the attention of Gov. 
Keith and other prominent men. He 
went into business for himself, publish- 
ing "Poor Richard's Almanac," and sub- 
sequently "The Pennsylvania Gazette." 
He started the Philadelphia Library 
Company, invented the Franklin Stove, 
organized a fire company in 1737, a mili- 
tia company in 1743, and in 1749 was the 
chief founder of the Academy of Science, 
now the University of Philadelphia. He 
assisted in establishing newspapers in 
other colonies, and made famous elec- 
trical experiments. He held various 
offices of public trust and was of great 
service to his country in her hour of 
peril. 



at Braddock's defeat. Congress made 
him Brigadier-General at the beginning 
of the Revolution, and gave him com- 
mand of the Northern army in 1776. He 
gained great reputation by the surrender 
of Burgoyne, but it is questionable 
whether he is entitled to the credit. His 
already excessive pride was inflated, and 
he aspired to be Commander-in-Chief. — 
A conspiracy was formed, known as 
"Conway's Cabal," to place him in 
Washington's stead. It failed, and he 
was ordered South, and by his misman- 
agement of the army nearly ruined his 
previous reputation. He was utterly 
defeated at Camden, which about ended 
I his military life. He retired to New 



320 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



York and served one term in the Legis- 
lature in 1792. 

Grant, l^li/sess S. was born at Point 
Pleasant, Clermont county, Ohio, April 
27, 1S22. He was very unwilling to fol- 
low Ills father's trade, which was that of 
a tanner, and at seventeen an appoint- 
ment was secured for him at West Point. 
His name having been wrongly regis- 
tered, Grant vainly endeavored to set 
the matter right, but finally accepted his 
"manifest destiny," assumed the change 
thus forced upon him, and thenceforth 
signed himself "Ulysses Simpson," the 
latter being his mother's family name. — 
Two years after completing his four 
years' course as cadet, the Mexican war 
broke out, in which Grant conducted 



was made Lieutenant-General and put 
in command of all the armies, and took 
personal direction of the military opera- 
tions in Virginia, and on the 9th of April, 
1865, General Lee surrendered the Con- 
federate armies to him, at Appomattox 
Court-House, and hostilities were ended. 
He was nominated and elected by the 
Republicans President of the United 
States in 1S6S, and re-elected by the 
the same party in 1S72. His term ex- 
pired in 1877. 

Green, General Nathaniel died of 
sunstroke at Mulberry Grove, Ga., June 
19, 17S6. He was born at Warwick, R. 
L, May 27th, 1742, of Quaker parents. — 
Was elected to the General Assembly in 
1770. After the battle of Lexington he 



himself with great gallantry, receiving 
especial mention and promotion. In 
1847 he was made first lieutenant, cap- 
tain in 1853, and in 1854 he resigned his 
commission and entered the leather and 
saddlery business at Galena, Illinois, in 
1859, where he remained until the open- 
ing of the war in 1861, when he immedi- 
ately offered his services in behalf of the 
Union. His modesty and diffidence de- 
layed their acceptance, and Governor 
Yates, of Illinois, was the first to avail 
himself of them. Grant finally took 
the field as Colonel of the Twenty-first 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers. In Feb., 
1862, he was made a Major-General and 
commanded the armies of the South- 
west. On the 1 2th of March, 1864, he 



entered the army and was made Briga- 
dier-General. At Brandywine and Ger- 
mantovvn his skill prevented final disas- 
ter. He succeeded Gates in command 
of the Southern army, which was in cha- 
otic condition, but by skillful general- 
ship he thwarted Cornwallis and forced 
him out of the South. He was a patriot, 
a hero and an honest man. 

Greeley, Horace.— He started the 
first penny paper ever published in 
New York in 1833, known as the "Morn- 
ing Post." It was not a success, and 
after being the author of several other 
publications he founded the "New York 
Tribune," April 10, 1S41. The first issue 
was 5,000 copies, and Mr. Greeley said 
he "experienced considerable difficulty 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



321 



in giving them away." He was born in 
Amherst, N. H., February 3, 1811, and 
died at Pleasantville, N. Y. , November 
29th, 1S72, sixty-one years of age. He 
learned tlie printer's trade, and after 
working in Jamestown and Lodi, N. Y., 
and Erie, Pa., he went to New York City 
in 1S31, with a cash capital of $10, and 
his clothes done up in a bundle. He se- 
cured employment there, and by work- 
ing on a difficult job, which no other 
printer could or would do, he managed 
to earn I5 00 or $6.00 per week. In May, 
1872, he was the Liberal Republican 
candidate for Preside-nt of the United 
States. He was the author of numerous 
standard works. 
Hall, Cltut'les Fvaucis. — He was 



tinguished himself by a wonderful 
speech. He was Washington's confi- 
dential Secretary and aid-de camp dur- 
ing the Revolution. He served in the 
Continental Congress, and after the war 
studied and practiced law in New York. 
He was a member of the convention 
that framed the Federal Constitution, 
and was one of the authors of the ''Fed- 
eralist." Was the first Secretary of the 
Treasury. In 1798 he was appointed 
under Washington to command the Uni- 
nited States army. Of him Daniel Web- 
ster said: "He smote the rock of public 
resources and abundant streams of reve- 
nue burst forth. He touched the dead 
corpse of public credit, and it sprang 
upon its feet." 



an Arctic explorer, and died suddenly in 
Greenland, November 8,.iS7i, at the age 
of fifty years. The first of his life was 
spent in blarksmithing, and a later period 
in journalism. In some way he became 
interested in the efforts to find Sir John 
Franklin, and by his first experiences in 
the Arctic regions became fully ac- 
quainted with northern life. It was sup- 
posed by some that he was poisoned, 
but it is judged by the best authorities 
that he died of appopletic troubles. 

Hamilton, Alexander died July 
12, 1804. He was born January 11, 1757, 
in the West Indies. At -sixteen he came 
to New York and entered King's, now 
Columbia College. At the "great meet- 
ing in the fields," July 6, 1774, he dis- 



Hancoch-, John died October 8th, 
1793. He was born at Quincy, Mass., 
Jan. 12, 1737, and graduated at Harvard 
in 1754. He was a successful merchant, 
and represented Boston in the State As- 
sembly in 1766. Was President of the 
Provincial Congress in 1774, also a dele- 
gate to and President of the Continental 
Congress. He was Governor of Massa- 
chusetts when he died. He was the first 
signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, and, with Samuel Adams, de- 
nounced by the British Government as 
"Arch Rebels," and a price was set 
upon their heads. 

Harrison, IVilliani Henry was 
born in Charles City county, Virginia, 
February 9, 1773. He entered the army 



322 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



in 1791, after graduating from Hampden- 
Sydney College. After reaching the 
grade of Captain he resigned in 1797, 
and was appointed Governor of Indiana 
in iSoi, and continued to act in that ca- 
pacity until 1813. He was elected Presi- 
dent of the United States in 1840, and 
had scarcely entered upon the duties of 
his office when he died at Washington, 
April 4, 1841. In 1812 he distinguished 
himself during the war, especially in the 
battle of the Thames. His military 
reputation made him available as a 
Presidential candidate. His character 
was unimpeachable, and the chief slur 
cast upon him by his opponents was 
that he had lived in a "log cabin," with 
nothing to drink but " hard cider." His 



"The principles of the government, I 
wish them carried out; I ask nothing 
more. ' ' 

Hayes, linfherford II. was born at 
Delaware, Ohio, October 4, 1822. He 
graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio. At 
the commencement of the civil war he 
enlisted in the Twenty-third Ohio volun- 
teers, and served with the regiment till 
he received the command of a brigade 
in 1864. During the battles of the Army 
of the Potomac Colonel Hayes received 
a severe wound in the arm, but remained 
with his regiment to the last, and was 
the first officer whose command estab- 
lished a position at South INIountain. — 
Two years later he had become Briga- 
dier-General Hayes, and was elected to 



friends turned this to good account. — 
The campaign was noted for immense 
mass-meetings, long processions, song- 
singing and general enthusiasm. "Hard 
cider" became a party watch-word, and 
"log cabins" a regular feature in the 
popular parades. He was elected by a 
very large majority, and great hopes 
were entertained of his administration. 
Though advanced in years, he gave 
promise of endurance. But "he was 
beset by office-seekers; he was anxious 
to gratify the numerous friends and sup- 
porters who flocked about him; he gave 
himself incessantly to public business, 
and at the close of the month he was on 
a sick bed." His illness was of eight 
days' duration. His last words were, 



Congress from the Second Ohio District 
by the Republicans. During his politi- 
cal career he was three times elected 
Governor of Ohio and twice a member 
of Congress. In 1876 he was elected 
President of the United States, and took 
the oath of office ]\Iarch 3d, and was in 
augurated March 5th. Pending the time 
of the election, and before the meeting 
of the electoral commission, the country 
was greatly agitated and seemed threat- 
ened with civil war, but immediately 
after his inauguration quiet and confi- 
dence was restored, and peace reigned 
throughout the United States. 

llut'pcr,Johu the great New York 
publisher, died April 22d, 1875, aged 78. 

llein'ij, Patrick died June 6th, 1799, 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



323 



at Red Hill, Charlotte county, Virginia. 
He was born May 29, 1736. His youth 
and early manhood gave no indication of 
his wonderful ability. He was regarded 
as a "lazy pettifogger" until 1763, when, 
in a case involving the right of the State 
to tax the parson's tobacco, his match- 
less eloquence burst forth and he became 
famous. In 1765 he was elected to the 
House of Burgesses, where his speeches 
gave a tremendous impetus to the pa- 
triot cause. He was twice elected Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, and was appointed 
Secretary of State by Washington, but 
declined. Adams also appointed him 
Envoy to France, but his health pre- 
venting his acceptance. 
Hiacoou ies, an Indian preacher, died 



blind, died in Boston, January 8th, 1876, 
aged 74 years. 

Hudson, Sir Henrij his son and 
seven men, were turned adrift in an open 
boat in Hudson's bay, by his mutinous 
crew, June 21, 1611. A gun, some am- 
munition and a bag of meal were tossed 
to them. Six of them were invalids.— 
Green, the leader, and some of the other 
mutineers, were soon killed by the Es- 
quimaux. The survivers reached Eng- 
land, but Hudson was never again seen. 
Hull, Williaitt was born in Con- 
necticut in 1753. He rose to the rank of 
Major in the Continental army. Though 
severely censured for his surrender of 
Detroit in 1812, he was a good man and 
distinguished for his bravery. He was 




in New England, aged 80 years, in 1690. 
He was the first Indian converted in 
New England. 

Hour. El fas the inventor of the first 
successful sewing machine, died October 
3, 1867, in Brooklyn, N. Y., aged 48. 

Howard, Johu Eatfer of the Mary- 
land line, was born in Baltimore county 
in 1752. He went into military service 
at the commencement of the war. He 
was a colonel, and was in all the princi- 
pal battles of the Revolution; was cho- 
sen Governor of Maryland in 1778, and 
was afterward a United States Senator. 
He died in 1827. 

Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridleif the 

inventor of printing raised letters for the 



appointed Governor of the Michigan 
Territory in 1805. After the close of 
his unfortunate campaign he never ap- 
peared in public life. He died near 
Boston in 1825. 

Hull, Isaac was made a lieutenant 
in the navy in 1798, and in 1812 was 
made commodore, in command of the 
United States frigate Constitution. He 
died in Philadelphia, Pa., in February 
1843. 

Hunt, Harriet K., 31. D., was the 
first female physician in the United 
States to open a medical office. It was 
in 1835 in Boston. She had studied with 
Dr. Mott, and received her diploma from 
the Woman's Medical College of Phila- 
delphia! 



324 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



Izffi'fJ. (reoi'f/r was born in Sonth 
Carolina in 1777. He was a general, and 
made military life his profession. After 
the war he left the army. He was Gov- 
ernor of Arkansas Territory in 1S25, and 
died at Little Rock, Ark., in 1828. 

ITooiJ, Geneva I ,ToJin li. died of 
yellow fever at New Orleans, August 31, 
1879. He was born in Bath county, Ky., 
in the year 1S30. He graduated from 
West Point in 1S53, and on April 15th, 
1861, he resigned his commission in the 
Federal army to join the Confederates, 
where he soon rose to the rank of Major 
General. At the battle of Chickamauga 
he lost a leg and was made Lieutenant- 
General. He was a brave officer, but 



functions of the old Congressional Cau- 
cus, met at Baltimore on the 22d of May, 
1832, and nominated Jackson and Van 
Buren as the Democratic candidates for 
President and Vice-President. The Whig 
candidates, less "regularly" nominated, 
were Henry Clay of Kentucky, and John 
Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, who were the 
anti-Masonic candidates. The leading 
issue of the campaign grew out of the 
question of the re-charter of the United 
States Bank, the Whigs favoring and the 
Democrats opposing it. Jackson was of 
Scotch-Irish descent. His father died 
before he was born, and his mother was 
very poor. As a boy, Andrew was brave 
and impetuous, passionately fond of 
athletic sports, but not at all addicted to 



toward the end of the civil war met with 
frequent defeats. 

J<(<hsftn. ^i II drew was born in Wax- 
haw settlement. North or South Caro- 
lina, March 15th, 1767, and died at the 
"Hermitage," near Nashville, June 8th, 
1845. He served as President of the 
United States from 1829 to 1S37. The 
nomination of Presidential candidates 
by "Convention," as the term is now 
understood and applied, dates from the 
year 1S32. At the first election Jackson 
was nominated by the Legislature of 
Tennessee and other States, as well as 
by several bodies of citizens and Con- 
ventions, but the first regularly consti- 
tuted Convention of a party as an organ- 
ized body, and fulfilling all tne i^'Sumed 



books. His life was crowded with ex- 
citement and adventure. At fourteen, 
b»ing captured by the British, he was 
ordered to clean the commander's boots. 
Showing the true American spirit in his 
refusal, he was sent to prison with a 
wound on head and arm. Here he had 
the small-pox, which kept him ill for 
several months. Soon after his mother 
had afiected his exchange, she died of 
ship fever while caring for the impris- 
oned Americans at Charleston. Left en- 
tirely destitute, young Jackson tried var- 
ious employments, but finally settled 
down to the law, and in 1796 was elected 
to Congress. His imperious temper and 
inflexible will supplied lum with constant 
quarrels. Often they were passionate 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



325 



woi'f' contests, sometimes they became 
hand-to-hand encovniters, and on one 
occasion a formal duel was fought, in 
which he killed his adversary, himself 
being severely wounded. The scars he 
bore upon his person were of wounds 
received in private battles, some of 
which left a mark for life. Jackson first 
distinguished himself as a military offi- 
cer in the war against the Creek Indians, 
which he made a signal victory. His 
dashing successes in the war of 1S12 
completed his military reputation, and 
ultimately won him the Presidency. His 
nomination was at first received in many 
States with ridicule, as, whatever might 
be his military prowess, neither his tem- 
per nor ability seemed to recommend 



place in the nation. Adams, the first 
time barely successful, was unfortunate 
in his administration; Jackson, triumph- 
ing the second, was brilliant in his Pres- 
idential career. 

fTftrhsoii, '^^ Stonewall," (General 
Thos. J.) died at Guiney's Station, near 
Richmond, Va., May loth, 1863, from 
wounds received at Chancellorsville and 
Pneumonia. He was born at Clarks- 
burg, Va., January 21, 1824; educated at 
West Point, and served in the Mexican 
war. He was Lee's most efficient Gen- 
eral, and commanded the respect of his 
antagonists. 

fTasper, Serr/ennt William during 
the attack upon Fort Moultrie by the 
British fleet, June 28, 1776, leaped over 



him as a statesman. However, his re- 
election proved his popular success as a 
President. His chief intellectual gifts 
were energy and intuitive judgment. He 
was thoroughly honest, intensely warm- 
hearted, and had an instinctive horror of 
debt. His moral courage was as great 
as his physical, and his patriotism was 
undoubted. He died at the Hermitage, 
his home near Nashville, Tennessee. — 
Jackson and Adams were born the same 
year, yet how different was their child- 
hood ! One born to luxury and travel, a 
student from his earliest years, and bril- 
liantly educated, the other poor, hating 
books, and seeking any kind of work to 
escape from want Yet they were des- 
tined twice to compete for the highest 



the wall in tlie midst of the falling shot, 
and seized the American flag, which had 
been shot down, and replaced it. He 
modestly declined a lieutenant's com- 
mission the next day. 

Jay, John L.L. D., died May 17th, 
1829, at Bedford, Westchester county, 
N. Y. He was born in New York, Dec. 
12, 1745, graduated at Columbia College, 
1764, and afterward practiced law as 
partner of Robert R. Livingstone. He 
was the author of the address to the peo- 
ple of Great Britain, adopted by the 
Contniental Congress, of which he was 
President, in 177S, and Minister to Spain 
in 17S0. With Franklin and Adams he 
negotiated peace with Great Britain in 
1782, and was made Chief Justice of the 



326 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



United States from 1789 to 1795. In 1794 
he negotiated a treaty with Great Britain 
determining the eastern boundary of 
Maine, and by which f 10,000,000 were 
paid to American citizens because of il- 
legal captures by Britisli cruisers. He 
was Governor of New York for six 
years, and was deeply interested in all 
philanthropic projects, including the ab- 
olition of slavery. He was a constant 
Bible student. 

Jfit'ersoii, Thoinas was born at 
Shadwell, Virginia, April 2d, 1743, and 
died July 4, 1S26. After graduating from 
William and Mary College he adopted the 
profession of the law. Jefferson served 
two terms as President of the United 
States, from 1800 to 180S. He was a 



courtly ceremonies as in the days of 
Washington and Adams, On his inau- 
guration day he rode down to Congress 
unattended, and, leaping from his horse, 
hitched it, and went into the chamber 
dressed in plain clothes, to read his 
fifteen-minutes' inaugural. Some of the 
sentences of that short but memorable 
address have passed into proverbs. The 
unostentatious example thus set by the 
nation's President was wise in its effects. 
Soon the public debt was diminished, 
the army and navy reduced, and the 
Treasury replenished. A man of such 
marked character necessarily made bit- 
ter enemies, but Jefferson commanded 
the respect of even his opponents, while 
the admiration of his friends was un- 



bold horseman, a skillful hunter, an ele- 
gant penman, a fine violinist, a brilliant 
talker, a superior classical scholar and a 
proficient in modern languages. The 
immortal document, the Declaration of 
Independence, was, with the exception 
of a few words, entirely his work. Like 
Washington, he was of aristocratic 
birth, but his principles were intensely 
democratic. He hated ceremonies and 
titles; even "Mr." was distasteful to 
him. These traits were the more re- 
markable to one of his superior birth 
and education, and peculiarly endeared 
him to the common people. Coming 
into power on a wave of popularity, he 
studiously sought to retain this favor. 
There were no more brilliant levees or 



bounded. The last seventeen years of 
his life was spent at Monticello, near the 
place of his birth. By his profuse hos- 
pitality, he had, before his death, spent 
his vast estates. He died poor in money, 
but rich in honor. His last words were: 
"This is the fourth day of July." 

fTesiip, TJio}i)(is S. was born in Vir- 
ginia in 1778. He was a brave and use- 
ful officer during the war of 1812, and 
was retained in the army. ■ He was bre- 
veted Major-General in 1828, and was 
succeeded in command in Florida by 
Colonel Zachary Taylor in 1S38. He 
died in Wa.shington City. 

Jolmsoi), Jlon. licvcvtly a distin- 
guisiied jurist, died February 10, 1S76, 
at Annapolis, Md., 80 years old. 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



-•^27 



fTohnsot}, AntJreir was born near 
Raleigh, N. C, December 29, 1808. He 
was Vice-President when Abraham Lin- 
coln was assassinated, and by his death 
Mr. Johnson became the constitutional 
President of the United States. He died 
July 31st, 1S75, while serving as United 
States Senator from Tennessee. When 
only ten years of age Mr. Johnson was 
bound apprentice to a tailor of Raleigh. 
Never having been a day at school in 
his life, he yet determined to secure an 
education. From a fellow-workman he 
learned the alphabet, and from a friend 
something of spelling. Thenceforth, 
after spending ten or twelve hours a day 
at his trade, he spent two or three every 
night in study. In 1826 he v.-ent West to 



Republican Congress, it is not strange 
that his way was hedged with difficul- 
ties, and his Presidential career a most 
unhappy one. 

pToiies, tToInt Paul died in Paris on 
July iS, 1792. He was born in Scotland 
in 1747, and at 12 years old shipped on 
the Friendship for Virginia. In 1775 
Congress appointed him first lieutenant 
of the "Alfred." He received from 
France the first salute from a foreign 
nation to our "Stars and Stripes." He 
was transferred to the Providence, and 
on his first cruise took 100 cannon from 
16 prizes. In the Ranger he entered the 
British port of Whitehaven, where were 
300 ships guarded by a strong battery. — 
In a row boat, with only one man, he 



seek his fortune, with true filial affection 
carrying with him his mother, who was 
dependent on his labor for support. Af- 
ter his marriage at Greenville, Tenn., he 
continued his studies under the instruc- 
tion of his wife, pursuing his trade as 
before by day. His political life com- 
menced with his election as Alderman. 
He was successively chosen Mayor, 
member of the Legislature, Presidential 
Elector, State Senator, twice Governor, 
and for fifteen years United States Sena- 
tor. Remaining true to the Union when 
his State seceded, his loyalty attracted 
general attention. A life-time Democrat, 
he was elected on tlie Republican ticket 
as Vice-President, in reward for his 
faithfulness. Coming into office with a 



pulled under the guns of the battery, en- 
tered it alone, killed the sentinel and 
spiked the guns. He then kindled a fire 
in the steerage of a large ship and leis- 
urely returned to his vessel. Had his 
orders been executed all the shipping 
had been fired. His popular fame rests 
on his great fight in the Bon Homme 
Richard and the Serapis, in which he 
was beaten two or three times, but con- 
tinued the fight until the 
up. The King of France 
gold mounted sword and Congress a 
gold medal. 

Ivdiie, JJr. TJ, K, arrived at New 
York October 11, 1855. He had achieved 
fame as an Arctic explorer, and was 
enthusiastically received wherever he 



British gave 



gave him 



328 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



went. The hardships he had undergone 
wrecked his constitution, and lie died 
February i6, 1857, aged 36 years. 

Kearuct/, Stejthcn W, was a native 
of New Jersey. He was a gallant sol- 
dier in the war of 1812. He was bre- 
veted a Brio^adier in 1S46, and Major- 
General in December the same year, for 
gallant conduct in the Mexican war. He 
died at Vera Cruz, in October, 1S48, at 
the age of 54 years. 

Kf'iitoii, Si iHon died in Logan Co., 
Ohio, April 29th, 1S36. He was born in 
Fauquier county, Va., April 3, 1755. He 
went West in his teens and joined 
Boone. He became noted as a pioneer 
and Indian hunter, yet he never treated 
an Indian unkindly out of battle. He 



Kossuth, Louis the Hungarian Gov- 
ernor and patriot, arrived December 5, 
1S51, upon the United States war steam- 
er Mississippi, as a guest of the govern- 
ment. His eloquent speeches in behalf 
of European liberty created great enthu- 
siasm, and his sojourn here for 8 months 
was one continuous ovation. He left 
the United States July i6th, 1S52, under 
tlie name of Alexander Smith, and re- 
sumed his efforts for Hungarian freedom , 
but unsuccessfully. 

Lafaijette arrived in New York Au- 
gust 15, 1824, as the guest of Congress. 
He was born in France in 1757. He was 
an active patriot during the Revolution, 
and contributed men and money to the 
patriot cause. He was commissioned 



was at one time captured by them and 
lashed to a horse bare-backed, and left 
to plunge through the forests for several 
days behind his captors. At the end of 
the journey his flesh was torn and limbs 
broken, yet he recovered. Congress 
confirmed his title to Kentucky lands 
and granted him an annuity of I240 a 
year. 

Knojc, General Henry died at 
Thomaston, Me., October 25, 1S06. He 
was born in Boston, July 25, 1750. Dur- 
ing the Revolution he was intimate with 
General Washington and was relied upon 
by him in all matters connected with ar- 
tillery. He was the first Secretary of 
War, and prominent in establishing the 
United States navy. 



Major-General by the Continental Con- 
Congress July 31, 1777. He died in 
France in 1S34, at the age of 77. 

Laselle was murdered by two of his 
mutinous companions March 19th, 1687, 
who themselves were murdered. He was 
43 years old. His great ambition was to 
colonize the banks of the Mississippi, 
but his premature death defeated the 
project. Some of his followers finally 
reached France and told the story of 
their wanderings. 

Latrrence, tTuines was a native of 
New Jersey, and received a midship- 
man's warrant at the age of 16. He is 
remembered by every American as the 
author of those brave words: " Don't 
give up the ship." On this occasion he 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



329 



was wounded while commanding the 
United States frigate Chesapeake, and 
the engagement toolc place in 1814. He 
died four days after receiving the wound 
at the age of 31 years. 

Lee, 3IaJov-General Charles died 
October 2d, 1782, at Philadelphia. He 
was born in England in 1731. He was 
well educated, and developing a strong 
military taste, was commissioned an offi- 
cer in the British army when 11 years 
old. He was in the French and Indian 
war, and was adopted by the Mohawks, 
who named him "Boiling Water. " He 
was wounded at Ticonderoga and was un- 
der Burgoyne in Portugal. Accepted a 
JNIajor-General's commission in the Am- 
erican army, thereby forfeiting his Eng- 



Legion." He was father of General R. 
E. Lee, of late Confederate fame. He 
was born in Virginia in 1756, and died 
there in 1S18. 

Lee, Itfrhard Ileiu-f/ died June 19, 
1794, at Chantilly, Westmoreland Co., 
Va. He was born at Stratford, Va., 
January 30, 1732. He was one of the 
signers of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, and one of the illustrious states- 
men, orators and patriots of the Revo- 
lution. He originated the idea of a gen- 
eral convention, which resulted in the 
Continental Congress, of which he was a 
member, chairman of its most import- 
ant committees, and president in 1783. 
He offered the resolution in June, 1776, 
upon which was based the Declaration 



lish estates, from which his income "was 
f7,ooo per year, for which Congress 
agreed to remunerate him. He worked 
zealously for the American cause, but 
became lukewarm just prior to the bat- 
tle of Monmouth, and was suspected of 
traitorous designs. He died in poverty. 
"Light Horse Harry" was the 
sobriquet of Captain Henry Lee, whose 
capture was attempted January 20, 1778, 
at his post near Valley Forge, by 200 
British cavalrymen. Lee, with seven 
men, defended the house, also the adja- 
cent barn containing their horses, and 
drove off the enemy with a loss of four 
killed and three wounded. He was 
made Major, and authorized to raise a 
corps of his own. It was called "Lee's 



of Independence. He was the first Uni- 
ted States Senator from Virginia. 

Lee, General Robert E. — Was born 
at Stafford, Westmoreland county, Va., 
January 19, 1807, and died from the ef- 
fects of a stroke of paralysis October 
12. 1870. Hegraduatedat West Point in 
1829, and was appointed lieutenant in 
the corps of engineers, and, at a later 
date served as chief engineer in General 
Scott's army in Mexico. When Virgi- 
nia seceded from the Union he resigned 
his commission from the regular army, 
and cast his influence and strength with 
the Southern Confederacy. June 3, 1S62, 
he was placed in command of the Con- 
federate army of Northern Virginia, and 
soon organized an effective force that 



330 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



finally raised the siege of Richmond, and 
drove the Federal troops under INIcClel- 
lan beyond INIalvern Hill. At his surren- 
der at Appomattox he commanded about 
60,000 troops while General Grant had 
about 140,000. In 1S65 General Lee was 
chosen president of Washington Col- 
lege, Lexington, Va., and it was here, in 
discharge of his duty, that he died. 

Lincoln, Abraham was born in 
Hardin county, Kentucky, on the 12th 
of February, 1S09. He was elected 
President in 1S60, and was re-elected in 
1S64, and had entered upon the duties 
of his office for the second time when he 
was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, 
April 14th, 1865, and died the following 
day. His father was unable to read or 



at an office, before it closed at night, 
and returning them at its opening in the 
morning. On being admitted to the bar 
he rapidly rose to distinction. At twen- 
ty-five he was sent to the Legislature, 
and was thrice re-elected. Turning his 
attention to politics he soon became a 
leader. He was sent to Congress; he 
canvassed the State, haranguing the 
people daily on great national questions, 
and, in 1858, he was a candidate ior Sen- 
ator, a second time, against Stephen A. 
Douglass. The two rivals stumped the 
State together. The debate, unrivalled 
for its statesmanship, logic and wit, won 
for Lincoln a national reputation. He 
lost the election in the Legislature, as 
his party was in the minority. After his 



write. Abraham's education consisted 
in very little schooling. When he was 
eight years old his father moved to In- 
diana, the family floating down the Ohio 
on a raft. When nineteen years of age 
the future President hired out as a hand 
on a flat-boat at |io a month, and made 
a trip to New Orleans. On his return he 
accompanied the family to Illinois, driv- 
ing the cattle on the journey, and on 
reaching their destination helped them 
to build a pahin and split rails to enclose 
the farm. He was now in succession a 
flat-boat hand, clerk, captain of a com- 
pany of volunteers in the Black Hawk 
War, country store-keeper, postmaster, 
and surveyor, yet he managed to get a 
knowledge of lav.^ by borrowing books 



election to the Presidency, his history, 
like Washington's, is identified with that 
of his country. He was a tall, ungainly 
man, little versed in the refinements of 
society, but gifted by nature with great 
common sense, and everywhere known 
as "Honest Abe." Kind, earnest, sym- 
pathetic, faithful, democratic, he was 
only anxious to serve his country. His 
wan, fatigued face, and his bent form, 
told of the cares he bore and the grief 
he felt. 

Jjhicoln, Jievjffinhi was born in 
Massachusetts in 1733. He was a farmer. 
He joined the Continental army in 17:7, 
and rose rapidly to the position of Major 
General. He died in iSio. 

Limf, Jeimi/ arrived in the United 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



331 



States in September, 1850, having been 
engaged by P. T. Barnum to give 150 
concerts. The seats for her first concert 
were sold at auction, and Gennire, a New 
York hatter, paid I500 premium for the 
first choice. She received lio.ooo for 
this concert, which she donated to ben- 
evolent objects. 

TJriiiffsfoiuu DavitJ If. the African 
traveller and missionary, died May ist, 
1873, in Africa. The intelligence reached 
the United States January 26, 1874. 

Logan, the Mingo Chief, of the 
Iroquois nation, was a son of Shikalli- 
mus, a Cayuga chief He went to Ohio 
and became influential and eminent for 
his peaceable disposition and friendship 
for the whites. Enraged at last by the 



white man.' I had even thought to have 
lived with you, but for the injuries of 
one man. Colonel Cressap, the last 
spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, 
murdered all the relatives of Logan, not 
even sparing my vi'omen and children. 
There runs not a drop of my blood in 
the veins of any living creature. This 
called on me for revenge. I have sought 
it; I have killed many; I have fully glut- 
ted my vengeance. For my country I 
rejoice at the beams of peace. But do 
not harbor a thought that mine is the 
joy of fear; Logan never felt fear. He 
will not turn on his heel to save his life. 
Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not 
one." He became intemperate, and was 



unprovoked murder of his family in 
1774, he took the war path against them, 
but manifested his humanity by saving 
captives from torture. The Indians 
were defeated in a great battle at the 
mouth of the Great Kanawha river. At 
the subsequent treaty of peace Logan 
eloquently expressed himself as follows: 
" I appeal to any white man to say if 
ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry 
and he gave him not meat; if ever he 
came cold and naked and he clothed- 
him not. During the course of the last 
long and bloody war Logan remained 
idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. 
Such was my love for the whites that 
my countrymen pointed as they passed 
and said, 'Logan is the friend of the 



killed by Indians in self-defence at De- 
troit in 1780. 

Madison, James died at Montpe- 
lier, Ya., June 28, 1S36. He was born at 
King George, Orange county, Va., March 
16, 1757. ' He graduated from Princeton 
College, New Jersey, in 1771. He was 
elected to the Virginia Convention in 
1776. He lost his election next year for 
refusing to treat the voters. In 1780 he 
was chosen a member of the Continen- 
tal Congress. In 1784 he was elected to 
the Virginia Assembly. His views were 
the basis of the Constitution of the Uni- 
ted States adopted in 1787. He was a 
member of Congress from 1789 to 1797, 
and became the head of the Democratic- 
Republican party. He was Jefferson's 



332 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHfED PERSONS. 



Secretary of State, and was elected 
President in 1809. His last appearance 
in public life was in 1829, as a member 
of the Virginia Convention to revise the 
State Constitution. 

Marion, Gfneral Franc is; died 
near Eutaw, S. C, February 2Sth, 1795. 
He was born near Georgetown, S. C, 
in 1732. He was a noted partisan leader 
in the South. His famous brigade was 
armed with swords made from saw 
blades. By a succession of rapid and 
unexpected assaults he caused the Brit- 
ish and their tory allies to dread his 
name. Cornwallis ordered Tarleton to 
"destroy Mr. Marion's band at all haz- 
ards," but after chasing them imsuc- 
cessfully, and receivmg several severe 



McDougal, General was born in 
Scotland, and came to America in early 
childhood. He rose to the rank of 
major-general, was a New York Senator 
and died in 17S6. 

j}le<((le, General G. G. died in Phil- 
adelphia, November 6, 1S72, at the age 
of fifty-six years. He was born at Cadiz, 
Spain, December 30th, 1S15, when his 
father was United States Consul there. — 
He was a graduate of West Point, and 
served with distinction during the Flor- 
ida and Mexican wars. He commanded 
the Army of the Potomac at the battle 
of Gettysburg, during' the civil war. 

3Iereer, Hiujh a general in the Con- 
tinental army, was killed at the battle of 
Princeton He was a native of Scotland, 



blows in retaliation, Tarleton abandoned 
the chase, saying that "the devil him- 
self could not catch that 'swamp fox.' " 

Jlacoinb, A.le.rander was born in 
Detroit in 17S2, and entered the army at 
the age of seventeen years. He was 
made a brigadier in 1814. In 1835 he 
was commander-in-chief of the armies of 
the United States, and died in 1841. . 

McUonouf/h, Thomas was a native 
of Delaware, and a commodore in the 
navy. He was twenty-eight years of 
age at the time of the engagement at 
Plattsburg. The Stale of New York 
gave him one thousand acres of land on 
Plattsburg Bay for his services. He 
died in 1S22 at the age of thirty-nine 
years. 



and was practicing medicine in Freder- 
icksburg, Va., when the Revolution 
broke out. He was 56 years of age when 
he died. 

Mijflhi, Thomas was born in Phila- 
delphia in 1744. He was a Quaker, but 
joined the patriot army in 1775, and rap- 
idly rose to the rank of major-general. 
He was a member of Congress after the 
war, and also Governor of Pennsylvania' 
He died in January, 1800. 

3Ionroe, James was born in West- 
moreland county, Va, April 28th, 1758, 
and died in the city of New York, July 
4, 1831. He filled the office of President 
of the United States from the year 1S17 
to 1825. As a soldier under General 
Washington he bore a brave record, and 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS 



333 



especially distinguished himself in the 
battles of Brandywine, Germantownand 
Monmouth. Afterward he studied law 
and entered political life. Having been 
sent by Washington as Minister to 
France, he showed such marked sympa- 
thy with that country as to displease the 
President and his cabinet, who were just 
concluding a treaty with England, and 
wished to preserve a strictly neutral pol- 
icy. He was, tlierefore, recalled. Under 
Jefferson, who was his warm friend, he 
was again sent to France in 1803, when 
he secured the purchase of Louisiana. — 
He is said to have always taken particu- 
lar pride in this transaction, regarding 
his part in it as among the most import- 
ant of his public services. Soon after 



of him: " If his soul were turned inside 
out not a spot could be found on it." — 
Like that beloved friend, he died "poor 
in money, but rich in honor," and like 
him also, he passed away on the anni- 
versary of the independence of the 
country he served so faithfully. 

3fo}»fr/omei'}/. General Richard 

was born December 2, 1736, at Raphoe, 
Ireland. He was made brigadier-gen- 
eral by Congress and commanded the 
force that invaded Canada via Lake 
Champlain, and captured all opposing 
forces until he reached Quebec. His 
death there, December 31, 1775, caused 
the assault to fail. His remains rest 
beneath a monument erected by Con- 



his inauguration as President he visited 
the military posts in the north and east, 
with a view to thorough acquaintance 
with the capabilities of the country in 
the event of future hostilities. This tour 
was a great success. He wore a blue 
military coat of home-spun, light-col- 
ored breeches and a cocked hat, being 
the undress uniform of a Revolutionary 
officer. Thus was the nation reminded of 
his former military services. This, with 
his plain, unassuming mannqrs, com- 
pletely won the hearts of the people, and 
brought an overwhelming majority to 
the support of the administration. Mon- 
roe was a man more prudent than bril- 
liant, who acted with a single eye to the 
welfare of the country. Jefferson said 



gress in front of St. Paul's Church, New 
York. 
3Iorgnn, General Daniel was 

born in New Jersey in 1736, and died at 
Winchester, Va. , July 6, 1S02, at the age 
of 66 years. He was a teamster with 
Braddock's expedition, and received 500 
lashes for an alleged insult to a British 
officer. At the outbreak of the Revolu- 
tion he raised a company of riflemen 
and marched 600 miles in three weeks to 
join the camp in Boston. He was cap- 
tured by the British at the assault at 
Quebec, was released, and did good ser- 
vice at New York, also in the South 
against Cornwallis. He served in the 
National Congress four years. 
Moultrie. General Williani died 



334 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



at Charleston, S. C, September 27, 1805. 
He was born in South Carolina in 1731. 
He was distinguished for his defense of 
Fort Moultrie, with but 31 guns, manned 
partly by raw recruits, against a British 
force with 200 guns. While a prisoner 
he was offered the command of a Jamaica 
regiment and money if he would serve 
them. " Not the fee simple of all Jam- 
aica should induce me to part with my 
integrity," said the patriot. 

Oglethorpe, 'Tames returned to 
England in 1743. He had given ten years 
of his life to the Colony of Georgia with- 
out compensation. Benevolence, integ- 
rity and honor were his crowning vir- 
tues. He lived to be 90 years old. 

Ojtechaiicanaiigh , King of the Pa- 



leader, and the tribe gradually migrated 
and dwindled away. 

Osceola, the half-breed chief and 
leader in the second Seminole war, died 
on January 30th, 1838, at Fort INIoultrie, 
aged thirty-four. He was a bold war- 
rior, and did the whites great injury un- 
til he was captured by strategy in 1837. 

Otis, tiantes was born at Barnstable, 
Mass., in 1725. He was the leader of 
the Revolutionary party in Massachu- 
setts at the beginning. He was wounded 
by a British official in 1769, and never 
entirely recovered. He was killed by 
lightning in 1772. 

Pichens, Andreiv was born in Penn- 
sylvania in 1739, and served as a general 
in the Revolution. In childhood he went 



munkeys, was brother and successor to 
Powhattan. He was nearly 100 years 
old when he died, in 1644. In the win- 
ter of 1608 the settlers were in a starving 
condition. Captain Smith proceeded to 
Pamunkey determined to procure corn, 
but the Indians refused to trade. Sud- 
denly he seized Opechancanaugh by the 
hair of the head, and, with a pistol at 
his breast, dragged the frightened chief 
out among the whites, nor would he re- 
lease him until the Indians had filled 
his boats with provisions. He was al- 
ways the enemy of the whites, and lead 
in the massacres of 1622 and 1644. In 
the latter he was carried upon a litter. — 
After his death his tribe was without a 



to South Carolina, and was one of the 
first in the field for liberty. He died in 
1S17. 

Pierce, Franklin was born at Hills- 
borough, New Hampshire, on the 23d of 
November, 1804, and died October 8th, 
1869. He graduated at Bowdoin Col- 
lege, Maine, in 1824; studied law and 
was admitted to the bar in 1827. He was 
President from 1853 to 1857. When the 
Mexican war broke out he enlisted as a 
volunteer, but soon rose to the office of 
brigadier-general. He distinguished 
himself under General Scott, against 
whom he afterwards successfully ran for 
the Presidency, and upon whom, during 
his administration, he conferred the title 
of lieutenant-general. On the question 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



335 



of slavery Mr Pierce always sided with 
the South, and opposed anti-slavery 
measures in every shape. In a message 
to Congress in 1856, he characterized the 
formation of a free State government in 
Kansas as an act of rebellion, and justi- 
fied the principles of the Kansas and 
Nebraska Act. He, however, espoused 
tlie national cause at the opening of the 
civil war, and urged a cordial support of 
the administration at Washington. 

Pcahodij, George died November 4, 
1869, in London, England. He was born 
in Danvers, Mass., February i8th, 1795. 
He accumulated great wealth as a bank- 
er in London. His benificence was re- 
markable. He gave in 1852 to Kane's 



Penn, Williani died July 30th, 1718, 
at Ruscombe, Eng., aged 74 years. He 
founded the State of Pennsylvania, which 
was originally called Sylvania, but after- 
wards the prefix " Penn " was added in 
honor of its founder. Penn was expelled 
from Christ College, Oxford Universitj-, 
for embracing Ouakeri.sm. His father 
opposed and frequently quarreled with 
him, but left him his estates. On a visit 
to Ireland he attended a Quaker meet- 
ing, for which he was thrown into prison. 
For preaching and writing Quaker doc- 
trines he was imprisoned in the Tower. 
He was freed through the influence of 
the Duke of York. He was imprisoned 
in Newgate in 1671 for refusing to take 
an oath. The English government owed 



Arctic Expedition $ 10,000 

Peabody Institute in Mass 200,000 

Peabody Institute in Danvers. 50,000 

Peabody Institute, Baltimore. 1,000,000 

Dwellings for London poor. . . 2,500,000 

Harvard College . 150,000 

Yale College 150,000 

Education in the South 3,500,000 

Peabody Institute at Salem. .. 150,000 
Public Library at Newbury- 

port 20,000 

Phillips' Academy, Andover. . 30,000 

Maryland Historical Society.. 20,000 
Public Library at Thetford, 

Vermont 10,000 

Kenyon College, Oliio 25,000 

Washington College, Virginia 60,000 

Property left at his death was 5,000,000 



his father /"le.ooo, for which Penn re- 
ceived a large tract of land in America 
and freedom to make laws for the gov- 
ernment of the colonists who might set- 
tle thereon. He spent several years in 
America and gained the confidence of 
his settlers, also of the Indians. He was 
just and tolerant in his views, and left 
the impresss of his character upon his 
colony and their descendants. 

Pikef Zebtiluu M, was born in 1779. 
While pressing toward the capture of 
York (Toronto), in 1813, the powder 
magazine of the fort blew up and Gen. 
Pike was mortally wounded. He was 
carried on board the flag-ship of Com- 
modore Chauncey, where he died, with 



33^ 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS 



the captured British flag under his head, 
at the age of 34. 

jP/«/^>^>s, Goi'crnor of Massachusetts, 
died February 18, 1695, in London, Eng. 
He was born at Woolwich, Maine, in 
1650. He tended sheep until he was 18. 
He afterward built a vessel and sought 
for sunken treasure in the West Indies. 
He was successful, became rich and was 
knighted by the King. His expedition 
against Quebec was a failure, but he 
made a good Governor of Massachusetts. 

PocJid/tontns was married, April 13, 
1613, to a young Englishman named John 
Rolfe. She had been baptized by the 
name of Rebecca. Pochahontas and her 
husband visited England in 1616, and 
were received at court with great favor. 



was educated by his uncle in London. 
The Randolphs claim descent from Po- 
chahontas. 

rolh, James Kno:r died at Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,June 15, 1849. He was born 
in Mecklenburg county. North Carolina, 
November 2, 1795. He was a member 
of Congress from 1825 to 1839, Governor 
of Tennessee in 1839, and President of 
the United States in 1844. The annexa- 
tion of Texas and war with Me.xico oc- 
curred during his administration. 

Pontidc was chief of the Ottowa 
tribe of Indians. He was a power 
among otlier tribes who had confeder- 
ated with the Ottowas for the overthrow 
of the English. In September, 1765, he 
held a grand council with George Crog- 



She died in England in June 1617, aged 
22 years. She was the daughter of Pow- 
hattan, the powerful chief of a tribe of 
Indians in Virginia. Her successful in- 
tervention saved Capt. John Smith from 
death while her father's captive, and af- 
terward, by revealing to him a plot to 
destroy himself and his men, she saved 
other white setttlers. She was enticed 
on board a vessel by Captain Argall, 
taken to Jamestown and held as a host- 
age for certain prisoners taken by her 
father. She became acquainted with 
John Rolfe, a mutual attachment sprung 
up, and they were married with her 
father's approval, who ever after was a 
firm friend of the whites. She left an 
infant son, named Thomas Rolfe, who 



han, at Detroit, at which a treaty of 
peace was made. After that he lived in 
peace on the banks of the Maumee, un- 
til April, 1769, when he paid a visit to 
St. Louis, Mo. He was dressed in full 
French uniform, which had been pre- 
sented to him by the Marquis de Mont- 
calm. He crossed the river at a place 
where some Illinois Indians were hold- 
ing a council. Here he was killed una- 
wares by an Indian who had been bribed 
with a barrel of whiskey to commit the 
deed. His body was buried with the 
honors of war by St. Ange, the com- 
mander at St. Louis. 

Porte 1% Commodore David was 
among the most distinguished of the 
American naval commanders. He was 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



337 



a resident Minister of the United States 
in Turkey, and died near Constantinople 
in March, 1843. 

l*rescott, IflllufiH was born at Gro- 
ton, Mass.; was a colonel at the battle of 
Bunker Hill, and served under Gates 
until the surrender of Burgoyne, when 
he left the army. He died in 1795. 

Poirhatfaii. the father of Pochahon- 
tas, died April, 1618. He was one of the 
most powerful sachems of his time, and 
ruled over Virginia and Maryland. He 
was friendly to the English until they 
provoked him by their injustice. He 
plotted their destruction two or three 
times, but did not accomplish it. He 
died at an advanced ag«. 

I*iifiiani, General Israel died at 



1618. He was a scholar and a broad- 
minded man. The English court ban- 
ished him several times, and imprisoned 
him in the Tower for 12 years, during 
which he wrote his history of the world. 
He visited South America twice and was 
the founder of the Roanoke Colony. 

liaymond, Hon. Heiiri/ d. the 
founder of the New York Times, died 
June 18, 1869. 

Hiehardson, Albert I), a brilliant 
author, and war correspondent of the 
New York Tribune, was shot by one Mc- 
Farland, November 26, 1S69, for paying 
attention to his divorced wife. He died 
within a week, but was married to Mrs. 
McFarland on his death bed by Rev. 
Henry Ward Beecher. McFarland was 



Brooklyn, Conn., May 19th, 1790. Was 
born in Salem, Mass., January 7, 1718. — 
He commanded a company of rangers in 
the French and Indian war, and was one 
of the four major generals made by Con- 
gress at the beginning of the Revolu- 
tion. He was a man of great courage. 
When 25 years old he crawled into the 
den of a she wolf and killed her. At 
Fort Edward, during a fire, he stood 
between 300 barrels of powder and the 
flames, pouring on water until it was 
saved, although he was severely burned. 
He did such effective service during the 
war that the British vainly endeavored 
to bribe him to their side. 

Maleigh , Sir Walter was beheaded 
by the English government October 29, 



tried for murder, but was acquitted, be- 
ing adjudged insane. 

Scott^ General Win field died at 
West Point, New York, May 29. 1S66.— 
He was born at Petersburg, Va., June 
13, 1786. He was educated for the law. 
In 1808 he was made captain of light ar- 
tillery, and lieutenant-colonel in July, 
1812, in which war he took a prominent 
part, and at the close of wliich the Presi- 
dent offered to make him Secretary of 
War, but he declined. Congress voted 
him thanks and a gold medal for his ser- 
vices. He was made commander-in- 
chief of the United States army in 1841. 
In the Mexican war he achieved renown. 
In 1852 he was nominated for President 
by the Whigs. His age prevented his 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



339 



active service during the rebellion, but 
he was devoted to the Union. 

Schuyler, Riehavd was born in Al- 
bany, New York, in 1733, and died in 
1S04. He was a captain under Sir Wil- 
liam Johnson, and was in active public 
service until the Revolution. He was a 
general in the patriot army, and was a 
legislator after the war. 

Shelby, Inaac was born in Maryland 
in 1750. He entered military life in 1774, 
and went to Kentucky as aland surveyor 
in 1775. He engaged in the war of the 
Revolution, and was distinguished in the 
battle on King's Mountain, in October, 
1780. He was made Governor of Ken- 
tucky in 1792 and soon afterward retired 



He was one of the signers of the Dec- 
laration of Independence. 

Siamese Twins, Chang and Eng, 
died January 17th, 1874, at their home in 
North Carolina. Chang died suddenly, 
and the shock caused the death of Eng 
a few hours later. 

Smith, Samuel the commander of 
Fort Mifflin in 1777, was born in Pennsyl- 
vania in 1752. He entered the Revolu- 
tionary army in 1776; served as a general 
in command when Ross attacked Balti- 
more in 1S14; afterward represented Bal- 
timore in Congress, and died in Aprib 
1839. 

Singer, Isaac Jleri'iff the inventor 
of the Singer Sewing Machine, died in 
London, Eng., July 23, 1875, aged 64. 



to private life, from which he was drawn 
in 1813. He died in 1S26. 

Sherntaii, lioger died at New Ha- 
ven, Conn., July 23, 1793. He was born 
in Newton, j\Iass., April 19th, 1721, and 
was a shoemaker until 22 years old. By 
using his leisure moments for study he 
became a fine mathematician. He also 
read law and was admitted to the bar in 
1754. He filled the offices of Assistant 
Governor of Connecticut 19 years, Judge 
of Common Pleas and Superior Courts 
23 years, treasurer of Yale College 10 
years, member of Continental Congress 
from 1774 to' 1789, and of the United 
Congress from 1789 till he died. He was 
also Mayor of New Haven nine years. — 



Standis/i, Miles died at Duxburg. 
Mass., October 3, 1656, at the age of 72 
years. He came over with the Pilgrims 
on the Mayflower, and was elected mili- 
tary captain of Plymouth colony. He 
was always the leader of the colony in 
their military affairs, and was the origi- 
nator of what was known as the pine- 
tree shilling, from a pine tree stamped 
upon one side. The whole issue became 
known as the pine-tree money. This 
mint operated for thirty years, in spite 
of the fact that in England it was re- 
garded as an insult to royal power. The 
master of the mint was allowed fifteen 
pence out of every twenty shillings. The 
mint largely increased the circulation of 
coin in place of wampum, bullets and 



340 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



articles of barter. The only other col- 
ony which issued silver coins before the 
Revolution was Maryland. Several oth- 
ers, however, minted copper coins. The 
dies for the Boston mint were made by 
Joseph Jenks at the iron-works at Lynn. 

Sftfiifoii. Hon. JE. M. of Ohio, died 
December 24, 1S69. 

St(ir1x,John "the hero of Benning- 
ton," died May 8th, 1822, at Manchester, 
N. H. He was born at Londonderry, N. 
H., August 2Sth, 1728. He had great 
physical strength and endurance, and 
would walk 120 miles at a time. His 
youth was spent in hunting and Indian 
warfare. He started for Boston ten min- 
utes after hearing of the battle of Le.xing 
ton. In 1776 and 1777 he did excellent 



he wrote a book on military science, 
which was the text book of our officers 
during the Revolution. He was made a 
major-general by Congress, and in 1790 
was voted an annuity of $2,500 per annum 
life. 

Stewart, A. T. the great dry goods 
millionaire, died in New York, April 10, 
1876, aged 73 years. 

Stewart f Admiral Charles of the 
United States navy, died November 6th, 
1869. 

Stirling, William Alexander -was 
a descendent of the Scotch Earl of Stir- 
ling. He was born in the city of New 
York in 1726. He became atttached to 
the patriot cause and served as a faith- 
ful officer during the war. He was made 



service in New York and New Jersey. 
He sent all his sons to battle. He was 
made commander of the Northern De- 
partment. He was a brave man and a 
patriot. 

Steuben, Baron. — Baron Frederick 
William Augustus Steuben died near 
Utica, N. Y., November 28, 1794. He 
was born at Magdeburg, Prussia, Nov. 
15, 1730. He gained great celebrity in 
the 7-years war, in the service of Fred- 
erick the Great. He voluntarily left 
home, wealth and honor to aid the Am- 
erican cause. He introduced the Prus- 
sian drill into the army at Valley Forge, 
which materially contributed to its suc- 
cess in the following campaigns. At the 
solicitation of Washington and Congress 



prisoner at the battle of Long Island. — 
He died in 1783. 

Stringham. Silas II. — Rear Admi- 
ral Silas H. Stringham, United States 
navy, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., February, 
1876, aged 78 years.. 

Siuycesant, Peter died in August, 
1682. He was born in Friesland in 1602, 
and, although educated for the ministry, 
entered the army. He served in the 
West Indies, where he lost a leg. In 
1647 he was appointed Governor of New 
Amsterdam by the Dutch. He concilia- 
ted the Indians and adjusted the bounda- 
ries between his own and the English 
province. He ruled absolutely for 20 
years, and refused to surrender to the 
fleet sent by James, Duke of York, which 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



341 



came to take possession of the grant 
given him by Charles II., but as his peo- 
ple would not fight he retired to his 
East River farm for the remainder of his 
life. He and his wife were buried in St- 
Mark's Church, on Tenth street, New 
York. 

Sullivan, John, was born in Maine 
in 1740. He was a delegate to the first 
Continental Congress in 1774, and was 
one of the first eight brigadiers in the 
Continental army. He resigned his 
commission of general in 1779; was af- 
terward member of Congress and Gov- 
ernor of New Hampshire, and died in 

1795- . • 

Snniner, Cliarfes was born in Bos- 
ton, Mass., January 6, 1811, and died in 



field. Ill health compelled him to leave 
the army just before the close of the war 
in 1781. He was afterward Congress- 
man, and died on the high hills of San- 
tee, S. C, in 1S32, at 98 years of age. 

Taylor, Zachary was born in Or- 
ange county, Virginia, November 24, 
1784. He entered upon the duties of 
President in 1849, and died at the Presi- 
dential Mansion July 9th, 1850, after an 
illness of five days. Soon after his birth 
his parents removed to Kentucky. His 
means of education were of the scantiest 
kind, and until he was twenty-four years 
of age he worked on his father's planta- 
tion. Madison, who was a relative, and 
at that time Secretary of State, then se- 
cured for him an appointment in the 



Washington, D. C, March 11, 1874. His 
parents belonged to the New England 
aristocracy, and the name of the Sumner 
family appears prominently in Massa- 
chusetts politics and society from an 
early date. In politics Mr. Sumner was. 
a Whig, and earnestly opposed slavery 
on the grounds of justice and humanity. 
He opposed the Mexican war on the 
ground that it would increase the slave 
territory, and cause useless blood-shed. 
He succeeded Daniel Webster as United 
States Senator from Massachusetts in 
1851, and held that position when he 
died. He was a great jurist, and the 
author of many standard publications. 

Snntpter, Thomas was a native of 
South Carolina, and was early in the 



army as lieutenant. From this he rose 
by regular and rapid degrees to a major 
generalship. His triumphant battles at 
Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monte- 
rey, and Buena Vista won for him great 
applause. He was the popular hero of a 
successful war. The soldiers admiringly 
called him " Old Rough and Ready." — 
Having been offered the nomination for 
President, he published several letters 
defining his position as "a Whig, but not 
an ultra-Whig," and declaring that he 
would not be a party candidate or the 
exponent of party doctrines. Many of 
the Whig leaders violently opposed his 
nomination. Daniel Webster called him 
"an ignorant frontier colonel." The 
fact that he was a slave-holder was 



342 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS 



warmly urged against him. He knew 
nothing of civil affairs, and had taken so 
little interest in politics that he had not 
voted in forty years. But he was nomi- 
nated and elected. His nomination 
caused a secession from the Wliigs, 
resulting in the formation of the Free- 
Soil party. He felt his want of qualifi- 
cations for the position, and sometimes 
expressed his regret that he had accepted 
it; yet he maintained as President the 
popularity which had led to his election, 
and was personally one of the most es- 
teemed who have filled that office. 

Tee If )n sell, the Shawnee Chief, killed 
in the battle of the Tliames, October 5, 
1813, was born near Springfield, Ohio, in 
1768. He was one of the greatest of In- 



Plymouth, Mass., and was one of the first 
eight brigadiers appointed by Congress 
in 1775. He died with the smallpox in 
1776, at Chambly, in Canada. 

Thonisoii, ChavJes was born in Ire- 
land in 1730, and came to America when 
he was only eleven years of age. He 
settled in Pennsylvania, and was Secre- 
tary of Congress perpetually from 1774 
until the adoption of the Federal Consti- 
tution, and the organization of the new 
government in 1789. He died in 1824 at 
the age of 94. 

Trniiihall,JoiuithouL.L.D.,6.\^(\ 
at Lebanon, Conn.. August 17, 1785. He 
was born there June 10, 17 10. He was in 
public life fifty years, as member of the 
Colonies' Assembly and' Governor. — 



dian leaders, but was not bloodthirsty. 
With his brother Elskwatawa, "The 
Prophet," he labored incessantly to unite 
the Western tribes against the whites, 
but General Harrison checkmated their 
plans. Deeming the war of 1812 his op- 
portunity, he joined the British, who 
made him a brigadier-general, and he 
was of great aid to Proctor. General 
William Tecumseh Sherman was named 
after this brave warrior. 

Thontaa, George II. — He was a 
major-general in the United States army, 
and died in San Francisco, Cala., March 
28, 1870. He was born in Southampton 
county, Ya., July 31, 1S16, and served 
with great distinction in the civil war. 

Thomas, General was a native of 



Washington often consulted him for ad- 
vice, and called him "Brother Jonathan," 
which term grew into use as a name for 
the United States Government. 

Ttrif/f/s, UavUl E. was born in 
Georgia in 1790. He was a major at the 
close of the war of 1812, and was re- 
tained in the army. He was breveted 
major general after the battle of Mon- 
terey, and for his gallantry there he 
received a gift of a sword from Con- 
gress. 

Tyler, John was born in Charles 
City county, Virginia, March 20, 1790, 
and died at Richmond, \'irginia, Janua- 
ry 17, 1862. He studied law, and was 
elected to Congress in 1816, and served 
some five years; was elected United 



ETOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



343 



States Senator in 1S27; re-elected ini833, 
and was president of the Peace Conven- 
tion at Washington in 1861. Mr. Tyler 
became President upon the death of Mr. 
Harrison as his constittitional successor 
as Vice-President of the United States. 
His administration was not successful. — 
He opposed the measures of his party 
and made free use of the veto power. — 
His former political friends denounced 
him as a renegade, to which he replied 
that he had never professed to endorse 
the measures which he opposed. The 
feeling increased in bitterness. All his 
cabinet except Webster resigned. He 
was, however, nominated by a conven- 
tion composed chiefly of office-holders, 
for the next Presidency; he accepted, but 



started a new organization of the Demo- 
cratic party in New York, his native 
State, which had the power for over 
twenty years. In 1S31 he was appointed 
Minister to England, whither he went in 
Sept., but when the nomination came 
before the Senate in December it was 
rejected on the ground that he had sided 
with England against the United States 
in certain matters, and had carried party 
contests and their results into foreign 
negotiations. His party regarded this 
as an extreme political persecution, and 
the next year elected him to the Vice- 
Presidency. He thus became head of 
the Senate which a few months before 
had condemned him, and where he now 
performed his duties with "dignity, cour- 



finding no popular support soon with- 
drew from the canvass. In 1S61 he be- 
came presiding officer of the peace con- 
vention in Washington. All efforts at 
reconciliation proving futile, he re- 
nounced his allegiance to the United 
States and followed the Confederate 
fortunes. He died in Richmond, where 
he was in attendance as a member of the 
Confederate Congress. 

rait Bid-cn, Marffit was born at 
Kmderhook, New York, December 5, 
17S2, and died at the same place, July 
24th, 1862. He studied law and was ad- 
mitted to practice in 1803; was elected 
President of the United States and served 
four years, from 1837 to 1841. He early 
took an interest in politics, and in 181S 



tesy and impartiality." As a President, 
Van Buren was the subject of much par- 
tisan censure. The country was passing 
through a peculiar crisis, and his was a 
difficult position to fill with .satisfaction 
to all. That he pleased his own party 
is proved from the fact of his renomina- 
tion in 1840 against Harrison. In 1S44 he 
was once more urged by his friends, but 
failed to get a two-thirds vote in the con- 
vention on account of his opposition to 
the annexation of Texas. In 1848 he 
became a candidate of the "Free De- 
mocracy," a new party advocating anti- 
slavery principles. After this he retired 
to his estate in Kinderhook, N. Y., where 
he died. 

J'<in<J('rbf/f. Coi'iwliiis died Jan. 



344 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



4, 1S77. He was born on Staten Island, 
N. Y., May 27, 1794. He began with a 
small ferryboat between Staten Island 
and New York, became the owner of 66 
steamers, and then, turning his attention 
to railroads, became chief owner of 
2,128 miles of railroad, earned the name 
of "Railroad King," and died worth 
$80,000,000. 

I'tin Doi'iif a Confederate General, 
was killed May 8, 1S63, by Dr. Peters, in 
Tennesseee. 

Vail XesSf Mrs. Maria died Sept. 
9, 1832, aged 50 years. She was daugh- 
ter of David Burns, who owned most of 
the land upon which Washington now 
stands, who became a millionaire from 
its sale. She married D. P. Van Ness, 



17. 1775. during the retreat from Breed's 
Hill. He had been elected major-gen- 
eral, but refused to command and fought 
as a private. He was born at Roxbury, 
Mass,, June nth, 1741, and graduated at 
Harvard in 1759. Samuel Adams was 
his intimate friend. He was President 
of tlie Massachusetts Provincial Con- 
gress, and Chairman of the "Committee 
of Safety" in 1774. He was an ardent 
patriot and his loss was severely felt. — 
Edward Everett eulogized him. Daniel 
Webster embalmed his memory in his 
immortal oration at Bunker Hill monu- 
ment. Mrs. Adams wrote: "Not all the 
havoc and desolation they have made 
has moved me like the death of War- 



afterward Mayor of tlie city. She was 
noted for benevolence, and founded the 
City Orphan Asylum. She was buried 
with public honors. 

Vassar, MatJtew the founder of 
Vassar College, died suddenly while ad- 
dressing the trustees of that institution, 
June 23, 1S68. He was born in England 
in 1792. 

WiUhnnfi, Jiof/rr. — He was born in 
Wales, England, in 1599, and came to 
America in 1630. He laid the founda- 
tion for the settlement of Rhode Island, 
and died in Providence in April, 1683, at 
the age of eighty-four years. He en- 
countered many hardships, for opinion's 
sake, in the settlement of that State. 

Warreu, Dr. Joseph killed June 



ren. We mourn for the citizen, the physi- 
cian, the Senator, the warrior." 

Jf'tishinfftoii Georfje died at Mount 
Vernon, Va., December 14, 1799. He was 
born at Bridges Creek, in Westmoreland 
county, Va., February 22d, 1732. His 
father died when he was 11 years old. — 
When 14 he received an appointment in 
the navy, which he declined to please his 
mother. He was appointed Public Sur- 
veyor. During the French and Indian 
war he was Braddock's aid- de-camp, and 
after his defeat commanded the forces on 
the frontier. He married Mrs. Martha 
Custis, January 6, 1759. He was in the 
Virginia House of Burgesses for fifteen 
years. He was active in calling the first 
General Congress, and contributed his 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



345 



greatest efforts in making its proceed- 
ings successful. He was appointed com- 
mander-in-chief of the army at the break- 
ing out of hostilities, and his conduct of 
the war demonstrated the wisdom of the 
selection. He was elected the first Presi- 
dent of the Republic, was his own suc- 
cessor, and could have been elected a 
third time but for his positive declina- 
tion. His wisdom and prudence kept 
the government from sinking in its in- 
fancy, and contributed largely to placing 
it upon a firm foundation. In deference 
to the wishes of his countrymen he ac- 
cepted the command of the United States 
army, upon the prospect of a war with 
France, but in the midst of preparations 
for it he was suddenly cut off. His death 



wounded his antagonist in the hand. — 
Some months afterward Tarleton said, 
sneeringly, to MrS. Willie Jones, a witty 
American lady, "that Colonel Washing- 
ton, I am told, is illiterate, and can not 
write his own name." "Ah! Colonel," 
said Mrs. Jones, "you ought to know 
better, for you bear evidence that he can 
make his mark.'"' At another time he 
expressed a desire to see Colonel Wash- 
ington. Mrs. Jones' sister immediately 
replied: "Had you looked behind at 
the Cowpens you might have had that 
pleasure." 

If'arjiie, General Anthony died 
December 14, 1796, at Presque Isle, now 
Erie, Penna. Ke was born in Chester 
county, Penna., Jan. i, 1745. He was 



was a national calamity. Congress ad- 
journed, and the sorrow occasioned was 
not confined to this country. Both in 
France and Great Britain high tribute 
was paid to his character. He was "first 
in war, first in peace, and first in the 
hearts of his countrymen." 

Washington, William a relative of 
the General, was born in Stafford county, 
Va. He entered the army under Mercer, 
and greatly distinguished himself at the 
South as a commander of a corps of cav- 
alry. Taken prisoner at the battle of 
Eutaw Springs, he remained a captive 
until the close of the war, and died in 
Charleston in 1810. In a personal combat 
with the British Colonel Tarleton, at the 
battle of the Cowpens, Washington 



elected to the Assembly in 1773. At the 
outbreak of the Revolution he was made 
Colonel and sent to Canada, and was 
with the army at Three Rivers and Ti- 
conderoga. He was appointed to Wash- 
ington's army as brigadier. He showed 
great bravery and presence of mind at 
Germantown, Brandywine, Monmouth, 
and especially at Stony Point. He sub- 
dued the Northwestern Indians and 
earned from them the title of the "White 
Leader who never sleeps." He was 
generally known as " i\Iad Anthony," 
from his readiness to undertake appar- 
ently impossible projects. 

tfebnter, Daniel died October 24th, 
1S52, at Marshfield, Mass. He was born 
at Salisbury, N. H., January iSth, 17S2. 



346 



BIOGRAPHY OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS. 



He graduated from Dartmouth College 
"in iSoi. He was admitted to the bar in 
Boston in 1S05. In 1S12 he was elected 
to Congress. His first speech, June 10, 
1S13, awakened the admiration and as- 
tonishment of the House. He practiced 
law from 1S16 to 1S22, and conducted 
several very important cases, exhibiting 
legal abilities of amazing breadth and 
resource. In 1S22 he was re-elected to 
Congress; in 1S27 to the United States 
Senate until 1S41. In 1S30 he delivered 
his immortal reply to Hayne, of South 
Carolina. He was Secretary of State 
under President Harrison. He also was 
Secretary under President Fillmore. His 
advocacy of the fugitive slave law at 
this time alienated many of his friends. 



brigadier in 1S12; resigned his commis- 
sion in 1815, and died in Tennessee in 
1S26. 

Wool, General John Ellis was a 
native of New York, He entered the 
army in 1S12, and soon rose to the rank 
of lieutenant-colonel, for gallant conduct 
on Queenstown Heights, in 1S12. He 
was breveted brigadier in 1S25, and for 
gallant conduct at Bueiia Vista, in 1S47, 
was breveted major-general. 

Worth, General William J, was 
born in Columbia county, New York, in 
1794; was a gallant soldier during the 
war of 1812; was retained in the army, 
and for his gallanty at Monterey, during 
the Mexican war, he was made a major- 
general, by brevet, and received the gift 



Mr. Webster's two Bunker Hill orations 
added to his fame as an orator. He was 
known as the greatest of American 
statesmen and constitutional lawyers. 

WhitefieUl, Geortje. the famous 
preacher, arrived at Savannah, Ga., on 
May 7th, 1S3S. 

Willi<nns, lioger and John Eliot, 
two young ministers, and John Winthrop, 
Jr., son of the Governor, arrived at Mas- 
sachusetts Bay in 1631. 

Wilson, llenrij ex-Vice-President of 
the United States, died in Washington, 
D. C, November 22d, 1SS4, aged sixty- 
four years. 

Winchester. tTantes was born in 
Maryland in 1756. He was made a 



of a sword from Congress. He was of 
great service during the whole war with 
Mexico. He died in Texas in May of the 
year 1S49. 

Yon nf/.Iir if/ham the Mormon ruler, 
died at Salt Lake City, Utah, August 29, 
1S77. He was born in Wittingham, Vt., 
June I, iSoi. He was one of the "twelve 
apostles,"' and rose to great power. He 
introduced the infamous doctrine of po- 
lygamy, and conducted the '"Saints" 
across the mountains to Salt Lake, July 
24, 1S47. He was a scoundrel of con- 
siderable executive ability and great cun- 
ning. He managed to defy and outwit 
the Fedt-ral authorities while he lived, 
and at death had twenty wives and a for- 
tune of $6,000,000. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



347 



DECLARATION OF 
'Jul if 4. i77fi. — The Declaration of 

Independence, which had been presented 
by the committee appointed to draft it, 
was adopted by Congress. It was writ- 
ten by Thomas Jefferson, and chiefly de- 
fended at its presentation by John Ad- 
ams. The old bell-ringei" in the belfry 
of the State House waited anxiously to 
hear the announcement of the passage 
of the declaration. At last his little boy 
standing below shouted up to him, — 
"Ring! Ring!" Then he rang with all 
his might, and soon Philadelphia was 
alive with joy, which continued to over- 
flow during the whole night which fol- 
lowed. 



INDEPENDENCE . 

these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
happiness; that, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes de- 
structive of these ends, it is the right of 
the people to alter or abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its 
foundation on such principles, and or- 
ganizing its powers in such form, as to 
them shall seem most likely to effect 
their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
indeed, will dictate that governments 
long established should not be changed 
for light and transient causes, and ac- 



A Declaration by the Representatives 
of the United States of America, in 
Congress asseindted: — 

When, in the course of human events, 
it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have 
connected them with another, and to as- 
sume among the powers of the earth the 
separate and equal station to which the 
laws of nature and of nature's God en- 
title them, a decent respect to the opin- 
ions of mankind requires that they 
should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : 
That all men are created equal; that 
they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain unalienable rights;, that among 



cordingly, all experience hath shown 
that mankind are more disposed to suf- 
fer, while evils are sufferable, than to 
right themselves by abolishing the forms 
to which they are accustomed. But 
when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same ob- 
ject, evinces a design to reduce them 
under absolute despotism, it is their 
right, it is their duty, to throw off such 
goverment, and to provide new guards 
for their future security. Such has been 
the patient sufferance of the colonies; 
and such is now the necessity which con- 
strains them to alter their former systems 
of government. The history of the pres- 
ent King of Great Britain is a history of 
repeated injuries and usurpations, all 



3AS 



DECT.ARATIoy OF IXDEPEXDEXCE. 



\i 



:eiKi totnem. 
T : D pass ; 



^5:1 ,:?-- ■rxr^r'fe-c to a^ tre Cinger c: lEvasions 

"'• ^i^c-ut c^c co~^~ll^IC'tl5 vi Italia. 

He h3= e~i^avor-rc iO prevent the pop- 

" - ot-5trt;crt;~g t-!ie .iT.'S ::r i~e tiittirsiisa- 
-j i.c i-r t::- of foreigners: rerj.f:rg to pass oth- 

>r«tor :: - T"a" appro- 

" stmcted the administration 
'-fhshg his asssit to la^»-~ 
^ -odiciarr powers. 

H r : r 7 ^ T - - int on his 

"oc I will aiooe. : ; r : t " t ■ 5ces, 

and the £—.:_-: : .1 ^^_:;.r„: ^.i' their 
salaries 

He r.ij rrr.-.T; 1 - _ e of nevr 



-It inestimable 10 
; 3 tyrants only. 
z. -r legislative 
rtaUe, 



sent hidier svaTDSs ci c:ii- 
as? oar people and eat oat 



with his 
^ booses 



JOT opposing;, 
maess, his inrasioos oc 
-le. 

- 'efnsed, for a loi^ time after 

-tjoos, to cause ociiers to be 

- y the legislative powers, 

: jinnihilatinw, hare r^nmed 

.-- le at large, ftjT their exercise; 

T --^-.e rentainii^. in the meantiiiie. 



He has afiiectc _ : 
independent oT 
power. 

He' has comt. 
r-d ns to a jmisdi ; 
o cm s lituti on. and . 
our laws; givir^ his — 

of pr^e nded legisU: — 

For qQartain^ lar ^ t 
troops anm^ as; 

For protectii^ tii^ 
firom pani^mient for any marders 



C <i_\~Il 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



349 



they should commit on the inhabitants 
of these States; 

For cutting oft" our trade with all parts 
of the world; 

For imposing taxes upon us without 
our consent; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the 
benefits of trial by jury; 

For transporting us beyond seas to be 
tried for pretended offences; 

For abolishing the free system of Eng- 
lish laws in a neighboring province, es- 
tablishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as 
render it at once an example and fit in- 
strument for introducing the same abso- 
lute rule into the colonies; 

For taking away our charters, abolish- 



paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
and totally unworthy the head of a civil- 
ized nation 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens 
taken captive on the high seas, to bear 
arms against their country, to become 
the executioners of their friends and 
brethren, or to fall themselves by their 
hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections 
amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, 
the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistin- 
guished destruction of all ages, sexes 
and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, 
we have petitioned for redress in the 



ing our most valuable laws, and altering, 
fundamentally, the powers of our gov- 
ernments; 

For suspending our own legislatures, 
and declaring themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us in all cases 
whatsoever; 

He has abdicated government here, by 
declaring us out of his protection and 
waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our 
coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed 
the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large 
armies of foreign mercenaries to com- 
plete the works of death, desolation and 
tyranny, already begun with circum- 
stances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely 



most humble terms; our repeated peti- 
tions have beefl answered only by re- 
peated injury. A prince whose charac- 
ter is thus marked by every act which 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the 
ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention 
to our British brethren. We have warned 
them, from time to time, of attempts 
made by their legislature to extend an 
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
have reminded them of the circumstances 
of our emigration and settlement here. 
We have appealed to their native justice 
and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
them, by the ties of our common kin- 
dred, to disavow these usurpations, 
which would inevitably interrupt our 



350 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



connections and correspondence. They, 
too, have been deaf to the voice of jus- 
tice and consanguinity. We must, there- 
fore, acquiesce in the necessity which 
denounces our separation, and hold 
them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in war; in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of 
the United State of America, in general 
congress assembled, appealing to the 
Supreme Judge of the world for the rec- 
titude of our intentions, do, in the name 
and by the authority of the good people 
of these colonies, solemnly publish and 
declare: That these United colonies are, 
and of right ought to be. Free and Inde- 
pendent States; that they are absolved 
from all allegiance to theEnglish crown. 



John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, El- 
bridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island, Etc. — Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Comiecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel 
Huntington, William Williams, Oliver 
Wolcott 

New York. — William Floyd, Philip 
Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Mor- 
ris. 

New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John 
Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John 
Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pctmsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benja- 
min Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John 
Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, 
George Taylor, James Wilson, George 
Ross. 



and that all political connection between 
them and the State of Great Britain is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved; and 
that, as Free and Independent States, 
they have full power to levy war, con- 
clude peace, contract alliances, establish 
commerce, and to do all other acts and 
things which Independent States may of 
right do. And for the support of this 
Declaration, with a firm reliance on the 
protection of Divine Providence, we 
mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

John Hancock. 

New Hampshire. — Josiah Rartlett, 
William Whipple, IMatthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. — .Samuel Adams, 



Delaware. — Caesar Rodney, George 
Read, Thomas IM'Kean. 

Maty land. — Samuel Chase, William 
Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton. 

Virgitiia. — George Wythe, Richard 
Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin 
Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis 
Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. — William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina. — Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Hay ward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, 
Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georg;ia.—V>\\\.\.on Gwinnett, Lyman 

Hall, George Walton. 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA- 



351 



Noted Events Commencing with the Christian Era. 

[ From the ifear 4 to KiOO. ] 



4. Leap year corrected, having for- 
merly been every tliird year. 

19. The Jews banished from Rome. 

40. The name of Christians first given 
at Antioch to the followers of Christ. 

49. London founded by the Romans. 

60. Chistianity about this time first 
preached in Great Britain. 

64. Nero sets fire to the city of Rome, 
and throws the blame on the Christians. 

68. Nero, the Roman emperor, com- 
mits suicide. 

70. Vespasian, who was appointed by 
Nero, in the year 66, to wage war against 



179. Reign of Lucius, the first Chris- 
tian king of Britain and in the world. 

189. The capitol of Rome destroyed 
by lightning. 

191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 

193. The Roman empire is bought at 
auction by Eidius Julianus, who is put to 
death by order of the Senate. 

251. Monastic life begins about this 
time. 

274. France, Spain and Britain re 
duced to obedience to Rome. Silk first 
brought from India. The manufacture 
of it first introduced into Europe by some 



the Jews, was now declared emperor by 
the army, and was acknowledged all 
over the East; in the beginning of whose 
reign Jerusalem is taken by the Romans 
under Titus, and all the awful predic- 
tions of our Lord, as well as those of the 
ancient prophets, are exactly accomp- 
lished. The city is desolated; the tem- 
ple destroyed, so that not one stone was 
left above another; 1,100,000 persons 
perished miserably in the siege, and 
the remnant of the Jews are scattered to 
all nations. 

107. The first creditable historian 
among the Chinese. 

167. A plague prevails all over the 
known world. 



Monks, in 551; first worn by the clergy- 
men in England in 1534. 

330. Fearful persecution of Christians 
in Persia, lasting forty years. 

340. One hundred and fifty Greek amJ 
Asiatic cities destroyed by am earth- 
quake. 

373. The Bitl'e translated rrrto the 
Gothic language. 

394. Complete downfall of paganism'. 

419. Many cities in Palestine destroyed 
by an earthquake. 

432. St. Patrick preaches the gospel in 
Ireland. 

433. Part of Constantinople destroyed 
by fire. 



352 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



447. Atilla, "The scourge of God," 
with his Huns, ravages tlie Roman em- 
pire and attempts to form an immense 
empire from China to the Atlantic. He 
died suddenl}- on the first night of his 
nuptials, in 453. 

46S. The principle established that 
every accused person shall be tried by 
his peers or equals. 

476. Rome taken by Odoacer, King of 
the Heruli. This terminates the exist- 
ence of the Roman empire, and is the 
commencement of the Kingdom of Italy 
under Odoacer. Odoacer's sack of Rome 
was the great event which preceded the 
middle or ' 'dark ages. ' ' The form of the 
old Roman government remained — the 



tian era introduced by Dionysius, the 
monk. 

526. Two hundred and fifty thousand 
persons destroyed by an earthquake at 
Antioch. 

531. Chess introduced into Persia from 
India. 

541. The reign of Totila, who twice 
pillages Rome, and reduces the inhabit- 
ants to such distress that the ladies and 
people of quality are obliged to beg for 
bread at the doors of the Goths. This 
continues till 542. 

542. Plague at Constantinople. Dur 
ing three months 5,000 to 10,000 die 
daily. 



Senate, the Consuls, etc.; but Italy, rav- 
aged by a succession of wars, plagues, 
famines, and every form of public tyr- 
anny and domestic slavery, was nearly a 
desert. 

480. An earthquake lasting forty days, 
destroys the greater part of Constanti- 
nople. 

493. Theodoric introduces the archi- 
tecture of Greece to improve the build- 
ings of Italy. 

508. Prince Arthur begins his reign 
over the Britains. 

511. A great insurrection in Constanti- 
nople; 10,000 killed. 

516. Computation of time by the Chris- 



551. The manufacture of silk brought 
from Europe into India by monks. 

557. A terrible plague all over Eu- 
rope, Asia and Africa, which lasted 
nearly fifty years. 

569. The Turks first mentioned in his- 
tory. 

5S1. Tine city of Paris destroyed by 
fire. 

605. Use of bells introduced into 
churches. 

607. The burning of randies bj' day. 

609. The Jews of Antioch massacre 
the Christians. 

612. Moliammed publishes his Koran. 

617. First code of laws published in 
England. 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



352) 



632. Death of Mohammed, aged 63 
years. 

632. Africa and Asia, with the churches 
of Jerusalem, Alexandria and Antioch, 
lost to the Christian world by the prog- 
ress of Mohammedanism. 

636. Christianity introduced into the 
Chinese empire. 

640. The library of Alexandria is burnt 
by the Saracens. 

643. The temple of Jerusalem con- 
verted into a Mohammedan mosque. 

644. Pope Martin I. ordains celibacy 
of the Roman Catholic clergy. 

660. Organs first used in churches. 
664. Glass brought into England by 
Benalt, a monk. 



ers, commence their work of destruc- 
tion. 

746. A dreadful pestilence over Eu- 
rope and Asia prevails for three years. 

748. The computation of time from the 
birth of Christ first used in historical 
writings. 

780. Leo IV., Emperor of Rome, is 
succeeded by his wife Irene and his son 
Constantine VI. 

781. Irene, queen mother, restores 
image worship. 

786. Constantine imprisons his mother 
for her cruelty. 

788. Pleadings in the courts of Justice 
first practiced. 

794. Masses first said for money. 




685. The Britons, after a struggle of 
nearly one hundred and fifty years, are 
totally defeated by the Saxons, and 
driven into Wales and Cornwall. 

711. The custom of kissing the Pope's 
foot first introduced. 

716. The art of making paper brought 
from Samarcand by the Arabs. 

726. Image worship being forbidden by 
the Emperor Leo, causes great excite- 
ment and many disturbances. The Greek 
possessions in Italy were lost on this ac- 
count. 

727. In Britain the King of Wessex be- 
gins the tax called "Peter's pence," to 
support a college at Rome. 

730. The Iconoclasts, or image break- 



797. Irene murders her 3on and reigns 
alone in Rome. 

813. Insurrection at Rome against the 
Pope. 

814. Germany separated from Prance. 

826. The Danish prince, Harold, is de- 
throned by his subjects for being a Chris- 
tian. 

843. The Danes ravage Great Britain 
and burn the city of London. 

844. Persecution of Christians in Spain. 
846. An earthquake prevails over the 

greater part of the known world. 

863. The certain history of Denmark 
now commences with the reign of Gormo 
the Old, wlio subdued Gutiand and united 
all the small Danish States under his 
scepter till 920. 



354 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



872. Clocks first brought to Constan- 
tinople from Venice. 

879. Carles III., of Germany, was the 
first sovereign who added "in the year 
of our Lord " to his reign. 

890. Alfred the Great, establishes a 
regular militia and navy, and tlie mode 
of trial by jury. He also institutes fairs 
and markets. 

900. England divided into counties, 
hundreds and tithings. 

912. The patronage of the papal chair 
is now in the hands of harlots. 

931. Mere children elevated to the 
highest offices in the church. 

941. Arithmetic brought into Europe 
by the Saracens. Manufactories of lin- 



England, on St. Brice's day, upon which 
Sweyn, king of Denmark, lands a large 
armament and brings war and all its 
miseries upon the country. 

1004. All old churches rebuilt, about 
this time, in the Gothic style. 

1005. A pestilence raged all over Eu- 
rope and lasted three years. 

loio. St. Adalbert arrives in Prussia to 
preach Christianity, but is murdered by 
the Pagans. His death is afterward 
revenged by Boleslaus, a Poland, with 
fearful ravages. 

1013. The Danes, under Sweyn, be- 
come masters of England. 

1015. A law is passed in England for- 
bidding parents to sell their children. 



ens and woolens in Flanders, which be- 
comes the seat of Western commerce. 

955. Hungarians driven out of Ger- 
many. 

959. Wolves expelled from England 
and Wales, in consequence of a reward 
being offered for the purpose by the 
king. Violent disputes between the 
Monks and clergy; St. Dusten, Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, attempts to re- 
form the church by enforcing clerical 
celibacy. 

9S1. Greenland discovered by the 
Norwegians. 

986. Louis v., the Indolent of France, 
poisoned by his wife, Blanche, and in 
him ended the race of Charlemagne. 

1002. Massacre of all the Danes in 



1017. Rain of the color of blood fell 
for three days in Aquitaine. 

1024. Musical scale, consisting of six 
notes, invented by Guido Aretino. 

1028. Romanus III., of Rome, a patri- 
cian, becomes emperor of the East by 
marrying Zoe, the daughter of the late 
monarch. 

1034. Zoe, after prostituting herself to 
a Paphlagonian money-lender, causes 
her husband, Romanus, to be poisoned, 
and afterward marries her favorite, who 
ascends the throne under the title of 
Micheal IV. 

1035. The Pope, for his scandalous 
conduct, driven from Rome, but re-es- 
tablished by the emperor, Conrad. — 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



355 



Earthquakes and famine at Constanti- 
nople. 

1039. Hardicanute, the third Anglo- 
Danish monarch of England, taxed Eng- 
land like a conquered country, was a 
glutton and drunkard, and died of apo- 
plexy. 

1042. Zoe and her sister Theodora are 
made sole empresses of Rome by the 
populace, but after two months Zoe, 
though sixty years old, takes her third 
husband, Constantine X., who succeeds. 
The Danes expelled from England. 

1053. The Welsh and Irish several 
times invade England, but are repulsed, 

1062. Seventy thousand Europeans 
are killed or made prisoners by the 
Turks in Palestine. 



gives ri.se to the Crusades. Great strug- 
gle between Christianity and Mohamme- 
dans. 

1091. The Saracens, of Spain, beset on 
all sides by the Christians, call in the aid 
of the Moors, from Africa, who seize the 
territory they came to protect and sub- 
due the Saracens. 

1095. Peter, the Hermit, preaches 
against the Turks in all the countries of 
Christendom. 

1096. The first Crusade; Peter, the 
Hermit, and Walter, the Penniless, set 
out with a rabble, 300,000 of whom per- 
ish before the warriors are ready to start. 
There were 600,000 warriors and 100,000 
cavalry. 

1099. Jerusalem taken by the Crusa- 



1065. Jerusalem taken by the Turks. 

1070. Popery at the height of its power, 
claiming supreme dominion, temporal 
and spiritual, over all the States of Chris- 
tendom. 

1072. Surnames first used among the 
English nobility. 

1073. Booksellers first heard of. 
1076. Justices of Peace first appointed 

in England. 

loSo, Doomsday book began to be 
compiled from a general survey of the 
estates of England, and finished in six 
years. 

1087. After the capture of Jerusalem 
by the Turks the Christian pilgrims are 
insulted, robbed and oppressed, which 



ders on July 15th, when 70,000 infidels 
were put to the sword. 

1 1 10. Writing on paper made of cotton 
rags commences about this time. 

1 137. A pretended Messiah in France. 

1138. A pretended Messiah in Persia. 
1 147. Alphonsus of Spain, assisted by 

a fleet of Crusaders on their way to the 
Holy land, takes Lisbon from the Moors. 

1 163. London bridge, consisting of 
nineteen small arches, first built of stone. 

1 167. English commerce confined to 
the exportation of wool. 

1 172. Henry IL King of England takes 
possession of Ireland, which from that 
period is governed by an English Vice- 
rov or Lord-Lieutenant. 



356 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



1 1 76. Dispensing of justice by circuits 
first establislied in England. 

1 178. Pope Alexander, by a special 
act, relieves the clery of Berkshire from 
keeping the archdeacon's dogs and 
hawks during his visits. 

1 1 79. The Waldenses spread over the 
valley of Piedmont. They circulated 
the Scriptures; they were the forerun- 
ners of Protestantism; were condemned 
by the eleventh general council and se- 
verely persecuted. 

1 180. Glass windows begin to be used 
in private houses in England. Bills of 
exchange used in commerce. 

1 181. Digest of the laws of England 
made about this time by Glanville. 



pretense of establishing the worship of 
one God. He died in 1227. 

1208. London incorporated and ob- 
tained its first charter from King John. 

1210. Ireland completely subdued, and 
English laws and customs introduced by 
King John. 

1213. The Pope declares King John, of 
England, a usurper, and John submits to 
hold his crown as a vassal of the Pope. 

1 2 14. Period of the Troubadors in 
France, the Minstrels in England, and 
the Minnesengers in Germany. 

1217. Jerusalem taken by the Turks, 
wlio drove away the Saracens. 

1229. The Scriptures forbidden to all 
laymen. 



1 189. Great massacre of the Jews at 
the coronation of Richard i. 

1 196. The Jews become the principal 
bankers in the world. 

1 199. The power of the Pope supreme. 
Rome mistress of the world and kings 
her vassals. 

1204. Jews of both sexes imprisoned; 
their eyes or teeth plucked out and num- 
bers inhumanly butchered, by King 
John, of England. The Inquisition es- 
tablished by Pope Innocent III. 

1206. Reign of Genghis Kahn, first 
emperor of the Moguls and Tartars, one 
of the most bloody conquerors of the 
world. Fourteen millions of the human 
race perished by his sword, under the 



1233, The houses of London and other 
cities in England, France and Germany 
still thatched with straw. 

1234. They circumcise and attempt to 
crucify a child at Norwich; the offenders 
are condemned in a fine of 20,000 marks. 

1247. The first concordance of the 
Bible was made under the direction of 
Hugo de St. Charo, who employed as 
many as 500 monks upon it. 

1254. The Jews persecuted every- 
where. 

1257. Certain record of the first gold 
coin in England. 

1260. Kublia Khan builds Pekin, Chi- 
na, and makes it his capital. 

1264. The Commons of England first 
summoned to Parliament. 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA- 



357 



1268. No Pope for about three years. 

1269. Statute passed in England that 
no Jew should be allowed to enjoy a free- 
hold. 

1274. Every Jew lending money on in 
terest compelled to wear a plate on his 
breast signifying that he was a usurer, or 
to quit the realm of England. 

1277. First Nepotism. Pope Nicholas 
III. enriching his family at the expense 
of the church, introduces Nepotism. — 
Two hundred and sixty-seven Jews 
hanged and quartered for clipping coin, 
or cutting pieces from silver and gold. 

1279. The Tartars subdue China. 

1282. The .Sicilians massacre the 
French throughout the whole island of 
Sicily, without respect to sex or age, to 



129S. Silver-hafted knives, spoons and 
cups a great luxury at this time. Tallow 
candles so great a luxury that splinters 
of wood were used for lights. 

1300. University of Lyons founded. — 
Rapid advance in civilization. Revival 
of ancient learning; improvements in 
the arts and sciences, and progress of 
liberty. 

1303. Vacancy m the Papal chair 
nearly eleven months, with the papal 
power on the decline. 

1305. Sir William Wallace of Elders- 
lie, the Scottish hero of the 13th century, 
is betrayed to the English King by Sir 
John Monteith, and at London put to 
death in this year, aged about 30. 

In Scotland Robert Bruce is de- 



1306. 



the number of 8,000, on Easter day, the 
first bell for vespers being the signal, — 
This horrid affair is known in history by 
the name of "Sicilian Vespers." 

1287. Fifteen thousand six hundred 
and sixty Jews are apprehended in one 
day and banished from England. 

1289. England pays her last tribute to 
the Pope. 

1 29 1. End of the Crusade to recover 
Jerusalem. It cost the lives of 2,000,000 
men. 

1293. From this year there is a regular 
succession of English Parliaments. 

1297. Sir William Wallace, Sir Wil- 
liam Douglas, Robert Bruce and other 
chiefs head a rebellion against the Eng- 
lish. 



clared King and is obliged to flee, but 
on the death of Edward, of England, re- 
sumes his position. Edward II. , of Eng- 
land, a weak King, was murdered in 
Berkeley Castle by order of the Queen's 
paramour. Isabella, daughter of the 
King of France, married Edward II. — 
Her favorite, Mortimer, died by the gib- 
bet, and she was confined for the rest of 
her life in her own house at Risings, near 
London. 

1310. Chimneys first used in domestic 
architecture. 

1312, Knight Templars wholly sup- 
pressed by the Pope and the King of 
France. 

1314. Battle of Bannockburn, between 
Edward II. and Robert Bruce, which 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



35? 



establishes the latter on the throne of 
Scotland, July 25. 

13 14. The Cardinals meet in Italy, and 
not agreeing in the election of a Pope, 
they set fire to the conclave and sepa- 
rate, by which the Papal chair is left va- 
cant for two years. 

13 15. A famine prevails in England so 
dreadful that the people devoured the 
flesh of horses, dogs, cats and vermin. 

1316. Pope John XXII. imposes taxes 
upon all countries of Europe to enrich 
the treasury of the church. 

1317. Massacre of the Jews at Verdun 
by the peasantry; five hundred defend 
themselves in a castle, where, for want 
of weapons, they throw their children at 
their enemies, then destroy one another. 


1344. The first creation to titles by 
patents used by Edward III. 

1348. One million five hundred thou- 
sand Jews are massacred in Europe, on 
suspicion of having poisoned the springs 
during a fatal distemper. 

1349. The order of the Garter first in- 
stituted in England by Edward III. 

1352. The Turks first enter Europe. 

1357. Coal first brought to London. 

1362. Law pleadings made in English 
by lavor of Edward III., instead of 
French, which had continued from the 
time of the Conqueror. 

1365. Collection of Peter's pence for- 
bidden by the English government. 

1368. A striking clock in Westminster. 

1369. John Wicklifte, the English re- 




1319. Dublin University established. 

1324. John Wickliffe, the first English 
reformer is born. He studied at O.xford, 
and is justly called " The Morning Star 
of the Reformation," as he led to the 
truth under Luther and the other reform- 
ers of the i6th century. He died in 
1384. 

1336. Giotto, a celebrated Florentine 
painter, who studied with Ceniabue, was 
only a shepherd's lad. He was a friend 
of Dante and Petrarch, and is said to be 
the first who produced lifelike portraits. 
He died at this time, aged 60. 

1337. First comet observed whose 
course is described with exactness. 

1340. Gunpowder invented by Swartz, 
a Monk of Cologne. 


former, begins to be publicly known by 
his disputes with the Friars. 

1370. A perfect clock made at Paris 
by Vick. 

1378. Louis, of Hungary, dies, and the 
history of Hungary now presents a 
frightful catalogue of crimes. Charles 
Duras is murdered; Elizabeth, Queen of 
Louis, is drowned, and King (Hungarian 
Queens reign with the title of King) 
Mary, their daughter, marries Sigismond, 
Marquis of Brandenburg, and causes the 
rivers of Hungary to flow with blood. 

1381. Bills of exchange first used in 
England. 

1384. Cannon first used by the Eng- 
lish in the defense of Calais. 

1384. Persia invaded by Tamerlane, a 



36o 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA- 



Tartar, who made pyramids of the heads 
of the slain. 

T385. Linen weavers from Nether- 
lands first establish business in London. 

1391. Playing cards were first invented 
in France to amuse the king. The Eng- 
lish forbidden to cross the sea for bene- 
fices. 

1393 Charles, of France, seized with 
madness. 

1394. The Jews banished from France 
by Charles VL 

1399. Tamerlane, in command of the 
Mogul Tartars, takes the city of Delhi, 
defeats the Indian army, conquers Hin- 
doostan, and butchers 100, coo of its 
people. 



France. She was sold to the English, 
and after the formality of a trial, was 
burnt alive as a witch in 1431. 

1415. John Huss and Jerome Prague, 
Bohemians, two of the first reformers, 
are burnt for heresy at Constance, which 
occasions an insurrection, when Sigis- 
mund, who betrayed them, is deposed, 
and the Imperialists are driven from the 
Kingdom. 

1420. Paris taken by the English, who 
held it fifteen years. 

1428. Joan of Arc, the Maid of Or- 
leans, compels the English to raise the 
siege of that town. Wicklifte's remains 
burnt and his ashes thrown into the 
swift waters. Giovanni de Medici, one 



1400. A wonderful canal completed in 
China about this time. 

1402. Battle of Angora, in which Ba- 
jazet I, King of the Turks, is taken pris- 
oner by Tamerlane Bajazet was ex- 
posed in a large iron cage, which he had 
destined for his adversary, and dashed 
his head against the bars and killed him- 
self. At this defeat the Persian empire 
fell under the control of Tamerlane. 

1409. At the council of Pisa for the 
election of a Pope, Gregory and Bene- 
dict were disposed of, and Alexander V. 
elected. Neither of them would yield, 
so there were three Popes at once. 

1410 Joan of Arc born, sometimes 
called Maid of Orleans, a peasant girl of 



of the greatest merchant princes of Flor- 
ence, died, and his son, Casmo de Med- 
ici, carried on the work his father begun. 
He induced artists and scholars to take 
up their abode in Florence. He died 
in 1461. 

1429. Joan of Arc raised the siege and 
entered Orleans with supplies April 29, 
and the English, who were before the 
place from October 12 preceding, aban- 
doned the enterprise the following May. 
She captured several towns in posses- 
sion of the English, whom she defeated 
in a battle near Patay, June 10. 

1431. Joan of Arc was taken at the 
siege of Compeigne, and, to the great 
disgrace of the English, was burnt for a 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



36 r 



witch five days after at Rouen, in the 22d 
(some say 29th) year of her age. 

1438. Fifty thousand persons died of 
famine and plague in Paris during this 
year, when the hungry wolves entered 
the city and committed great desolation. 

1440. The great invention of printing 
is due to Guttenberg, who was assisted 
in improving it by Schceffer and Faust. 

1442. The beginning of the negro 
slave trade. 

1444. The earliest edition of the Bible 
was commenced this year by Guttenberg 
and finished in 1460. 

1446. The sea broke in at Dort, Hol- 
land, and over 100,000 people were over- 
whelmed and perished, 300 villages were 



Roxburgh. He was succeeded by his 
son James III. Engraving and etching 
on copper invented. An almanac in 
Lambeth palace was written at this time. 

1461. Edward IV., succeeded Henry 
VI.. having waged against him a civil 
war for six years. This was the war of 
the Roses, as the struggles between the 
houses of York and Lancaster were 
called. 

1462. Mentz taken and plundered and 
the art of printing in the general ruin is 
spread to other towns. Ivan the Great, 
of Russia, throws off the Mogul yoke, 
and takes the title of Czar. 

1466. Faust dies at Paris, whither he 
journeys twice to sell his Latin Bible. 



overflowed, and the tops of their towers 
and steeples were for ages after to be 
seen rising out of the water. The inun- 
dation arose in the breaking: down of 
the dykes. 

1450. Insurrection in England by Jack 
Cade, calling himself Mortimer. 

1453. "Civil wars of the Roses" oc- 
cur in England about this time, when 
the house of York began to aspire to 
the crown, and by their ambitious views 
to deluge the whole kingdom in blood. 

1457. Glass first manufactured in Eng- 
land. 

1460. James II. of Scotland was killed 
by the bursting of one of the badly made 
guns as he was besieging the English in 



1468. John Guttenberg died, aged 68. 
He was the inventor of movable types 
in printing, and was the partner of the 
famous Faust at Mentz. 

1471. Warwick, Richard Nevil, the 
" King Maker," was the most distin- 
guished actor in the wars of the Roses. 
He was slain at the battle of Barnet, Eas- 
ter day, over whom Edward IV. gained a 
decisive victory. Richard III., married 
Anne, daughter of Warwick, and widow 
of Edward, Prince of Wales, whom 
Richard had murdered. King Henry, of 
England, is murdered in the Tower, aged 
50 years. 

1474. The foundation of the present 
monarchy of Russia commenced. 



362 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



1476. Certain persons obtain license 
from Edward IV. to make gold and sil- 
ver from mercury. 

1477. Watches are said to have been 
first invented at Niiremburg. 

14S3. The Severn overflowed during 
ten days, and carried away men, women 
and children in their beds, and covered 
the toi>s of many mountains. The wa- 
ters settled upon the lands, and were 
called the Great Waters for 100 years. 

1484. ^Esop's Fables, printed by Cax- 
ton, is supposed to be tlie first book 
with its leaves numbered. 

1485. Richard III., King of England, 
and last of the Plantagenets, defeated 
and killed at the battle of Bosworth, on 



1508. Negro slaves imported into Hes- 
panolia. 

151 1. Cuba conquered by three hun- 
dred Spaniards. 

1514. Cannon bullets of stone still in 
use, 

151 7. Europeans first arrive in Can- 
ton, China. First patent for importing 
negroes to America granted by Spain. 

1524. Some of the states of Europe 
were alarmed by the prediction that 
another general deluge would occur, and 
arks were everywhere built to guard 
against the calamity, but the season hap- 
pened to be a very dry one. 

1529. The name of Protestant given to 
those who protested against the Church 



August 22d, by Henry VII , which puts 
an end to the civil wars between the 
houses of York and Lancaster. The 
crown of Richard was found in a haw- 
thorn bush on the plain where the battle 
was fought, and Henry was so impatient 
to be crowned that he had the ceremony 
performed on the spot with that very 
crown. 

148S. James IV. of Scotland succeeded 
James III., who fell in a brawl with some 
of the Barons. 

1492. Five hundred thousand Jews 
are banished from Spain and one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand from Portugal. 



1505. Shillings first coined in 



Eng- 



land. 



of Rome at the diet of Spires, in Ger- 
many. 

1537. Papal bull declares the Ameri- 
can natives to be rational beings. 

1539. Cannon first used in ships. 
1543. Silk stockings first worn by the 
French king. 

1547. First law in England establish- 
ing the mterest of money at ten per 
cent 

1548. Formal establishment of Prot- 
estantism in England. 

1552. Books of geography and astron- 
omy destroyed in England as being in- 
fested with magic. 

1553 Lady Jane Gray, daughter of the 
Duke of Sufiblk, and wife of Lord Guil- 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



363 



ford Dudley, was proclaimed Queen of 
England on the death of Edward VI. — 
Ten days afterwards returned to private 
life; was tried November 13th, and be- 
headed February 12th, 1554, when but 
seventeen years of age, with her hus- 
band and his father. 

1553. Elizabeth Croft, a girl eighteen 
years of age, was secreted in a wall and 
with a whistle made for the purpose ut- 
tered many seditious speeches against 
the Queen and Prince of England, and 
also against the mass and confession, for 
which she was sentenced to stand upon 
a scaffold at St. Paul's Cross during ser- 
mon time and make public confession of 
her imposture. She was called the 
Spirit of the Wall. While Servetus, the 



gleemen or harpers of the Saxons. — 
Queen Elizabeth, of England, was pre- 
sented with a pair of black silk stock- 
ings by her silk woman, and she never 
wore cloth ones any more. 

1561. Philip II. commences his bloody 
persecution of the Protestants. 

1563. Captain, afterwards Sir John 
Hawkins, was the first Englishman, after 
the discovery of America, who made 
traffic of the human species. 

1564. William Shakespeare, the great 
poet and dramatist, was born at Strat- 
ford-on-Avon, to which place he return- 
ed from London and lived till 1616. 

1568. Battle of Langside, between the 
forces of the Regent of Scotland, the 
Earl of Murray, and the army of Mary, 



founder of the Unitarian sect, was pro- 
ceeding to Naples, through Geneva, Cal- 
vin induced the magistrates to arrest 
him on charge of blasphemy and heresy, 
and, refusing to retract his opinions, he 
was condemned to the flames, which 
sentence was carried into execution Oc- 
tober 27. 

1554. The wearing of silk forbidden to 
the common people of England. The 
Company of Stationers of London is of 
great antiquity, and existed long before 
printing was invented; yet it was not in- 
corporated until the second year of 
Philip and Mary. 

1560. Minstrels continued until this 
time. They owed their origin to the 



Queen of Scots, in which the latter suf- 
fered a complete defeat, on May 15. — 
Immediately after this fatal battle the 
unfortunate Mary fled to England, and 
landed at Workington, in Cumberland, 
May 16, and was soon after imprisoned 
by Elizabeth. 

1571. Battle of Lepanto. The great 
naval engagement between the com- 
bined fleets of Spain, Venice and Pius 
v., and the whole maritime force of the 
Turks. The Christian fleet for a tmie 
prostrated the whole naval power of 
Turkey. 

1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. — 
Seventy thousand Hugenots, or French 
Protestants, throughout the kingdom of 



3^4 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



France were murdered under circum- 
stances of the most horrid treachery and 
cruelty. It began at Paris in the night 
of the festival of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 
14, by secret orders from Charles IX., 
King of France, at the instigation of the 
queen dowager, his mother. 

1585. Sextus V. rose from a shepherd 
boy to be Pope, is active and energetic, 
corrects abuses in the church and re- 
stores the Vatican Library. 

1587. Mary, Queen of Scots, during 
the reign of Elizabeth, was beheaded in 
Fotheringay Castle, in which she had 
been long previously confined, February 
8, after an unjust and cruel captivity of 
almost nineteen years in England. 



and is that now in general use in Eng- 
land and the United .States. 

1605. The memoi-able conspiracy in 
England, known by the name of the 
Gunpowder Plot, for springing a mine 
under the House of Parliament, and de- 
stroying the three estates of the realm, 
king, lords and commons, was discov- 
covered November 5. This diabolical 
scheme was projected by Robert Cates- 
by, and many high persons were leagued 
in the enterprise. Guy Faux was de- 
tected in the vaults under the House of 
Lords, preparing the train for being 
fired the next day! Hugh Calverly, 
having murdered two of his children 
and stabbed his wife in a fit of jealousy, 
being arranged for his crime at York 



I 



1589. Coaches first introduced into 
England. 

1592. Massacre of the Christians at 
Crotia by the Turks, when 65,000 were 
slain. 

1603. Thirty thousand five hundred 
and seventy-eight persons perished of 
the plague in London alone in this and 
the following year. It was also fatal in 
Ireland. 

1604. The celebrated religious confer- 
ence held at Hampton Court Palace, in 
order to effect a general union between 
the prelates of the Church of England 
and the dissenting ministers. This con- 
ference led to a new translation of the 
Bible, which was executed in 1607-161 1, 



assizes, stood mute, and was therefore 
pressed to death i4i the castle, a large 
iron weight being placed upon his breast. 

1606. Demetrius Griska Eutropeia, a 
friar, pretended to be the son of Basilo- 
witz, czar of Muscovy, whom the usurper 
Boris had put to death, but he claimed 
another child had been substituted in his 
place. He was supported by the armies 
of Poland. His success astonished the 
Russians, who invited him to the throne 
and delivered into Ills hands Fedor, the 
reigning czar, and all his family, whom 
he cruelly put to death. His imposition 
being discovered he was assassinated in 
his palace. 

1611. Two hundred thousand persons 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



365 



perished of a pestilence at Constanti- 
nople. 

1619. Harvey discovers or confirms 
the circulation of the blood. 

1620. Battle of Prague between the Im- 
perialists and Bohemians of Germany. 
The latter, who had chosen Frederick 
v., of the Palatine, for their king, were 
totally defeated. The unfortunate king 
was forced to flee with his family into 
Holland, leaving all his baggage and 
money behind him. He was deprived 
of the hereditary dominions, and the 
Protestant interest ruined in Bohemia. 

1620. Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, 
Mass., December 21st (commonly called 
December 22d), of the year. 



Called also the battle of Lippstadt. In 
this battle Gustavus Adolphus, king of 
Sweden, the most illustrious hero of his 
time, and the chief support of the Prot- 
estant religion in Germany, and in alli- 
ance with Charles I. of England, was 
foully killed in the moment of victory. 

1633. The art of preserving flowers in 
sand discovered. 

1641. The first attempt at reporting 
for newspapers commenced in reporting 
the proceedings of the English Parlia- 
ment. 

1647. The tyranny of the Spaniards 
leads to an insurrection at Naples, ex- 
cited by Maraniello, a fisherman, who in 
fifteen days raises an army of 200,000 



1622. The first newspaper ever printed 
in England was issued, called "The 
Weekley Newes." 

1624 George Fox born, the founder of 
the society of Friends or Quakers. He 
was clad in a perennial suit of leather, 
and wandered in solitude, seeking some 
light to guide him, studying the Bible 
and himself He died in 1690. 

1628. The discovery of the circulation 
of the blood by Dr. Harvey furnished 
an entirely new system of physiological 
and pathological speculation. 

1629. St. Peter's Church at Rome 
completed, having been commenced 
about the middle of the 15th century. 

1632. Battle of Lutzengen, or Lutze. 



men. The insurrection 
Maraniello is murdered. 



subsides and 



1648. Eighty-one Presbyterians ex- 
pelled from the English Parliament, 
which received the name of the 'Rump.' 

1648. Advertisements were first in- 
serted in newspapers about this time. 

1650. Quakers or Friends. Originally 
called Seekers, from their seeking the 
truth. Justice Bennett, of Derby, gave 
the society the name of Quakers at this 
time, because Fox (the founder) admon- 
ished him and those present with him 
to tremble at the word of the Lord. 

1652. First war between the English 
and the Dutch. 



366 



NOTED EVENTS OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 



1656, James Naylor personated our 
Savior; he was convicted of biaspliemy, 
scourged, and his tongue bored witli a 
hot iron on the pillorj', by sentence of 
tiie House of Commons under Crom- 
well's aiiministration. 

1656. The plague brought from Sardi- 
nia to Naples, being introduced by a 
transport with soldiers on board, raged 
with such violence as to carry off four 
hundred thousand of the inhabitants in 
six months. 

1662. Charles II. is said to have first 
encouraged the appearance of women 
on the stage of England, but the queen 
of James I. had previously performed in 
a theater at court. An earthquake 



destroy the rigging of an enemy's ships, 
invented by the Dutch Admiral De Witt. 

1667. The method of preparing phos- 
phorus from bones discovered by Chas 
William Scheele, an eminent Swedish 
Chemist. 

1690. Tlie first newspaper issued in 
America, named "Public Occurrences, 
Foreign and Domestic," was published 
at Boston, .September 25th. 

1669. Candia or Crete obtained from 
the Venetians by the Turks after a siege 
of twenty-four years, during which over 
200,000 people perished. 

1672. White slaves were sold in Eng- 
land to be transported. to Virginia; av- 



throughout China buries 300,000 persons 
in Pekin alone. 

1663. The first idea of a steam engine 
was suggested by the IMarcjuis of Wor- 
cester in his "Century of Inventions" as 
"a way to drive up water by fire." 

1665. Memorable plague in London 
which carried off 68,596 persons. 

t666. Great fire in London, September 
2, destroying eighty-nine churches, in- 
cluding the Royal E.xchange, the Custom 
House, Sion College, and many other 
public buildings, besides 13,200 houses, 
laying waste 400 streets. This confla- 
gration continued three days and nights, 
antl was at last only extinguished by the 
blowing up of houses. Chain-shot, to 



erage price for five year's service, $25, 
while a negro was worth J5125. 

1674. John Milton, one of the chief 
poets and greatest men of England died, 
aged 66 years. His task of writing two 
"Defences of the people of England" 
totally destroyed his already impaired 
vision. He afterwards fulfilled the pre- 
diction uttered in one of his former 
books by bringing out the great English 
epic " Paradise Lost." In his domestic 
life Milton endured much trouble. De- 
serted for a while by his first wife he 
saw no relief but in divorce. As he was 
blind, his daughter, as an amanuensis, 
assisted him in producing "Paradise 
Lost." 



COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF OF U. S. ARMY AND NAVY 



367 



COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF of the U. S. ARMY AND NAVY. 



UNITED STATES ARMY. 
The following is a list of the officers 
who have acted as commanders-in-chief 
of the army of the United States, by 
seniority of rank, or by special assign- 
ment of tlie President: — 

1. George Washington, from June, 
1775, to December, 1783. 

2. Henry Knox, from December, 1783, 
to June, 17S4. 

3. Major Doughty, from June, 1784, to 
September, 1789. [There was no United 
States army during this period, except 
two companies of artillery commanded 
by a major. The continental line had 
been disbanded, and a new army had 
not been formed.] 



"major-general commanding" settled 
the dispute.] 

10. James Wilkinson, from June, 1800, 
to January, 181 2. 

11. Henry Dearborn, from January, 
1812, to June, 1815, the period of the 
war of 1812. 

12. Jacob Brown, from June, 1815, to 
February, 1S28. 

13. Alexander McComb, from May, 
1828, to June, 1841. 

14. Winfield Scott, from June, 1841,10 
November, 1861, the longest term of all. 
Scott was the first officer after Wash- 
ington, who held the rank of lieutenant 
general. This was conferred upon him 
by Congress after the outbreak of the 



4. Josiah Harmar, from September, 
1789, to March, 1791. 

5. Arthur St. Clair, from March, 1791, 
to March, 1792. 

6. Anthony Wayne, from March, 1792, 
to December, 1796. 

7. James Wilkinson, from December, 
1796, to July, 1798. 

8. George Washington, who was cre- 
ated a lieutenant-general, resumed the 
command of the army, from July, 1798, 
to December, 1799. 

9. Alexander Hamilton, from Decem- 
ber, 1799, to June, 1800. [It used to be 
a mooted cjuestion in the War Depart- 
ment whether Hamilton had ever com- 
manded the army; but the recent discov- 
ery of an order bearing his signature as 



civil war, but did not pass to his succes- 
sor in command 

15. George B. McClellan, from No- 
vember, 1861, to March, 1862. 

16. Henry W. Halleck, from July, 
1862, to March, 1864. 

17. Ulysses S. Grant, from March, 
1864, to March, 1869. 

18. William T. Sherman, from March, 
1869, to November, 1883, when he re- 
tired. 

19. Phillip H. Sheridan, from Novem- 
ber, 1883. The title of general did not 
pass from Sherman to Sheridan. Sheri- 
dan remains lieutenant general. The 
grade of both continues only while they 
live, and there is no further promotion 
beyond the grade of major-general. 



368 



COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF OF U. S. ARMY AND NAVY. 



Since the foundation of the government 
there have been but three commanders 
of the army withtlie full title of general. 
The first was Washington, upon whom 
the rank was conferred by Congress a 
few weeks before his death, and a few 
months after he had been made lieu- 
tenant-general, in anticipation of a war 
with France. The second was Grant, 
to honor whom Congress revived the 
grade in 1866. The third was Sherman, 
who was promoted to Grant's place 
in 1869. 

o 

UNITED STATES NAVY. 

The War Department had charge of 
naval affairs until April, 1798. Benjamin 
Stoddard, of Maryland, was the first 



its renewal on paper, in 1794. Captain 
John Barry was named his senior officer, 
in which position he died. 

After the reorganization of the navy, 
under the Constitution, all ranks above 
captain were abolished. Captains were 
the highest rank of American naval 
officers, "though a practice had grown 
up, without legal authorities, of bestow- 
ing the title of commodore on a captain 
commanding a squadron." Capt. Shu- 
brick and Captain French Favert, each 
when in command of squadrons, took 
the title of admiral, and hoisted the 
" wide flag at the fore," but were re- 
buked by the Navy Department. In 1856 
Congress bestowed the rank of " flag 
officer" on captains in command of 



Secretary of the Navy, and was appoint- 
ed May 21, 1798, George Cabot, of Mas- 
sachusetts, appointed May 3, the same 
year, having declined. 

The Continental Congress, on Nov. 15, 
1776, provided for the following grades 
above the rank of captain: Admiral, to 
rank as general; vice-admiral, to rank as 
lieutenant general; rear admiral, to rank 
as major general; commodore, as briga- 
dier general. Eseek Hopkins, who had, 
on Dec. 27, 1775, been appointed Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Navy, was its first 
commodore. In Jan., 1777, Commodore 
James Nicholson, of Maryland, succeed 
ed Eseek Hopkins as Commander-in- 
Chief of the United States Navy, and 
held that place until its dissolution. On 



squadrons. July 16, 1S62, Congress cre- 
ated the grades of rear-admiral and com- 
modore, and on the same day D. G. Far- 
ragut became rear admiral. On Dec. 21, 
1864, Congress created the office of vice- 
-admiral, and provided that the vice-ad- 
miral should be the ranking officer in the 
navy. Dec. 31, 1864, Rear Admiral Far- 
ragut was commissioned vice-admiral. — 
July 25, 1866, the office of admiral being 
created, he was promoted to that rank. 
Upon his death, Aug. 14, 1870, Vice-Ad- 
miral D. D. Porter succeeded. In 1873 
Congress provided that whenever a va- 
cancy should occur in the office of admi- 
ral or vice-admiral, the office itself should 
cease to exist. Stephen C. Rowaa is the 
the vice-admiral. 



BUSINESS FORiMS. 372 



Business Forms. 



Commercial Terms. — The following is the definition of terms used in commercial 
reports and transactions between buyer and seller of stock and grain: 

If wheat is selling at $1.10@1. 15 in June, and the seller agrees to deliver it to the 
buyer in July, it is understooci that the person who sells the wheat can deliver it to 
the purchaser at any time during the month of July. 

To sell short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock at a fixed 
price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. The 
person who sells " short" finds it to his interest to depress the market, in order that 
he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. The " shorts " are termed " bears." 

Buying long, is contracting to purchase grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, de- 
liverable within a time named, expecting to make a profit by the rise of prices. The 
"longs" are termed "bulls." 

Promissory Notes. — A promissory note is an agreement in writing to pay a certain 
sum 01 money at a time therein named, or on demand, or at sight, to the person 
therein designated, or his order or assigns, or to the bearer. The person making the 
note is called the drawer or maker. 

A note is void when founded upon fraud. Thus, a note obtained from a person 
when intoxicated, or obtained for any reason which is not legal, cannot be collected.* 

*If, however, the note is transferred to an innocent holder, the claim of fraud or no value 
received will not avail. The party holding the note can collect it if the maker is able to pay it. 

A. note given upon Sunday is also void in some States. 

No notes bear interest unless it is so specified on the note; but after they are due 
they are entitled to the legal rate allowed by the State. If it is intended that the note 
should draw more than the legal rate, it should be so specified on the note as follows: 
*'with interest at the rate of — per cent, until paid." 

Notes payable on demand or at sight, draw no interest until after presentation or 
demand of the same has been made; after that they draw the legal rate of interest of 
the State. 

If "with interest" is included in the note, it draws the legal rate allowed by the 
State where it is given, from the time it was made. 

If the note is made payable to a person or order, to a person or bearer, to a person 
or his assigns, or to the cashier of an incorporated company or order, such notes are 
negotiable. 

When transferring the note, the endorser frees himself from responsibility, so far 
as the payment is concerned, by writing on the back, above his name, "Without 
recourse to me in any event. ' ' 

When a note is made payable at a definite period, three days beyond the time 
expressed on the face of the note are allowed to the person who is to pay the same. 
These three days are called days of grace. Notes payable on deinand are not entitled to 
days of grace. 

A note made payable at a bank, and not taken up when it is due, and a demand has 
been made for payment, when the three days of grace have expired and payment 
refused, the endorser of the note is then responsible for the amount without any 
further notice. Any demand before the three days of grace have expired does not 
affect the endorser. 

The days of grace, which must be computed according to the laws of the State 
where the note is payable, are to be reckoned exclusive of tJie day when the note 



373 



BUSINESS FORMS. 



(Business Forms — Provtissory yoles, continued.) 
would otherwise become due, and without deduction for Sundays or holidays ; in 
which latter case, by special enactments in most of the States, notes are deemed to 
become due upon the secular day next preceding such days. Thus, a note due upon 
the twenty-fifth day of December, is p.iyable on the twenty-fourth, as the day when 
due is Christmas day ; if the twenty-fourth chance to be Sunday, it is due upon the 
twenty-third. 

In order to charge an indorser, the note, if payable at a particular place, must be 
presented for payment at tlie place upon the very day it becomes due ; if no place of 
payment be named, it must be pi-esented, either to the maker personally, or at his 
place of business, during business hours, or at his dwelling house, within reasonable 
hours ; if payable by a firm, a presentment may be made to either of the partners, or 
at the firm's place of business ; if given by several persons jointly, not partners, the 
demand must be made upon all. If the note has been lost, mislaid, or destroyed, 
the holder must still make a regular and formal demand, offering the party, at the 
same time, a sufficient indemnity in the event of his paying the same. 



NOTE ON DEMAND. 



Philadelphia, Pa., June 1, 18—. 



$50.00. 

On demand I promise to pay to Simon Miller, or order. Fifty Dollars, value received, with interest. 
^ HAMILTON GRIFFIN. 

NEGOTIABLE NOTE. 

With interest at legal rate per cent, from date. 
1300. Hakrisbueg, Pa., June 1, 18—. 

Three months after date, for valued received. I promise to pay George Menzpl. or order. Three 
Hundred Dollars, with interest. JAMES SPENCE 



NEGOTIABLE NOTE. 

With interc*« tt ten per cent, after maturity, until paid. 

«2oo Rochester, N. Y., May 1, 18—. 

For value received, ninety days after date, I promise to pay Philip Jones, or order. Two Hundrtd 
Dollars, with interest at ten per cent, after maturity, until paid. AMOS GILBERT. 

NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE. 
J700 Albany, N. Y., March 6, 18—. 

Six months after date, for value received, I promise to i>ay Joseph Hollingsworth, Seven Hun- 
dred Dollars. PETER UERSCH. 

NOTE FOR TWO OR MORE PERSONS. 
j2 000 Clinton, Ia., April 4. 18—. 

' We, or either of us, promise to pay to the order of John Scott, Two Thousand Dollars, for value 
_o/.oiveVi GEORGE HARRIS, 

receiveu. ^j^.j^ j-lexCHER. 

FORM FOR PENNSYLVANIA. 
.300 Reading. Pa , Feb. 6, 18—. 

For value received, I promise to pay to the order of Jasper Williams, Three Hundred Dollars, 
sixty days after date, without defalcallion. THOMAS DAYWALT. 

MARRIED WOAfAN'S NOTE IN NEW YORK. 
j^QQ Syracuse, N. Y., June 10, 18 — . 

For value received, I promise to pav to W. L. Brown, or order. One Hundred Dollars, one ye«u 
from date, with interest. And I hereby charge my individual property and estate with the paym^jut 
of thi8 note. 



EMILY CUMMINGS. 



NOTE PAYABLE BY INSTALLMENTS, 
•goo Lancaster, Pa., Junes, 18 — . 

For value received, I promise to pay to Philip Jones, or order, Nine Hundred Dollars in the 
tolowine maaner to-wit: One Hundred Dollars in one month from date; Two Hundred Dollars la 
two mouths; Three Hundred Dollars in tl»ee months, and Two Hundred Dollars in nine moniha 
trom date, with interest on the several suiB'' 4s they become due. 



PETER HERSCH 



BUSINESS FORMS. 374 



{Business Forms— continued.) 

NOTE PAYABLE IN MERCHANDISE. 

$800. Haverhill, Mass., February 2, 18—. 

For value received, on or before the tenth day of .June next, we oromise to pay W. iitonehain & 
Co., or order. Nine Hundred Dollars, in good merchantable Lumber, at our yard in this city, at the 
market value on the maturity of this note. HARRIS & BENDER. 

JOINT NOTE. 

1500. Rochester, N. Y., .Tune 11, 18--. 

Six months after date, we jointly and severally promise to pay to William Schofleld.or order,Five 
Hundred Dollars, for value received, with interest at ten per cent. JOHN HELM. 

SIMON LEVY. 

FORM OF A NOTE FOR INDIANA. 

1300. Fort Wayne, Ind., September 12, 18— 

On demand, for value received, I promise to pay John Duncan, or order. Three Hundred Dol 
lars, with interest; payable without any relief whatever from valuation or appraisement. 

PHILIP MAYO. 

FORM OF GUARANTEE. 

For and in consideration of One Dollar, to me in hand paid by John Wannamaker & Co., of 
Philadelphia, who, at my request propose opening a credit with John W. Martin, of Hagerstov/n, 
Jld., I do hereby guarantee tne payment to John Wannamaker & Co., their successors and assigns, 
of ail indebtedness which said John W Martin has incurred or may incur for goods and merchan- 
dise sold to him, or delivered at his request by said John Wannamaker & Co., their successors and as- 
signs, upon credit or for cash, or on note, or otherwise, without requiring any cotice in respect thereto. 

This guarantee to be open and continuing, covering all interest on any such indebtedness, and 
also any costs and expenses which may be incurred by John Wannamaker & Co., their successors 
and assigns, in collecting. 

Further, it shall remain in full force until revoked bv a wi-itten notice from me, provided, how 
ever, that my liability hereunder for purchases made shall not at anytime exceed $3,000. 

Witness my hand and seal, \ C. U RAINS 

Philadelphia, May 10, 1880. 



DUE-BILLS. 

FORM OF DUE-BILL PAYABLE IN MONEY. 

1100. Rochester, N. Y., October 2, 18-- 

Due Thomas A, Sutton, or order, on demand. One Hundred Dollars, value received. 

JAMES T. PALMER. 

PAYABLE IN FLOUR. 

$100. Minneapolis, Minn., January 5, 18—. 

Due on demand, to George Stover, One Hundred Dollars in Flour, at the market value when 
delivered. Value received. JEFFERSON MILL. 

PAYABLE IN MONEY AND MERCHANDISE. 

$300. Bloo.mington III., March 2, 18— . 

Due on the 15th of May next, to Henry G. Funk, or order. Two Hundred Dollars in cash, and 
One Hundred Dollars in merchandise from our store. ANDERSON, BENEDICK & CO. 

PAYABLE IN MERCH.VNDISE. 

$60. Chajibersburo, Pa., October 4, 18—. 

Due John Long, Sixty Dollars in merchandise from our store. SMITH & BROWN 



375 



BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 



Bills of Exchange. 



A Bill of Exchange is an order from an American Bank or Broker, directing some 
foreign Bank or Broker to pay a certain sum of money to the person named in the bill. 
This bill of exchange is then sent to the person named in it, who draws the amount 
specified in the bill. For instance, a merchant in New York owed a merchant in Lon- 
don five hundred dollars. Instead of remitting the money to the merchant in Lon- 
don, he would buy a Bill of Exchange from a Bank or Broker in New York for tho 
amount, and transmit it to his creditor in London, and thus liquidate the debt. Bank- 
ers and Brokers charge a commission for issuing bills of exchange. 

DraftS.--Drafts are similar to bills of exchange, only that they are local in their 
application, instead of being an order on a foreign Bank or Broker. They are con- 
fined to Banks and Brokers in this country. For instance, a person in Cincinnati 
owed a gentleman in Philadelphia two hundred dollars ; he could buy a draft for that 
amount in Cincinnati, from some Bank or Broker there, ordering some Philadelphia 
Bank or Broker to pay the two hundred dollars to the party named in the draft. The 
draft is sent by mail to the party in whose favor the draft is drawn. A commission 
is also charged for issuing drafts. Drafts can be sent through banks for collection. 



$200. 



FORM OF A BANK DRAFT. 
Second National Bank, 



Pay to the order of Williara Blakely Two Hundred Dollars. 
To Marine National Bank of Baltimore. 



No. 63. 

Cincinnati, Ohio, April 2, IS — . 

DUPLICATE UNPAID 

BARTON DAVIS, Cashier. 



Sight Draft.—Sight drafts are only draw^n when it is expected the debt will be paid 
immediately on the presentation of the draft. The following is the form of i 

SIGHT DRAFT. 
J500 Baltimore, Md., Jan. 6, 1SS2. 

At sight, pay to the order of Lett & Allen, Five Hundred Dollars, value received, and charge the 

same to our account. tt.vc-j^ t l'ttttttd 

To John Duncan, Wilmington, Del. HAYi!* & h.iiL.ijJiK. 

TIME DRAFT, 
jlOO CniCAGO, 111., Fob. 2, 18S-. 

Sixty days after date, pay to the order of Simon Miller, One Hundred Dollars value received, 
and charge to our account. JOHN PHlLLlFb & CO. 

To W. P. Harris & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 

ACCeptance.~If the person upon whom the draft is drawn consents to its pay- 
ment, he writes across the face of the draft as follows : ''Accepted, September 9, 
1881. Byron Alger." 

Sight drafts and time drafts can be collected through Banks. 

Laws Of CrraCQ on Sight Drafts. --Grace on Sight Drafts is ALLOWED in the fol- 
lowuig States : 

Alabama, Arkansas, Dakota, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Jlontana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 
North C;aroUna, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming, 
Canada. 

Grace on Sight Drafts is not allowed in the following States : 

California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Geor- 
ia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland. Missouri, Nevada, New York, 



S 



bio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia. 



LEGAL FORMS. 376 



Legal Forms. 



Articles of Agreement.-- Au agreement is simply a contract between centaiu par- 
ties tliereiu up.mecl, binding them to perform certain duties, enumerated in the agree- 
ment, within a specified time. 

Everytliing relating to an agreement shoiild be reduced to writing. Let nothing 
be "talcen for granted." By doinj? this there can be no misunderstanding, and the 
terms of the agreement will be faithfully executed without recourse to law. No par- 
ticular form is necessary, but make the specifications exi)licit. 

All agreements, to be legal, should specify some consideration — otherwise they are 
void. 

The time for filling the provisions of an agreement should be specified. 

If fraud or misrepresentation is made by one party to the agreement, or the date is 
changed, the contract becomes void. 

Each of the contracting parties should have a copy of the agreement, signed by all 
the parties interested in the agreement. 

GENERAL. FORM OF AGREEMENT. 

This Agreement, made the tenth day of Jlay, A. D. IS—, between S.inion Lechrone, of Cham- 
bersburg, County of Franklin, State of Pennsylvania, of the first part, and George Balsley, of the 
same place, of the second part : — 

WITNESSETH, that the said Simon Lechrone, in consideration of the agreement of the partv of the 
second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said George Balslev, that 
he will deliver, in good and marketable condition, at the town of Chambersburg, Fa., during the 
months of August and September, of this year, five hundred bushels of wheat, in the following 
lots and at the following specified times, namely: two hundred bushels by the tenth of August, one 
hundred bushels additional by tlie twentieth of August, one hundred bushels more by the first of 
September, and the entire five hundred bushels to be delivered by the twenty-fifth of September. 

And the said George Balsley, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract, on the 
part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said Simon Lechrone to pay for 
said wheat one dollar per bushel, for each bushel, as soon as delivered. 

In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed 
that the party so failing shall pay to the other one hundred dollars as fixed and settled damages. 
In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. 

SIMON LECHRONE, 
GEORGE BALSLEY. 

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT FOR WARRANTY DEED. 

Articles of Agreement, made this tenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
eight hundred and eighty, between Alexander Hamilton, of Waynesboro, Franklin County, State of 
Pennsylvania, party of the first part, and Hiram A. Stover, of Hagerstown, Washington County, 
State of Maryland, party of the second part. 

WITNESSETH, that Said party of the first part hereby covenants and agrees, that if the party of 
the second part shall first make the payment and iierform the covenants hereinafter mentioned on 
his part to be made and performed, the said party of the first part will convey and assure to the 
party of the second part, in fee simple, clear of all incumbrances whatever, by a good and sufficient 
Warranty Deed, the following lot, piece, or parcel of ground, viz : The east sixty (fiO) feet of the 
west half of lot number ten (lOi, in block number five (0), Brown's Addition to Cincinnati, as re- 
corded at Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio. 

:- And the said party of the second part hereby covenants and agrees to pay to said party of the 
first part the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, in the manner following: Six Hundred Dollars, cash in 
hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the balance in three annual payments 
as follows, viz: Four Hundred Dollars, August 10,lsSl, Four Hundred Dollars, August 10, 1882; 
and Six Hundred Dollars, August 10, 18S3 ; with interest at the rate of ten per centum, per annum, 
payable on the dates above specified, annually, on the whole sum remaining from time to time 
un paid, and to pay all taxes, assessments, or impositions, that may be legally levied or imposed upon 
saidlaiid, suljseqTient to the year 1880. Andincaseof the failure of the said party of the secondpart 
to make either of the payments, or perform any of the covenants on his part hereby made and en- 
tered into, this contractshall, at the option of the party of the first part, be forfeited and deter- 
mined, and the party of the second part shall forfeit all payments made by him on this contract, 
and such payments shall be retained by the said party of the first part, in full satisfaction and in 
liquidation of all damages by him sustained, and he shall have the right to re-enter and take pos- 



377 LEGAL FORMS. 



{Legal Forms — conlinued.) 

session 01 the premises aforesaid, with all tlie improvements and appurtenances thereon, paying 
said Hiram A. Stover the appraised value of said improvements and appurtenances ; said appraise- 
ment to be made by three arbitrators, one being chosen by each of the said parties, the other being 
chosen by the first two. 

It is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agreements herein contained shall extend to 
and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns of the respective parties. 

In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals, the 
day and year first above written. - 

Signed, sealed, and delivered in presence of j ALEXANDER HAMILTON, [seal.j 

PETER DALE. I HIRAM A. STOVER. (seal. J 

AGREEMENT' FOR BUILDING A HOUSE. 

This agreement, made the fifth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine, be- 
tween James Downey, of Louisville, county of Jefferson, State of Kentucky, of the first part, and 
Alexander Marshall, of the same place, county and State, of the second part— 

Witnesseth, that the said James Downey, party of the first part, for consideration hereinafter 
named, contracts and agrees with the said Alexander Marshall, party of the second part, his heirs, 
assigns and administrators, tliat he, the said Downey, will, within one hundred and ten days, next 
following this date, in a good and workmanlike manner, and according to his best skill, well an<? 
substantially erect and finish a dwelling house on lot number nine, in block number eight, in 
Grove's addition to Louisville, facing on Market street, which said house is to be of the following 
dimensions, with brick, stone, lumber, and other materials, as are described in the plans and speci- 
flcation.s hereto annexed. 

[Here describe the house, material for construction, and plans in full.] 

In consideration of which the said Alexander Marshall does, for himself and legal representa- 
tives, promise to the said James Downey, his heirs, executors and assigns, to pay, or cause to be 
paid, to the said Downy, or his legal representatives, the sum of Ten Thousand Dollars, in the 
manner as follows, to-wit: Fifteen Hundred Dollars at the beginning of said work. Fifteen Hundred 
Dollars on the fifth day of J\ine next. Fifteen Hundred Dollars on the second day of July next, 
Twenty-five Hundred Dollars on the first day of August next, and the remaining Three Thousand 
Dollans when the work shi'.U be fully completed 

It is also agreed that the s*id James Downey, or his legal representatives, shall furnish, at his oi 
their own expense, all doors, blinds, glazed sash, and window frames, according to the said plap 
that may be necessary for the building of said house. 

It is further agreed that in order to be entitled to said payments (the first one excextted, which 
is otherwise secured), the said James Downey, or his legal representatives, shall, according to the 
architect's appraisement, have expended, in labor and material, the value of said payments, on the 
house, at time of payment. 

For failure to accomplish the faithful performance of the agreements aforesaid, the party so 
failing, his heirs, executors, or assigns, agrees to forfeit and pay to the other party, or his legal rep- 
resentatives, the penal .sum of Fifteen Hundred Dollars, as fixed and settled damages, within one 
month from the time of so failing. 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, the year and day first above written. 

JAMES DOWNEY. 
ALEXANDER MARSHALL. 

AGREEMENT FOR SALE AND DELIVERY OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

Articles of agreement, madi- this ninth dav of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
hundred and scveniy-nine, bet.veen William Heering, of Millersburg, Holmes county, Ohio, party 
of the first part, and George ^^alc, of Wooster, Wayne county, Ohio, party of the second pari-- 

Wituesseth, That the said party of the first part hereby covenants and agrees, 
that if the party of the second part shall first make the pavmcnts and 
perform the coveiiauts hereinafter me»tioned on his part to be m^ ic and per- 
lormed, the said party of the second part will, on or before the first day i June next, 
deliver, in a clean and marketable condition, one thousand bushels of wheat, of hisow u production, 
at the warehouse of Carpenter & Smith, Cleveland, Ohio And the said party of the second part 
hereby covenants and agrees to pay to said party of the first part the sum of one dollar and twenty 
cents per bushel, in the manner following: Six hundred dollars cash in hand paid, the receipt 
whereof is herebv acknowledged, and the balance at the time of delivery of said wheat And in 
case of the failure of the said party of the second part to make either of the payments, or perform 
anv of the ( ovenants on his part hereby made and entered into, this contract shall, at the option of 
the party of the first part, be forfeited and determined, and the party of the second part shall forfeit 
all payments made bv him on this contract, and such payments shall be retained by the said party 
of the'first part in full satisfaction and in liquidation of all damages by him sustained, and he shall 
have the right to take possession of said wheat, remove, and sell tne same elsewhere as he may deem 
for his interest. 

It is mutually agreed that all the covenants and agreements herein contained, shall extend to 
and be obligatory upon the heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns of the resiH'ctive parties. 

In witness whereof, the parlies to these presents have hereunto set their iiands, the dav and year 
first above written. WILLIA.M HE1-:R1NG. 

GEORGE SALE. 



LEGAL FORMS. 378 



{Legal Forms— continued.) 

Bills of Sale,— A written agreement by which a party transfers to another all his 
right, title and interest in personal property, for a consideration, is termed a bill of 
sale. 

_ According to law, the ownership of personal property is not changed until the de- 
livery of such property, and the purchaser is in actual possession of the same ; in 
some States, however, a bill of sale is prima Jacia evidence of ownership, even against 
all creditors, providing the sale was not made for the purpose of defrauding creditors. 

The fairness or unfairness of such a sale is determined by a jury, and where it is 
proven that fraud existed in the transaction, such bill of sale will be ignored and de- 
clared void. 

COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. 
Know all men by this instrument, that I, George Mason, of Sag Harbor, SuflFolk county, New 
York, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred Dollars, to me paid bv James 
Dougherty, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof if hereby acknowledge"d have 
sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Dougherty, party of the second part, his execu- 
tors, administrators, and assigns, my undivided half of fifty acres of corn, now growing on vhe 
farm of Jacob Lescher, in the town above mentioned; four cows, two horses, and nine sheep be- 
longing to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the 
party of the second part, his executors and assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal repre- 
sentatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant 
and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second 
part, and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatsoever. 
_ In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of June, one thousand 
eight hundred and seventy. GEORGE MASON 



BILL OF SALE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

Know all Men by these Presents, That I, Peter J. Hirsch, of Lebanon, Lebanon cotintv, Penn- 
sylvania, farmer, in consideration of Nine Hundred Dollars (:fOOO), to me in hand paid "by Louis 
Kisber, of the same place, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do hereby bargain, sell and 
deliver unto the said Louis Fisher the following property, to-wit: 

Five horses at $120 |600 

Two sets of Harness at ?25 50 

One Farm Wagon at .fto 40 

One Spring Wagoa at $35 35 

Ten Hogs at $10 100 

One Mule at $75 75 

Total $900 

To have and to hold the said goods and chattels unto the said Louis Fisher, his executors, adminis- 
trators, and assigns, to his own proper use and benefit forever. And I, the said Peter J. Hirsch, do 
avow myself to be the true and lawful owner of said goods and chattels ; that I have full power, 
good right, and lawful authority to dispose of said goods and chattels in manner as aforesaid ; and 
that I will, and my heirs, executors, and adrainistraters shall warrant and defend the said bar- 
gained goods and chattels unto the said Louis Fisher, his executors, administrators, and assigns, 
from and asainst the lawful claims and demands of all persons. 

In witness wereof, I, the said Peter J. Hirsch, have hereto set my hand this fifth day of June 
in the year of our Lord, Eighteen Hundred »nd Eighty. PETER J. HIRSCH. ' 

Bonds. — A bond is a written acknowledgment of an obligation, whereby the maker 
binds himself to pay a certain sum of money to another person or persons, at a time 
therein named, for some bona fide consideration. 

The person giving the bond is termed the obligor; the person receiving the bond is 
called the obligee. 

Bonds are generally given under certain conditions, binding the person giving the 
same to perform some specific duties. For the violation of a bond there is usually 
some penalty attached, of sufficient amount to cover double the amount involved, to 
be forfeited in case the obligor fails to perform the duties named in the bond. 



379 



LEGAL FORMS. 



(Legal Forms — continued.) 

A bond may be drawn so as to render either tlie obligor or obligee liable to the pen- 
alty attached. 

In case of providential interference, whereby the conditions of a bond are rendered 
impossible, the party obligated is released from the responsibility of the penalty. 

A suit on a bond must be brought within twenty years after right of action is 
allowed, or within such time as provided by the laws of the diflerent States. 

COMMON FORM OF BOND. 

Know all Men by this instrument. That I, James ISIayo, of Richmond, Henrico county, State ot 
Virginia, nra firmly bound unto William Byrd, of the place aforesaid, in the sum of one thousand 
dollars, to be paid :o said Wm. Byrd, or his legal representatives; to which payment to be made, I 
bind myself, or my legal representatives, by this instrument. 

Sealed with my seal, and dated this second day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seven- 
ty-nine. 

The condition of this bond is such that, if I, James Mayo, my heirs, administrators, or executors, 
shall promptly pay the sum of five hundred dollars iu three equal annual payments from the date 
hereof, with annual interest, then the above obligation to be of no effect ; otherwise to be in full 
force and valid. JAMES MAYO. [seal.J 

Sealed and delivered in presence of j 



JOHN CLARKE, 



BOND TO A CORPORATION. 



Know all Men by these presents, That I, Charles Burton, of Harrisburg, Dauphin county, State 
of Pennsylvania, am firmly bound unto the Harrisburg Plow Manufacturing Company, in the sum 
of twenty thousand dollars, to be paid to the said company, or their assigns, for which payment to 
be made I bind myself and representatives firmly by these presents. 

Sealed with my seal, and dated this September first, eighteen hundred and seventy-nine. 

The condition of the above bond is such that, if I, the said Charles Burton, my heirs, adminis 
trators. or assigns, shall pay unto the said Harrisburg Plow Manufacturing Company, or assigns, 
ten thousand dollars, iu two equal payments, viz: Five thousand dollars January 1, 1880, and five 
thousand dollars July 1st next following, with accrued interest, then the above to be void, otherwise 
to remain in full force and etTect. CHARLES BURTON, [seal.] 

Sealed and delivered in presence of ) 
SAMUEL ROYER. ^ 



Oliattel Mortgages. — A. mortgage on personal property is called a Chattel Mort- 
gage, and i,s given by a debtor to a creditor to secure the payment of a certain sum of 
money that maj^ be due. 

The property so mortgaged may remain in the possession of either the debtor or 
creditor while the mortgage is in force. To secure the property against other cred- 
itors the persons holding the mortgage must have a correct copy of the mortgage 
filed in the Clerk's or Recorder's office of the town, city or county where the person 
giving the mortgage resides, and where the property is, when mortgaged. 

It is necessary in some States for a justice of the peace, where the property mort- 
gaged is located, to acknowledge and sign the mortgage, making a transcript of the 
same upon his court docket, while the mortgage at the same time should be recorded 
the same as transfers of real estate. 

CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 

This Indenture, made and entered into this fifth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thou 
sand eight hundred and seventy-nine, between Philip Marsh, of the town of Madison, the county ol 
Dane, and State of Wisconsin, party of the first part, and GilesWilliams, of the same town, county 
and State, party of the second part. 

Witnesselh, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of nine hun- 
dred dollars, in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, does hereby grant, sell, 
convey and confirm unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all and 
singular, the following described goods and chattels, to- wit: 

Two four-year old cream-colored horses, one Chickering piano, No. 6,132; one tapestry carpet, 
16xl8feet in size; one marble-top centre table, one Stewart cooking stove, No. 454; one black walnut 
bureau with mirror attached, one set of parlor chairs (six in number), upholstered in green rep, 
with lounge corresponding with sarce in style and color of upholstery, now in possession of said 
Marsh, at No. 45 Hill street. Madison, Wis. 

Together with all an^l singular, the appurtenances thereunto belonging, or in any wise apper- 
taining: to have and to hold the above described goods and chattels, unto the said" party of th« 
second part. )iis heirs an^ assigns, forever. 



LEGAL FORMS. ."^So 



{Legal Forms— continved.) 

Provided, ahrays, and these presents are upon this express condition, that if ttie said Philip 
Marsh, his heirs, erecutors, administrators, or assigns, shall, on or before the fifth day of April, A. D., 
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine, pay, or cause to be paid, to the said Giles Williams, or 
his lawful attorney or attorneys, heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns, the sura of nine hun- 
dred dollars, together with the interest that may accrue thereon, at the rate ef ten per cent, per 
annum, from the fifth day of April, A. D., one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine, until paid, 
according to the tenor of one promissory note bearing even date herewith for the payment of said 
sum of money, that then and from thenceforth these presents, and everything herein contained, 
shall cease, and be null and void, anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Provided, also, that the said Philip Marsh may retain the possession of "and have the use of said 
goods and chattels until the day of payment aforesaid; and also, at his own expense, shall keep 
said goods and chattels; and also, at the expiration of said time of payment, if said sura of money, 
together with the interest as aforesaid, shall not be paid, shall deliver up said goods and chattels, id 
good condition, to said Giles Williams, or his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns. 

And provided, also, that if default in payment as aforesaid, by said party of the first part, shall 
be made, or if said patty of the second part shall at any time before said promissory note become* 
due, feel himself unsafe or insecure, that then the said party of the second part, "or his atterney, 
agent, assigns, or heirs, executors, or administrators, shall have the right to take possession of said 
goods and chattels, wherever they may or can be found, an<l sell the same at public or private 
sale, to the highest bidder for cash in hand, after giving ten days' notice of the time and place ol 
said sale, together with a description of the goods and chattels to bo sold, by at least four advertise- 
ments, posted up in public places in the vicinity where the said sale is to take place, ind proceed to 
make the sum of money and interest promised as aforesaid, together with all reasonabl* cost, charges 
and expenses in so doing; and if there shall be any overplus, shall pay the same without delay to 
the said party of the first part, or his legal representatives. 

lu testim"onv whereof, the said party of the first part has hereunto set his hand and affixed his 
seal, the day and year fii-s;t above written. PHILIP MARSH. [seal.I 

Signed, sealed and deliveifd in presence of j 
GEORGE S1S\'DEK. i 



BiSmSirkS. — It i.s a rule when a person gives a mortgage, and retains the possession 
of the property, to invest the holder of the mortgage with power to take possession of 
the goods and chattels mortgaged, at any time he may consider the same not suffi- 
cient security for his claims, ; or, if he deems that that he has satisfactory evidence 
that such property is about to be removed, whereby he would be defrauded of his 
claim, or for any other reason whatsoever, he can take possession of such property, if 
he considers that procedure necessary to secure his claim. Then, according to the 
law of the State governing such procedures, after having given legal notice of sale, 
he is allowed to sell such property, at public sale, to the highest bidder. From the 
proceeds of the money realized from such sale, he can retain a sufficient amount to 
cover his demand, and enough to pay all the expenses, returning the surplus to the 
mortgagor. 

REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE TO SECURE PAYMENT OF MONEY. 

This Indenture, made this tenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thoxisand eight 
hundr -d and seventy-six, between George Cole, of Shippensburg, county of Cumberland, and State 
of Pennsylvania, and Mary, his wife, party of the first part, and Jacob Wagner, party of the second 
part. 

Whereas, the said party of the first part is justly indebted to the said party of the second part in 
the sum of four thousand dollars, secured to be paid by two certain promissory notes bearing even date 
herewith, the one due and payable at the First National Bank in Shippensburg, Pa., with interest, 
on the tenth day of September, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven; the 
other due and pliyable at the First National Bank at .-hippensburg. Pa., with interest, on the tent& 
day of September, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. 

Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth that the said party of the first part, for the better 
securing the payment of the money aforesaid, with intsrest theieon, according to the tenor and 
efTeet of the said two promissory notes above mentioned; and, also, in consideratio.i of the sum of one 
dollar to them in hand paid bythe saiii party of the second part, at the delivery of these preseats, 
the receipt whereof is hereby "acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, and conveyed and by 
these presents do grant, bargain, sell, and convey unto the said party of the second pirt, his heixn 
and assigns, forever, all that certain parcel of land, situate, etc. 

r Dp.scribino the premises.] 



3Bi 



LEGAL FORMS. 



{Legal Forms— continued.) 

To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments, 
rrivileges and appiirtenances thereunto belonging or iu any wise appeartainiug. And also, all the 
estate, interest, aud claim whatsoever, in law as well as iu equity, which the party of the first part 
have in and to the premises hereby conveyed unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and 
assigns, and to their oulv proper use, benefit and behoot. And the said George Cole, and Mary, 
his wife, partv of the first part, herebv expressly waive, relinquish, release and convey unto the said 
partv of the second part, his beirs, executors, administrators and assigns, all right, title, claim, 
interest, and benefit whatever, in and to the above described premises, and each and every part 
thereof, which is given by or results from all laws of this State pertaining to the exemption of 
homesteads. . . ., , . , , 

Provided, always, and these presents are upon this express condition, that if the said party of 
the first part, their heirs, executors, or administrators, shml well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, 
to the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns , the aforesaid 
sums of money, with such interest thereon, at the time and in the manner specified, m the above- 
mentioned promissory notes, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, then, in that case, 
these presents and everything herein expressed, snail be absolutely null and void. 

In witness whereof, the said party of the first part hereunto sot their hands and seals the day 
and year first above written. GEORGE COLE. [seai>.] 

Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of ) MARY COLE. [seal.) 

JOHN ALTIC. 
EDWARD ARTZ, 



PROXY. 
Know all Men by these Presents, That I, Joseph Rankin, do hereby constitute and appoint 
Simon D. Peck attorney and ageni forme, aud in mv name, place and stead, to vote as proxy at 
the annual election for directors of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad, at Chicago, Illinois, 
according to the number of votes I should be entitled lo if taeu personally present, with power of 
substitution. , j . t h, 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this eighth dav of June, one thou- 
sand eight hundred and seventy-one. WINFIELD BENXETT [se.a.l. J 
Witness, ( 
BARTON COOK, i 



Deeds. — A deed is a written or printed instrument by whicli lands aud improve- 
ments T.hereou are convej'^ed from one person to another, signed, sealed and properly 
subscribed to. 

The person who makes a deed is called the grantor, and the person or party to 
whom the deed is given is called the grantee. The wife of the grantor must acknowl- 
edge the deed, in case there is no law providing for the same, or else she will be en- 
titled to a one-third interest in the property, as dower, during her life, after the death 
of her husband. The acknowledgment of the deed must be made of her own free will 
and accord, and the commissioner, or ofi&cer before whom the acknowledgment is 
made mnst sign his name as a witness to the fact that her consent was given free and 
without compulsion. 

The law provides that an acknowledgment of a deed can only be made before cer- 
tain persons authorized to take the same; these including in different States, Justices 
of the Peace, Notaries, Masters in Chancery, Judges and Clerks of Courts, Mayors of 
Cities, Commissioners of Deeds, etc. In certain States one witness is required to the 
deed besides the person taking the acknowledgment. In others two witnesses are 
necessary. In some States none are required. 

To render a deed valid, there must be a realty to grant, and a sufficient considera- 
ti(m. 

To enable a person legally to convey property to another, the following requisites 
are necessary: l.st, He or she must be of sane mind; 2d, of age; and 3d, he or she- 
must be the rightful owner of the property. 

Special care should be taken to have the deed properly acknowledged and witnessed,, 
and the proper seal attached. 

The deed takes effect upon its delivery to the person authorized to receive it. 



LEGAL FORMS. 382- 



{Legal Forms— continued.) 

Any alterations or interlineations in the deed should be noted at the bottom of the 
instrument, and properly witnessed. After the acknowledgment of a deed, the parties 
have no right to make the slightest alteration. An alteration after the acknowledg- 
ment, in favor of the grantee, vitiates the deed. 

By a general Warranty Deed, the grantor agrees to warrant and defend the prop- 
erty conveyed against all persons whatsoever. A Quit Claim Deed releases what 
interest the grantor may haC9 in the land, but does not warrant and defend against 
others. 

Deeds, upon their delivg^^, should be recorded in the Recorder's office without delay. 

WARRANTY DEED WITH COVENANTS. 

This indenture, made this sixteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
hundred and seventy-five, between Nathaniel Myers, rf Newark, couuty of Licking. State of Ohio, 
and Sarah, his wife, of the first part, and Isaiah Long, of the same place, of the second part. 

Witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of Two 
Thousand Dollars in hand, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby 
acknowledged, have granted, bargained and sold, and by these presents do grant, bargain and sell 
unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, and assigns, all the following described lot, piece 
or parcel of land, situated in the town of Newark, in the county of Licking, and State of Ohio, to-wit; 

\Here describe the property.] 
Together with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging or in 
any wise appertaining, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues, 
and profits thereof; and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim, and demand whatsoever, of the 
said party of the first part, either in law or in equity, of, in, and to the above bargained premises, 
with the hereditaments and appurtenances: To have and to hold the said premises above bargained 
and described, with the appurtenances, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns 
forever. And the said Nathaniel Myers, and Sarah, his wife, parties of the first part, hereby ex- 
pressly waive, release, and relinquish unto the said party of the second part, his neirs, executors, 
administrators, and assigns, all right, title, claim, interest, and benefit whatever, in and to the 
above described premises, and each and every part thereof, which is given by or results from all 
laws of this State pertaining to the exemption of nomesteads. 

And the said Nathaniel Meyers, and Sarah Meyers, his wife, party of the first part, for them- 
•elves and their heirs, executors, aud administrators, do covenant, grant, bargain, and agree, to and 
with the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, that at the time of the ensealing and 
delivery of these presents they were well seized of the premises above conveyed, as of a good, sure, 
perfect, absolute, and indefeasable estate of inheritance in law, and in fee simple, aud have good 
right, full power, and lawful authority to grant, bargain, sell, and convey the sime in manner and 
form aforesaid, and that the same are "free aud clear from all former and other grants, bargains, 
sales, lions, taxes, assessments, and encumbrances of what kind or nature soever; and the above 
bargained premises in the quiet and peaceable possession of the said party of the second part, hig 
heirs and assigns, against all and every person or persons lawfully claiming or to claim the whole 
01 any part thereof, the said party of he first part shall and will warrant and forever defend. 

In testimony whereof, the said parties of the first part have hereunto set their hands and seals 
the day and year first above written. NATHANIEL MEYERS, [seal.1 

Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of j SARAH MEYERS. [seal.] 

ABRAM STONER. | 

QUIT-CLAIM DEED. 

This indenture made the sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred 
and seventy-eight, between John Kepler, of Reading, county of Berks, and Stale of Pennsylvania, 
party of the first part, and Daniel Dechert, of the same place, party of the second part. 

Witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of Eight Hundred Dol- 
lars in hand, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, 
and the said party of the second part forever released and discharged therefrom, has remised, re- 
leased, sold, conveyed, and quit-claimed, and by these presents does remise, release, sell, convey, 
and quit-claim unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all the right, 
title, interest, claim and demand, which the said party of the first part has in and to the following 
described lot, pi?ce, or parcel of land, to wit: 

{Here describe the land.] 

To have and to hold the same, together with all and singular the appurtenances and privileges 
thereunto belonging, or in anywise thereunto appertaining, and all the estate, right, title, interest, 
and claim whatever, of the said party of the first part, either in law or in equity, to the only proper 
use, benefit and behoof of the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. 

In witness whereof, the said party of the first part hereurUo set his hand and seal, the day and 
year above written. JOHN KEPLER, [sbal.] 

8lgaed, sealed ani delivered in presence nf ) 
SAMUKL HUBER. ( 



383 



LEGAL FORMS 



(Legal Forms— contimied.) 
LONG FORM QUIT-CLAIM DEED-HOMESTEAD WAIVER. 

This indenture, made the first day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- 
dred and seventy-six, between John Fisher, of Janesville", county of Rock, State of Wisconsin, party 
of the first part, and Henry Stevens, of the same place, paity of the second part. 

Witnesseth, tliatthc .said party of the first part, for and in consideration of Six Thousand Dollars 
In hand, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and 
the said party of the second part forever released and discharged therefrom, has remised, released, 
sold, conveyed, and quit-claimed, and by these presents does remise, release, sell, convey, and quit- 
claim, uiitothe said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all the riglit, title, interest, 
claim, and demand whit'h the said party of the first part has in and to the following described lot, 
piece, or parcel of laud, to-wit: 

Here describe the land.] 

To have and to held the same, together with all and singular the appurtenances and privileges 
thereunto belonging, or in anywise thereunto appertaining; a:id all the estate, right, title, interest, 
and claim whatever, of the saici party of the first part, cither in law or equity, to the only proper 
use, benefit, and belioof of the said party of the second part, his laeirs and assigns forever. 

.\nd the said John Fisher, party of tlie first part, hereby expressly waives, releases, and relin- 
quishes unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, all 
right, title, claim, interest, and benefit wliatever, in and to the above described premises, and each 
and every part thereof, which is given by or results from all laws of this State pertaining to the 
exemption of homesteads. 

And the said party of the first part, for himself and heirs, executors, and administrators, does 
covenant, promise, and agree, to and with the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, 
administrators, and assigns, that he hath not made, done, committed, executed, or suffered, any act 
or acts, tiling or things, wliatsoever, whereby, or by means whereof, the above mentioned and de- 
scribed premises, or any part or parcel thereof, now are, or any time hereafter, shall or may be im- 
peached, cliarged, or incumbered, in any way or manner whatsoever. 

In witness whereof, the said party of the first part hereunto sets his hand and seal the day and 
year first above written. JOHN FISHER, [seal.] 

Kigned, sealed and delivered in presence of ( 
JACOB FORNEY. I 



«T.\TE OF WISCONSIN,! „„ 
Rock County. j ®^" 

I, James Sullivan, a Justice of the Peace in and for the said county, In 
the State aforesaid, do hereby certify tliat John Fislier, who is personally kni-wn to me as the same 
person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing instrument, appeared before me this day in per- 
son, and acknowledged that he signed, sealed and delivered tne said instrument as his free and 
voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth, including the release and waiver of the 
right of homestead 

Given under my hand and seal, this first day of October, A. D., 1876. 

JAMES SULLIVAN, 

Justice of the Peace, [seal.] 
RELEASE. 
Know all men by these presents that I, John Brookins, of Eaton, of the county of Preble, and 
State of Ohio, for and in consideration of One Dollar, to me in hand paid, and for other good and 
valuable considerations, the receipt whereof is hereby confessed, do hereby grant, bargain, remise, 
convey, release, and quit-claim unto Simon Foote, of Eaton, of the county of Preble, and State of 
Ohio, ail the right, title, interest, claim, or demand wliatsoever, I may have acquired in, through, or 
by a certain Indenture or Mortgage Deed, bearing dute the tenth day of September, A. D., 1876, and 
recorded in the Recorder's office of said county, iu book A of Deeds, page -15, to tlie premises therein 
described, and which said deed was made to secure one certain promissory note, bearing even date 
with said Deed, for the sum of Six Hundred Dollars. 

Witness my hand and seal this sixth day of August, A. D., 1878. 

JOHN BROOKINS. [seal.] 
STATE OF OHIO,! „„ 
Preble County. \ ^^■ 

I, Edward Carroll^ a Notary Public in and for said County, in the State afore- 
«n ;d, do hereby certify that John Brookins, personally known to me as the same person whose name is 
subscribed to the foregoing Release, appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that 
he signed, sealed, and delivered the said instrument of writing as his free and voluntary act, for the 
uses and purposes therein set forth. 

Given under my hand and seal, this sixth day of August, .A. D., 187S. 
. " EDWARD CARROLL, N. P. 

J NOTARIAL 

I SEAL. 



LEGAL FORMS. 



384 



(Legal Forms—continued. ) 

Landlord and Tenant.—A person leasing real estnftt tn «r,^fh^ • i. 

ord ; the person occupying sucA real estate & kno wn as a tenanf Th! '^IZ'^ ^ '^'''' 

the lease is known in law as the lessor • tlio T.pr=^,, f^ It .. , ^^ Person makniij 

lessee No particular form of woXi a leaseTueoe' a°rv iVlf" " "";""'■ '« '"» 

e.er, that the lease state, in a plain, straightforwaM Tanner ,l,f .r""'*"','' '""'■ 

Sa'^'dlSr'"'"'' '" *" ""'-^ -^^ ^» - -'-"StSi^rbe'^eVSl^rant 

tails and states the l^inl'^ri^h^^^.S^'^^l'^S^r^'^'''' *» O^" 
of m: S." °^" ^"''■'^' ' ""•'■ "'• ^"' of "^ P"-i-fuuless pSfbtd by the ter^s 

is ^^oifviL'f h\r5':t:.rt':?rt:s%'h'e:\'n'=i^^ 

and have full control of the same -neither oTn tlfp wk T «^ ® ^^'" ^^" Pi'operty 
W her after his death. His 0,^'^i ^.^^S^^l^^^^^^i^ 

jo.^;:t'h^:;h«crLnnXid i7th:?eS:: ^ 'rVe^^ "^^ -rd-s ma. 

is annulled. •'^ ' ^^^ ^'^^ '^"^^ is bound unless the lease 

If no time is specified in a lease, it is senerallv hpld thif fh^ 1^00 
session of the real estate for one year A tenaucv i wm h.t ^^ ''^^ ^^^^'"^ P0«- 
ated in the Eastern States by oivin-threlmoS']?^^^^ ""^^ ^^ *«i-'»i^- 

rnrth. oWiates the necessity of pt^iirwSLl" nlUSte''r ^Sidft^ if 

oo^/S tt'sSir °' " ""'"' ^""•""^ ''""^^ "o -''■'». -" '^^ party shonkl retain a 

A new lease invalidates an old one 

totni^vSraTl^ttfir 

duction from the rent uamages can be lecovered from the landlord by de- 

mortSre Sc'Sh'efa^e'""'''-"''"' °'"^'^°'' '" '^''' "'«" "^« l-'-" holding snch 

snch fact mnst be distinctly st'Sln-tlt: EL^ls^aTer-h^l't'S'-jT i^" nTS' 

,.,.., , ^"ORT FORM FOR LEASE FOR A HOUSE 

^-^'^^^^^^:^^^ Louis Rippl, Of SpHngfleld 

.EORGE BESORE. Notary LS°^ ^^ ¥^S^!^i^^^, (--] 



385 



LEGAL FORMS 



(Legal Forms — continued.) 
LEASE OF DWELLING HOUSE FOR A TERM OF YEARS, WITH A COVENANT NOT TO 

SUB-LET. 

This indenture, made this first day of May, 1878, between Wilson Haves, of Chambersburg 
county of Franklin, State of Pennsylvania, party of the first part, and John Miller, of the same town' 
county and Stat(;, party of the second part. ' 

WUnesseth, that the said party of the first part, in consideration of the covenants of the said 
party of the second part, hereinafter set forth, does by these presents lease to the said party of the 
second part the following described property, to-wit: The dwelling house and certain parcel of 
land, situated on the south side of Main street, between Queen and King streets, known as No. 105 
Main street. 

To have and to hold the same to the said party of the second part, from the first day of May, 
187S, to the tliirtieth day of April, 1880. And the said party of the second part, in consideration of 
the leasing the preniises as above set forth, covenants uiid agrees with the partv of the lirst part 
to pay tliL' said party of the first part, us rent for the same, the sum of One Hundred and Eighty 
Dollars per annum, payable quarterly in advance, at the residence of the said party of the first part 
or at his place of business. ' 

The said party of the second part further covenants with the party of the first part, that at the 
expiration of the time mentioned in this lease, peaceable possession of the said premises shall be 
jfiven to said party of the second part, in as good condition as they now are, the usual wear, 
inevitable accidents, and loss by fire, excepted; and that upon the non-payment of the whole or 
any portion of the said rent at the time when the .same is above promised to "be paid, the said party 
of the first part may, ai his election, either distrain for said rent due, or declare this lease at an ena 
and recover possession as if the same were held by forcible detainer ; the said party o< the second 
part hereby wiiving any notice of such election, or any demand for the possession of said premises 

And it is further covenanted and agreed between the parties aforesaid, that said John Miller 
shall use the above mentioned dwelling for residence purposes only, and shall not sub-let any por- 
tion of the same to others, without permission from said Wilson Hayes. 

The covenants herein shall extend to and be binding upon tlie heirs, executors, and administra- 
tors of the partifs to this lea^e. 

Witness the hands and i»eals of the parties aforesaid. 

WILSON HAYES. [seal.j 
JOHN MILLER. [seal,] 



LEASE OF FARM AND BUILDINGS THEREON. 

This Indenture, made this fifth day of May, 1877, between George Dal by, of the town of Mattoon, 
State of Illinois, of the first part, and Thomas Quarles, of the same place, of the second part. 

Wituesseth, that the said George Dalby, for and in consideration of the covenants hereinafter 
mentioned and reserved, on the part of the said Thomas Quarles, his executors, administrators, and 
assigns, to be paid, kept, and performed, hath let, and by these presents doth grant, demise, and 
let, unto the said Thomas Quarles, his executors, administrators, and assigns , all that parcel of land 
situate in Mattoon aforesaid, bounded and described as follows, to-wit: 

[Here describe the land.\ 

Together with all the appurtenances appertaining thereto. To have and to hold the said premises, 
with appurtenances thereto belonging, unto the said Quarles, his executors, administrators, and 
assigns, for the term of five years from the fifth day of June next following, at a yearly rent of Eight 
Hundred Dollars, to be paid in equal payments, semi-annually, as long as said buildings are in good 
tenantable condition. 

And the said Quarles, by these presents, covenants and agrees to pay all taxes and assessments, 
and keep in repair all hedges, ditches, rail, and other fences; (the said George Dalby, his lieirs, 
assigns, and administrators, to furnish all timber, brick, tile, and otner materials necessary for 
such repairs.) 

Said Quarles further covenants and agrees to apply to said land, in a farmer-like manner, all 
manure and compost accumulating upon said farm, and cultivate all the arable land in a husband- 
like manner, according to the usual custom among farmers in the neighborhood ; he also agrees to 
trim the hedges at a seasonable time, preventing injury from cattle to such hedges, and to all fruit 
and other trees on the said premises. That he will seed down with clover and timothy seed twenty 
acres yearly of arable laud, plowing the same number of acres each spring of laud now in grass, 
and hitherto unbroken. 

It is further agreed that if the said Quarles shall fail to perform the whole or any one of the 
above mentioned covenants, then and in that case the said George Dalby may declare this lease 
terminated, by giving three month's notice of the same, prior to the first of April of any year, and 
may distrain any part of the stock, goods, or chattels, or other property in possession of said Quarles, 
forsufticient to compensate for the non-performance of the above written covenants, the same to be 
determined, and amounts so to be paid to be determined by three arbitrators, chosen as follows: Each 
of the parties to this instrument to choose one, and the two so chosen to select a third ; the decision 
of s lid arbitrators to be final. 

in witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals. 
Situed, sealed and delivered in presence of j GEORGE DALBY. fSEAL I 



RICHARD MOORE. 



THOMAS QUARLES. [seal.; 



LEGAL FORMS. 386 



c; 



xLicgal Forms — eontinuea.) 
LANDLORD'S AGREEMENT, 
rnis Certifies that I have let and rented, this first day of April, 1877, unto John Pittman my 
*ouse and lot, No. 27 Mulberry street, in the city of Baltimore, State of Maryland and its appurte- 
nances; he to have the free and uninterrupted occupation thereof for one year from this date at the 
-early rental of Twelve Hundred Dollars, to be paid monthly in advance; rent to cease if destroyed 
>y are, or otherwise made untenantable. JOSHUA GIDDINGS. 

TENANT'S AGREEMENT. 

This certifies that I have hired and taken from Joshua Giddings, his house and lot No 27 Mul- 
berry street, in the city of Baltimore, State of Maryland, with appurtenances thereto belonging for 
•ne year, to commence this day, at a yearly rental of Twelve Hundred Dollars, to be paia monthly 
In advance ; unless said house becomes untenantable from fire or other causes, in which case rent 
ceases; and I further agree to give and yield said premises one vear frnm this first day of April 
1877, in as good condition as now, ordinary wear and damage by the elements excepted ' 

Given under my hand this day. JOHN PITTMAN. 

NOTICE TO QUIT. 
To Byron Conoly: 

SiK— Please observe that the term of one year, for which tke house and land, situated at No. 21 
State street, and now occupied by you, were rented to you, expired on the first day of April, 1877, 
ind as I desire to repossess said premises, you are hereby requested aud required to vacate the same' 

Respectfully yours, WILLIAM CROUCH. 

Reading, Pa., April 2, 1877. 

TENANT'S NOTICE OF LEAVING. 

Dear Sir— The premises I now occupy as your tenant, at No. 21 State street, I shall vacate oa 
first day of April, 1877. You will please take notice accordingly. 

Dated this first day of March, 1S8V. BYRON CONOLY 

To WiUiam Crouch, Enq. 



rartner3llip,~A partnership is au agreement between two or more persons to unite 
their labor, time and means together in business, to share alike in the profit or loss 
tiiat may arise from such investment. 

A partnership may consist of extra skill and labor, or superior knowledo-e of the 
business, on the part of one partner, while the other, or others, contribute money, 
each sharing alike in the profits in proportion to the amount of money invested by- 
each partner, and the time devoted to the business, as may be specified in the articles 
of agreement between the person or persons composing the partnership. The respon- 
sibility of each partner is in proportion to the amount he invests, and the profit he 
realizes. 

A partnership formed without limitation is termed a general partnership. An ao^ree- 
ment entered into for the performance of only a particular work, is termed a special 
partnership ; while the partner putting- in a limited amount of capital, upon which 
he receives a corresponding amour^t of profit, and is held correspondingly responsible 
for the contracts of the firm, is termed a limited partnei'ship, the conditions of which 
are regulated by statute in different States. 

A partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper, which is for the use of 
the partnership firm, binds all the partners thereby. Negotiable paper of the firm 
even though given on private account by one "^f the partners, will hold all the part- 
uers of the firm when it passes into the hands of holders who were ignorant of the 
facts attending its creation. 

Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner ; he may make contracts • 
may receive money ; endorse, draw, and accept bills and notes; and while this may 
be for his own private account, if it apparently be for the use of the firm, his partners 
will be bound by his action, provided the parties f^ealing with him were ignorant of 
the transaction being on his private account; an(^ thus representation or misrepresen- 
tation of a partner having relation to business oi. the firm, will bind the morabers in 
the partnership. 



387 



LEGAL FORMS. 



{Legal Forms — continuea., 

An individual lending his name to a firm, or allowing the same to be used after he 
has witlidrawn from the same, is still responsible to third persons as a partner 

A partnership is presumed to commence at the time articles of copartnership are 
drawn, if no stipulation is made to the contrary and the same can be discontinued at 
any time, unless a specified period of partnership is designated in the agreement ; 
and even then he may withdraw by giving previous notice of such withdrawal from 
the same, being liable, however, iu damages, if such are caused by his withdrawal. 

Should it be desired that the executors and representatives of the partner continue 
the business iu the event of his death, it should be so specified in the articles, other- 
wise the partnership ceases at death. Should administrators and executors continue 
the business under such circumstances, they are i^ersoually responsible for the debts 
contracted by the firm. 

If it is desired that a majority of the partners in a firm have the privilege of closing 
the affairs of the company, or in any way regulating the same, such fact should be 
designated in the agreement; otherwise such right will not be presumed. 

Partners may mutually agree to dissolve a partnership, or a dissolution may be ef- 
fected by a decree of a Court of Equity. Dissolute conduct, dishonesty, habits calculated 
to imperil the business of a firm, incapacity, or the necessity of partnership no longer 
continuing, shall be deemed sufficient causes to invoke the law in securing a dissolu- 
tion of partnership, in case the same cannot be effected by mutual agreement. 

After dissolution of partnership, immediate notice of the same should be given in 
the most public newspapers, and a notice likewise should be sent to every person 
having special dealings with the firm. These precautions not being taken, eaeh part- 
ner continues liable for the acts of the others to all persons who have no knowledge 
of the dissolution. 

It is advisable, in entering hito an agreement of partnership, to provide conditions 
of dissolution, such as how the stock on hand is to be disposed of, the value of good 
will, &c. 

PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT. 

This agreement made this fifteenth day of December, ISSl, between Hiram Blodgett, of Cincin- 
nati, Hamilton county, Ohio, of the first -oart, and James Black, of the same place, of the second 
part, wituesseth: . ^ ^ ,, 

The said parties agree to associate themselves as copartners, for a period of three years from 
this date, iu the business of buying and selling groceries and such other goods and commodities ai 
belong in that line of trade; the name and style of the firm to be " Blodgett & Black." 

For the purpose of conducting the business of the above named partnership, Hiram Blodgett 
has, at the date of this writing, invested Two Thousand Dollars as capital stock, and the said James 
Black, has paid in the like sum of Two Thousand Dollars, both of which amounts are to be ex- 
pended and used in common, for thamutual advantage of the parties hereto, in the management of 
their business. .-,,,.,., . j 

It is hereby also agreed by both parties hereto, that they will not, while associated as copart- 
ners, follow aiiy avocation or trade to their own private advantage; but will, throughout the entire 
period of copartnership, put forth their utmost and best efforts for their mutual advantage, and the 
increase of the capital stock. , . . •, , ^ . 

That the details of the business may be thoroughly understood by each, it is agreed that durm^ 
the aforesaid period, accurate and full book accounts shall be kept, wherein each partner shall 
record, or cause to be entered and recorded, full mention of all moneys received and expended, as- 
well as every article purchased and sold belonging to or in anywise appertaining to such partner- 
ship; the gains, profits, expenditures and losses being equally divided between them. 

It is further agreed that once every year, or oftener, should either party desire, a full, just and 
accurate exhibit shall be made to each other, or to their executors, administrators, or representa- 
tives of the losses, receipts, profits and increase made by reason of or arising from such copartner- 
ship. And after such exhibit is made, the surplus profit, ^f such there be resulting from the busi- 
ness, shall be divided between the subscribing partners, share and share alike. 

Either partv hereto shall be allowed to draw a sum, the first year not exceeding six hundred 
dollars per aniium, from the capital stock of the firm, in monthly installments of fifty dollars each; 
which amount mav be increased by subsequent agreement. 

And further, s"hould either partner desire, or shoiud death of either oi the parties, or other 
reasons, make it necessarv, thev, the said ccpanners. will each to the other, or, in case of death of 
either, the surviving partv to the executors or administrators of the party ileceased, make a fulL 
accurate and final account of the condition of the partnership as aforesaid, and will, fuirly and 
Rccuratelv adjust the same. And also, upon taking an inventory of said capital stock, with increase 
and profit thereon, which shall appear or is found to be remaining, all such remainder shall be 
equally apportioned and divided between them, the said copartners, their executors or administra- 
tors, siiare and share alike. . . . , ,_ , ^ ^ ■. . ■. 

It is also agreed that iu case of a misunderstanding arising with the partners hereto, which can- 
mot be settled between themselves, such difference of opinion shall be settled by arbitration, upon 
the following conditions, to-wit: Each party to choose one arbitrator, which two thus elected shall 
choose a third; the three thus chosen to determine the merits of the case, and arrange the basis of a 

iu witness whereof, the undersigned hereto set Iheir hands tliS day and year first above written 

HIRAM BLOD(tETT« 
Signed in presence ofi JA.VES BLACK. 

PETER WAGONER. } 
WILLIAM DATI.Y \ 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 388 



Exemption Laws. 

AN ABSTRACT FROM THE LAWS OF THE DIFFERENT STATES, SHOWING THE 

AMOUNT OF PROPERTY EXEMPT FROM FORGED SALE, FROM 

ATTACHMENT OR LEVY AND SALE ON EXECUTION. 



»> 9 <« — 

AlalsaiXia. — Some worth ^2,000, and Personal Property. — The personal property of 
any resident of this State, to the value of $l,dOO, to be selected by such resident, shall 
be exempt from sale on execution, or other final process of any court, issued for the 
collection of any debt contracted since adoption of the present constitution (1868). 
Every homestead not exceeding eighty acres of land, the dwelling and appurtenances 
thereon to be selected by the owner, not in village, town or city, or in lieu thereof, at 
the option of the owner, any lot in a city, town, or village, with the dwelling and ap- 
purtenances thereon, Awned and occupied by© any resident of the State, and not ex- 
ceeding $2,000 in value, shall be exempted from sale on execution, or any other final 
process from court, since the adoption of the present constitution. 

Arkansas. — Homestead worth $2,500, and Personal Property to head of a 
family in addition to wearing apparel, $500 — To any party who is not married, in ad- 
dition to wearing apparel $200, except for purchase money. I61) acres of land, or 
one town or city lot, being the residence of a householder or the head of a family, 
the appurtenances and improvements thereto belonging, to the value of $2,500. and 
personal property as above stated. 

ZolOX^tO.Some worth p, 000 and Personal Property.— ThevQ is exempted a home- 
stead worth not to exceed $2,000, and to the head of*a family owning and occu- 
pying the same, there are exempted various articles of personal property, accord- 
ing to the size of the family, such as is usually determined by the statutes. The tools, 
working animals, books and stock in trade, not exceeding $300 in value, is exempted 
to any person not the head of a family, when used and kept for the purpose of carry- 
ing on a business or trade. 

Connecticut.— -ZVb Home exempted. Personal Property of the following value : Neces- 
sary apparel and bedding, household furniture necessary for supporting life, arms 
military equipments, implements of the debtor's trade, one cow, ten sheep (not exceeding 
in value $150), are protected, and certain specified amounts of family stores, one stove' 
the horse, saddle and bridle, biiggy and harness (not exceeding in value $200) of any 
practicing physician or surgeon ; one sewing machine in use, one pew in church in 
use, and a library (not exceeding in value $500) ; one boat used in fishing, not exceed- 
ing $200 in value. 



389 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 



Delaware. — iVf' Home e.rempted. Personal Property $150 and $2(10. — Family bible, 
school books, and family library, family pictures, seat or pew in church, lot in burial 
ground, all wearing apparel of debtor and family, and, in addition to above, tools, 
implements, and fixtures necessary to carry on a trade or business, not exceeding 
seventy-five dollars in New Castle and Sussex counties, and fifty dollars in Kent County. 
There is exempted to the h(;ad of a family, in addition to above, other personal 
property not exceeding two hundred dollars in New Castle County, and not exceeding- 
one hundred and fifty dollars in Kent County, consisting of household goods only; 
but their is no such additional exemption in Sussex County. Sewing-machines owned 
and used by seamstresses or private families, are exempt from execution on attachment 
process, and also from distress for rent. In New Castle County all wages are exempt 
from execution attachment. AVidows in all cases shall have the benefit of the same 
exemption out of the husband's goods that the husband would have had if living. 
Funeral expenses, reasonable bills for medicine and medical attendance, nursing, and 
necessaries of last sickness, are paid out of personalty of a deceased person before there 
is any application to the execution. 

District of OolunciTDia.. — No home exempted. Personal Property of the following 
value : The following property of a householder is exempt from distraint, attachment, 
or sale on execution, except for servants' or iaborers' wages due: wearing apparel, 
household furniture to the amount of $300 ; provisions and fuel for three months ; 
mechanics' tools or implements of any trade, to the value of $200, with stock to the 
same amount ; the library and implements of a professional man or artist, to the value 
of $300 ; a farmer's team and other utensils, to the value of $100 ; family pictures and 
library, in value $400. 

Florida- — Farm, or House and Lot, and Personal Property. — Homestead of one hun- 
dred and sixty acres of land and improvements, if iu the country ; a residence and 
one-half acre of ground, if in a village or city ; together with $1,000 worth of per- 
sonal property. An additional sum of $1,000 worth of property is exempt from all 
debts incurred prior to May 10, 18G5. 

aCOrg'ia. — Home worth ^2,000, and Personal Property. — Each head of a family, or 
guardian, or trustee, of a family of minor children is entitled to a homestead of realty 
to the value of $2,000 in specie, and personal property to the value of $1,000 in specie, 
to be valued at the time they are s-.'t apart. 

Idaho.-— -HiswJe worth i5,000, and Personal Property. — The head of a family, being a 
householder, either husband or wife, may select a homestead not exceeding in value 
15,000 ; while furniture, teams, tools, stock, and other personal property enumerated 
by statute, to the value of $300 or more, according to valuation, shall be exempt from 
execution, except for a judgment recovered for its price, or upon a mortgage thereon. 

Illinois. — Home worth f 1,000, and Personal'Property. — Lot of ground and buildings 
thex-eon, occupied as a residence by the debtor, being a householder and having a fam- 
ily, to the value of $1,000. Exemption continues after the death of the householder 
for the benefit of widow and family, some oue of them occupying the homestead until 
youngest child shall become twenty-one years of age, and until death of widow. 
There is no exemption from sale for taxes, assessments, debt or liability incurred for 
the purchase or improvement of such homestead. No release or waiver of exemption 
is valid, unless in writing, and subscribed by such householder and wife (if he have 
one), and acknowleilged as conveyances of real estate, are required to bo acknowl- 
edgedi The following articles of personal property owned by the debtor are exempt 
from execution, writ of attachment, and distress for rent: First. — Necessary wearing 
apparel. Bibles, school books, and family pictures of every person.^ Second. — Other 
property worth $100 to be selected by the debtor. When the debtor is the head of a 
family, and resides with the same, in addition, other property worth $300 may be se- 
lected ; though such exemption shall not be allowed from any money due such debtor. 
A. debtor taking the benefit of this act shall make a schedule, subscribed and sworn 
^0. of all his or her personal property, including moneys on hand and due the debtor ; 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 3^0 



^Illinois— continuea.) 
dnd any property owned by the debtor, and not included ni said schedule, shall not 
be exempt as aforesaid. And thereupon the officer having an execution against the 
same, shall summon three householders who, upon oath, will appraise and fii a fair 
value upon each article in said schedule, and tha debtor shall then select from such 
schedule such articles as he or she may desire to retain, the aggregate ^alue of wh ch 
shall not exceed the amount exempted, to which he or' she maybe entrtled, anTlde 
ver the remainder to the officer having the writ. The officer having the writ Ls au- 

PxomntfJnr^Jf ""'''' ^^'t f ^^ ^^ "^' '^"^^^^' ^"^ ^m'^^ser,. To head of family m 
exempt trom garnishment for wages. 

In(iiaixa.-Sbme, and Personal Property of the following valu6 : Any resident house- 
holder has an exemption from levy and sale under execution, of real or persona prop- 
erty, or both, as he may select, to the value of $600. The law further provMes that 
no property shall be sold by virtue of an execution for less than two-thirds of its ap- 
praised cash value. The provisions of this law can be waived in contracts. To do 
this, the note or contract should read : ''Payable loithout any relief lohatever from val- 
uation or appraisement laws.^' 0/ ^ / (y//i UOK, 

lOVTZ..~Farmof 40 Acres, or House and Lot in City and Personal Propertu —The 
homestead must embrace the house used as a home by the owner thereof and if he 
has two or more houses thus used by him, at different times and places, he may select 
which he will retain as a homestead. If within a town plat it must not exceed ne- 
half acre m extent, and if not m a town plat it must not embrace in the ag-rcaate 
Sn ?f ri'^h ^ *i'^'- i^M? -5 ^^^'' thus limited, in either case its value is fess Than 
$500, it may be enlarged till its value reaches that amount. All wearing apparel kept 
for actual use, and suitable to the condition of the party, and trunks to contain tS 
same, one shot-gun, or rifle, the proper tools, instruments, or books of any farmer, 
mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor ; the horse or 
team consisting of not more than two honses or mules, ortwo yoke of cattle and wagon 
w th harness by use of which any physician, public officer, farmer, teamster, or other 
laborer, habitually earns his livmg. All private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pic- 
tures musical instruments, and paintings not kept for sale. If the debtor is the head 
01 a tamily there is further exempt, two cows, one calf, one horse, fifty sheep, their 
wool and goods manufactured therefrom, six stands of bees, five hogs, and all pigs 
!^J!S ^^^-^™'^»ths ; the necessary food for all animals exempt for six months ; all flix 
raised by the defendant, on not exceeding one acre ; one bedstead and necessary bed- 
dmg for every two m the famUy ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant, not ex- 
ceeding 100 yards in quantity ; household and kitchen furniture not exceeding $200 
in value ; all spmning-wheels, one sewing-machine, looms, and other instruments of 
domestic labor kept for actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of 
the family for six months ; a pew in church, and a lot in burying ground not exceed- 

'i^^hTJr^' f^^^l^n'''*^'/'^^''''*'-™^*^'^ *^'^ necessary type, presses, etc., for liis office 
to the value of $1,200 The earnings of a debtor for personal services, or thoseof his 
tamily, at any time withm ninety days next preceding the levy are also exempt from 
attachment and execution. None of the foregoing exemptions are for the benefit of a 
singlemannottheheadof the family, nor of non-residents, nor of those who have 
started to leave the State, but their property is liable to execution, with the exception 
of ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same ; and, in the latter case- 
of such wearing apparel and such property as the defendant may select, not to exceed 
$75, to be selected by the debtor and appraised. But no exemptions shall extend to 
property against an execution Issued for the purchase money thereof. 



391 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 



California.— -So^ifi woHA ^5,000, and Personal Property .—The homestead not ex- 
feeding $5,00*0 in value, if declaration of homestead is properly filed in the recorderV 
office (rf the county where situate, by a husband or wife, or other head of a family, is 
exempt from execution, except in the following cases: 1st, where the judgment was 
obtained before the declaration of homestead; 2d, on debts secured by mechanic's, 
laborer's or vendor's liens upon the premises ; 3d, on debts secured by mortgage upon 
the premises, executed by husband and wife, or an unmarried claimant ; 4th, on debts 
secured by mortgage on the premises before the declaration of the homestead. The 
other exemptions are chairs, tables, desks and books, to the value of $200 ; necessary 
household, table and kitclien furniture, including one sewing machine, stoves, stove 
pipe and stove furniture, wearing apparel, beds, bedding and bedsteads, hanging 
jnctures, oil paintings and drawings, drawn or painted by a member of the family ; 
lamily portraits in their frames ; provisions sufficient for three months ; farming uten- 
sils or implements of husbandry ; also two oxen, or two horses, or two mules, and 
their harness, one cart or wagon, and food for such oxen, etc., for one month ; all 
seed, grain or vegetables, actually provided for planting or sowing within the ensuing 
six months, not exceeding $200 in value ; 75 bee hives ; one horse and vehicle of a 
maimed or crippled person when necessary in his business ; tools of a mechanic or ar- 
tisan necessary to his trade ; notarial seal, records and office furniture of a notary ; 
instruments and chest of a surgeon, physician, surveyor, dentist, necessary to their 
profession, wit'.i their scientific and professional libraries and office furniture ; the law 
professional libraries and office furniture of attorneys and judges, and libraries of 
ministers of the gospel ; the cabin or dwelling of a miner not exceeding $500 in value; 
also his sluices, pipes, hose, windlass, derricks, cars, pumps, tools, implements,'* and 
appliances necessary for mining operations, not exceeding $500 in value ; and two 
horses, oxen or mules, and harness, and food of horses, etc., for one month, when 
necessary to be used in any windlass, derrick, car, pump or hoisting gear ; two oxen, 
horses, or mules, with harness, and hack, carriage, cart, etc., by which a cartman,, 
drayman, peddler, teamster, etc., earns his living, and the horse, veliicle and liarness 
of a physician or minister of the gospel,* With food for one month ; three cows with 
their sucking calves, and four hogs with their sucking pigs ; poultry, not exceeding 
$25 in value ; earnings of debtor for services rendered within thirty days before levy, 
necessary for the use of his family residing in the State, supported by his labor ; 
shares in a liomestead corporation not exceeding $1,000 in value, when the holder does 
not own a homestead ; all benefits of life insurance whose annual premiums do not 
exceed $500 ; fire engines, etc, of fire companies ; arms and accoutrements required 
to b(» kept by law ; court houses, jails, and buildings and lots, cemeteries, and certain 
other public property. 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 3g2 



Saasas.— -Home of leo Acres of Farm Land, or Bouse and One Acre m a Villaqe or 
City, and Personal Properfij.—A homestead to the extent of one hundred and sixty 
acres of farming laud, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or 
city, occupied as a residence by the family of the owner, together with all the im- 
provements on the same, shall be exempt from forced sale under any process of law 
and shall not be alienated except by joint consent of husband and wife, when tliat re- 
lation exists. No value is affixed to the homestead. It may be worth a million of 
dollar.s. No personal property is exempt for the wages of a servant, mechanic, laborer 
or clerk. Every person residing in this State, and being the head of a family shall 
have exempt from seizure upon attachment or execution, or other process issued from 
any court in this State: Family Bibles, scliool books, and family library; family pic- 
tures and musical instruments used by the family ; all wearing apparel of the family • 
all beds, bedsteads and bedding used by the debtor and his family; one cooking 
stove and appendages, and all other cooking utensils, and all other stoves and 
appendages, necessary for the use of the debtor and his family • one sewing 
machine, one spinning wheel, and all other implements, and all other household fui^ 
nituie not herein enumerated, not exceeding $500; two cows, ten hogs, one yoke of 
oxen, and one horse or mule, and in lieu of one yoke of oxen and one iforse or mule a 
span of horses or mules, and twenty sheep and their wool ; necessary food for the 
support of the stock for one year; one wagon, two plows, drag, and other farming 
utensils not exceeding $300 ; grain, meat, vegetables, groceries, etc., for the family 
for one year ; the tools and implements of any mechanic, miner or other person kept 
for the purpose of carrying on his business, and in addition thereto stock in trade not 
exceeding $400 in value ; library, implements, and office furniture of any professional 
map- 

KQXi.tXLZ:V7.—ITomc worth $1,000, and Personal Property.— On all debts or liabilities 
created altor the first day of Juno, 18G6, so much land, including thrdwellinf house 
and MJpurtenances as shall not exceed in value $1,000 ; one work beast or yoke of 
oxen, two c-ovvs and calves five sheep ; wearing apparel, and the usual household and 
kitchen luruiture, of about the value of $100; also one sewing machine. 

Louisiana.— Borneo/ 766? Acres of Land, and Personal Property, in all worth $2 000 
-One hundred and sixty acres of land, with buildings and improvements thereon 
occupied ;..s a residence, and hona fide owned by the debtor, having a family a nerson 
or persons dependent upon him for support; together with personal property, makino- 
in all a vaiue not exceeding $3,000. j, ^o-iviug 

Maine -i/ome worth poo, and Personal Property.-There is exempted a lot of land 
dwelhng house, etc., not exceeding $500 in value ; necessary apparel ; abed, bedstead 
and bedding for every two members of the family ; one cooking'^stove, all stoves used 
for warming buildings, and other necessary furniture to the value of $50 • one sewing 
machine for use not exceeding $100 in value ; all tools necessary for 'the debtor'! 
occupation ; all Bibles and scliool books for the use of the family one codv of the 
Statutes of the State, and a library not exceeding $150 in value ;'orcow an! one 
heifer, two swine, ten sheep, and the wool and lambs from them ; one pair of working 
cattle, or instead thereof, one pair of mules, or two horses not exceeding $,300 in value- 
all produce oi farms until harvested ; corn and grain for use of debtor and family not 
exceeding thirty bushels; all potatoes raised or purchased for use in familv- on« 
barrel ot flour ; a sufficient quantity of hay to winter all exempted stock- all flar 
raised for use, on one-half acre of land; lumber to the amount of $10, twelve'cords of 
fire-wood, five tons of anthracite coal, fifty bushels of bituminous coal, and all char- 
coal for use in the family; one pew in church; domestic fowls to value of $50- one 
horse-sled or ox-sled, $20 m value; one harness worth $20 for each horse or mule'- one 
cart or truclc wagon, one harrow, one plow, one yoke, two chains, and one mowing 
machine; for fishermen, one boat not exceeding two tons burthen. 



393 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 



West Virginia- —-Si'wg worth ^1,000, and Personal Property. — Homestead to the 
of ^1,000 is exempt, ■where the property of that value is devised or granted to debtor, 
being a iiusband or parent, and resident in the State, as a homestead; and where he, 
previously to contracting tlie debt or liability, has placed a declaration of his inten- 
tion to keei> tlie property as a homestead on tne land records of the county in which 
the real estate is situated. Personal property to the value of $300 is also exempted, 
provided debtor is a resident and a parent. 

WasMllgtOn Territory. — Home worth ^f 1,000, and Personal Property. — To each 
householder, being the liead of a family, a homestead worth $1,000, while occupied 
by sucli family. All wearing apparel, private libraries, family pictures and keepsakes; 
to each householder, one bed and bedding, and one additional bed and bedding foi 
every two additional members of the family, and other househald goods of the coin 
value of S150; two cows and their calves, five swine, two stands of bees, twenty-five 
domestic fowls, and provisions and fuel for six months. To a farmer, one span of 
horses and harness, or two yoke of oxen, and one wagon, wifo farming utensils not 
exceeding $200 coin value. To attorneys, physicians and clergymen, their libraries 
valued at not to exceed 6500, with ofi&ce furniture and fuel. Small boats and firearms 
kept for use, not exceeding $50 in coin value; parties engaged in lightering, two 
lighters and a small boat valued at $250; the team of a drayman. To a mechanic, 
the tools and implements of his trade and materials not exceeding in value $500. To 
a person engaged in logging, three yoke of cattle and vokes. chains and tools to tli« 
value of $300, 

Mississippi- —//if we ^Dortk ^2,000, and Personal Property.— On debts contracted 
after September 1, 1870, only eighty acres of land to the head of every family, being 
a housekeeper, to a resident of any incorporated town, being the head of a family, 
and a housekeeper, $2,000 worth of real property, comprising the proper homestead. 
It is understood that on debts contracted before September, 1870, the exemptions of 
the code of 1857 are applicable, viz: One hundred and sixty acres of land, home- 
stead $1,500; tools of a mechanic, agricultural implements of a farmer, implements of 
a laborer; wearing apparel; books of a student, libraries, books and maps; two 
horses or mules (the new exemption gives an additional mule or horse, making two 
exemptions), one hundred and fiftj^ bushels of corn, four cows and calves, eight hun- 
dred pounds of pork, twenty bushels of wheat; one yoke of oxen, one wagon; furni- 
ture, $250. 

Missouri- — Rome worth ^1,500 to ^3,000 and Personal Property. — Married men are 
allowed a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres of land to the value of $1,500. 
In cities of forty thousand inhabitants or over, homesteads shall not include more 
than eighteen square rods oi^j;round, nor exceed in value $-3,000. In cities of less 
size, homesteads shall not include over thirty square rods, nor exceed $1,500 in value. 
Personal property to the value of not less than $300 to the heads of families. Before 
1865, certain property of husband, bvit not that acquired by purchase after marriage, 
was exempt from liabilities of wife incurred before marriage. Since statute of 1865. 
husband is so liable. 

Michigan.— -Howifi wo?'<A s^i, 500, a7id Personal P'operty. — Any quantity of land, not 
exceeding forty acres, and the dwelling house thereon, with its appurtenances, to be 
selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any recorded town plat, city or 
village, or, instead thereof, at the option of the owner, a quantity of land not exceed- 
ing in amount one lot, being within a recorded town plat, or city, or village, and the 
dwelling house thereon, and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident 
of the State, not exceediujj in value $1,500. Household furniture to amount of .$250^ 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 394 



Michigan— continued.) 
stock in trade, a team or other things which may be necessary to carry on the pursuit 
of particular business, up to $250; library and school books not exceeding $150- to a 
householder, ten s'lieep, two cows, five swiiie, and some minor things T There are 
some other exemptions beside a homestead, but they are trivial. 

Minnesota.— ^ome of Eighty Acres in Farm Lands, or House and Lot in Village or 
City, and Personal Projje?'^^.— Eighty acres of land selected as a homestead, or a lot 
and dwelling house thereon, in any incorporated town-plat, city, or village, being a 
homestead; tiie family Bible, family pictures, school books, or library, and musical 
instruments; all wearing apparel of the debtor and his family, all beds, bedsteads and 
bedding kept and used by the debtor and his family; all stoves and appendages put 
up or kept for the use of the debtor and his family; all cooking utensils, and aU other 
household furniture not herein enumerated, not exceeding $500 in value- three cows 
two swine, one yoke of oxen and a horse, or in lieu, of one yoke of oxen'and a horse! 
a span of horses or mules, twenty sheep and the wool from the same, either in the 
raw material or manufactured into cloth or yarn; the necessary food for all the stock 
mentioned in this section, for one '.-ear's support, either provided or growing or both 
as the debtor may choose; also, one wagon, cait, or dray, one sleigh, two plows, one 
drag, and other farming utensils, including tackle for teams, not exceeding $300 in 
value; the provisions for the debtor and his family necessary for one year's^support 
either provided or growing, or both, and fuel necessary for one year; the tools and 
instruments of any mechanic, miner or other person, used and kept for the purpose of 
carrying on his trade, and in addition thereto, stock in trade not exceeding $400 in 
value. Also the library and implements of any professional man. All of which arti- 
cles hereinbefore intended to be exempt shall be chosen by tlie debtor, his aoent 
clerk, or legal representative, as the case may be; one sewing machine; the eaniino-s 
of minor children. None of these articles of personal property are exempt from exe- 
cution or attachment for the purchase money thereof. 

Montana. — Home worth ■^2,500, and Personal Pro'perty. — A homestead not -jxceeding 
In value $2,500; in a city or village not to exceed one quarter of an acre, or farm land 
not exceeding eighty acres, the debtor taking his choice selecting either, with all ini- 
pi-ovements thereon included in the valuation. The lien of a mechanic, laborer, or 
mortgage (awfully obtained upon the same, is not atfected by such exemption. In 
addition to the homestead, personal property to the value of $1,400, and more, accord- 
ing to the value of articles enumerated by statute, is allowed to the householder 
occupying the same. 

Nebraska. — Home worth '$2,000, and Personal Property ^500. — A homestead not 
exceeding in value $2,000, consisting of the dwelling house in which the claimant 
resides and its appurtenances; and the land on which tlie same is situated, not exceed- 
ing 160 acres, to be selected by the owner thereof, not in any city or 
Incorporated village; or instead thereof at the option of the claimant, contig- 
uous land, not exceeding two lots in such city or village, owned and occupied 
by the head of a family. All heads of families who have no lands, town lots or 
houses, have exempt from forced sale the sum of $500 in personal property. Other 
personal property is exempted, which is enumerated by statute. 

Nevada. — Home worth ^5,000, and Personal Property .—The husband, wife, or other 
head of the family, is entitled to a homestead not exceeding in value $5,000, and a 
debtor has exempted from attachment personal property not exceeding in value $1,500. 
enumerated in the statute. 



395 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 



New Hampshire.— -^t*''^^ loorth poo, and Personal Property .—B.omestead to the 
value of $500; necessary apparel and bedding, and household furniture to the value 
of $100; Bibles and school books in use in the family; library to the value of $200; 
one cow, one hog and one pig, and pork of sumu when slaughtered; tools of occupa- 
tion to tho value of $100; six sheep and their fleeces; one cooking stove and its furni- 
ture; provisions and fuel to the val;ie of $50, and one sewing machine; beasts of the 
plow, not exceeding one yoke of oxen, or a horse, and hay not exceedin-jj four tons. 

mew Jersey.— Home worth $1,000, and Personal Property -^'.?00.— Personal 
property (exclusive of wearing apparel) to the amount of $200, owned by a resident 
head of a familj', appraised "by three persons appointed by the sheriff; the widow 
or administrator of a decease person may claim the same exemption by conforming 
to the provisions of the statute; the lot and building thereon occupied as a residence, 
being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,000, is exempt from 
execution. 

New York. — Home imrth ^1,000, and Personal Property.— B.om&^te2kd to the value of 
S 1,000, owned and occupied by debtor, being a householder and having a family. In 
addition to the liousehold articles usually enumerated as exempt from the sale under 
execution, and the tools of any raechanic,*''liot exceeding $25 in value, there are ex- 
Dxempted necessary household furniture and working tools; team and food for said 
Learn for a period not exceeding ninety days; professional instruments, furniture and 
library owned by any person being a householder, or having a family for which he 
provides, to the value of not exceeding $250, and a sewing machine. Such exemption 
rloes not apply to any execution issued on a demand for purchase n^^ney of such fur- 
niture, tools or team, or the food of said team, or professional instruments, furniture 
3r library, sewing machine or the articles now enumerated by law; nor to any judg- 
ment rendered for a claim accruing for work and labor performed in a family as a 
domestic; nor to any judgment obtained in any court in the City of New York, for 
s\-ork, labor or services done or performed by any female employee, when such amount 
.Iocs not exceed the sum of $15 exclusive of costs. 

New Mexico.— i2b?nc icorth S 1,000; Provisions, §25; Furniture, §10; Tools, $20.— 
Real estate to the value of $1,000 is exempt in farm if the heads of families reside on 
the same; also the clothing, beds and bed clothing necessary for the use of the fam- 
ily, and firewood sufficieut for thirty days, when actually provided and intended 
therefor; alUBibles, hymn books, Testaments, and school books used by the family, 
and family and religious pictures; provisions actually provided tothe amount of $25, 
and kitchen furniture to the amount of $10, both to be selected by the debtor; also 
tools and instruments belonging to the debtor that may be necessary to enable him to 
carry on his trade or business, whether agricultural or mechanical, to be selected by 
him, and not to exceed $20 in value. Real estate when sold must be first appraised 
by two freeholders of the vicinity, and must bring two-thirds of the appraised value. 

North Carolina.— -£^''7?ie worth §1,000, and Personal Property SSOO.—Everj home- 
stead, and dwelling and buildings used therewith, not exceeding in value $1,000, to 
be selected by the owner thereof; or, in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any 
lot in a city, town or village, with the dwellings used thereon, owned and occupied 
by any resident of the State, and not exceeding the value of $1,000. Personal property 
to the value of $500. 

Ohio. — Home tcorth §1,000, and Personal Property. — There is exempted by law the 
familv homestead, not exceeding in value $1,000; the wearing apparel of such family; 
beds,'l)edsteads, bedding necessary for the use of the family; one stove and pipe, fuel 
necessary for sixty days. In case the debtor is not the owner of the homestead, he is 
entitled to hold, exempt from levy and sale, personal property not exceciding $500, in 
addition to the chattel property as aforesaid. 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 30 



Ontario, Oaaada.— Grants that are Free, and Homesteads in the Possession of Actuai 
Settlers, iu the Algoma and Nippissing Districts, and certain lands between the River 
Ottawa and Georgian Bay, are exempt from siezure, while their personal property, 
beds, bedding, and wearing apparel of the debtor and his family, household furni- 
ture, provisions, farm stock, tools and implements, to the value of $60, are exempt 
from siezure. 

Oregon. — Personal Property. — Books, pictures nnd musical instruments to the value 
of $75; wearing apparel to the value of $100, and if a householder to the value of $50 
for each mem lier at! tko family; tools. in)]jlemeitits, a^^paratus, team, vehicle, harness, 
or library, vtlien nefiossary in t.iie occupation or profession of a judgment debtor, to 
the amount of $400; if the judgment debtor be a householder, ten sheep with one 
year's fleece, two cows, five swine, household goods, furniture, and utensils to the 
value of $300. No .-^rticie of property is exempt from execution issued upon a judg- 
ment for the purchiise price. 

Pennsylvania. — Real or Personal. -fSOO. — Property, either real or personal, to the 
value of sPoOO. The exemption may be waived in note or contract. 

Quebec, Canada. — Personal Property enumerated as follows is exempt from forced 
sale, being used and owned by debtor: Bed, bedding, and bedstead; necessary 
apparel for himself and ianiily; .set of table and stove furniture; all spinning wheels 
and weavers' looms in use in the family; ore axe, one gun, one saw, six traps, fish-nets 
in common use; and ten volumes of books; fuel and food for thirty days, worth 
$20; one cow, four sheep, two hogs, with necessary food for thirty days; tools and 
instruments used in his trade to the value of $20; fifteen hives of bees, and wages and 
salaries sot ye-t due; besides certain other properties granted by the courts. 

EhOde Isl ,and.— ^0 Home Exempted, but Personal Property.— Thelav!' exempts from 
sale on exe(3ution the liousehold furniture and family stores of a housekeeper, pro- 
vided the sa:me do not exceed in value $300; all the necessary w^earing apparel of a 
debtor and his family; one cow, one hog, the tuols or implements of a debtor's pro- 
fession to the value of $200. There is no homestead exemption. 

South Carolina. — Home worth ^1,000; Personal Property, -pOO. — There is exempt 
from sale a:nd execution in the State a homestead not exceeding in value $1,000. 
llousehold furniture, beds, and bedding, family library, arms, carts, wagons, farming 
implements, tools, cattle, work animals, swine, goats and sheep, not to exceed in 
value in the aggregate the sum of $500; in addition thereto all necessary wearing 
apparel. 

Tennes.see. — Home worth ^1,000, and Personal Property. — The homestead, consisting 
of the dwtiUing house, outbuildings, and land appurtenant, to the value of $1,000; 
also personal property to the value of $500. 

Texas.— -i3t>?tte wo-rtli ^5,000, and Personal Property. — To every citizen, householder, 
or head of a family, two hundred acres of real estate, including homestead, in the 
country, or any lot or lots in a town or city, used as a homestead, not to exceed 
15,000 in value at the time of their designation as a homestead (subsequent increase 
in value by improvement or otherwise does not subject it to forced sale) ; household 
or kitchen furniture, $500. To evei-y citizen not the head of a family, one hoi-se, 
saddle and bridle; all wearing apparel, and tools, books, and apparatus of his trade 
or ])rofession; also five cows, twenty hogs; one year's provisions, and in case of death 
of husband, the court will set aside to the widow and children other property or 
money to the value of the foregoing exemptions, if the estate has not got the specifie 
■rticles exempted. 



397 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 



"Ut^ll^Some worth ■$ 1,000, and Personal Property. To each member of t?ie family, 
^250. — To the head of a lamily is allowed a homestead not exceeding in value $1,000, 
to be selected by the debtor, and personal property to the value of $700 or more, ac- 
cordino- to the value of articles exempt by statute ; aside from the homestead each 
member of the family is allowed $250. No property shall be exempt from sale on a 
judgment received for its price, on a mechanic's lieu, or a mortgage thereon. 

VerHJOat. — Boms worth ^500, and Personal Property. — Homestead to the value of 
$500, and products; suitable apparel, bedding, tools, and articles of furniture as may 
be necesisary for upholding life; one sewing machine kept for use; one cow, the best 
swine, or the meat of one swine; ten sheep, oue year's product of said sheep iu wool, 
yarn or cloth; forage sufficient for keeping ten sheep and oue cow through one winter; 
ten cords of firewood, or five tons of coal, twenty bushels of potatoes; such military 
arms and accoutrements as the debtor is required by law to furnish; all growing 
crops, ten bushels of gi-ain, one barrel of flour, three swarms of bees and hives, to- 
gether with their produce in honey; two liundred pounds of sugar, and all lettered 
o-iavestones; the Bibles, and all other books used in a family; oue pew in church; 
five poultry not exceeding in value $10; the professional books and instruments of 
physicians; professional books of clergymen and attorneys, to the value of $200; one 
yoke of oxen or steers, or two horses, used for work, as the debtor may select, in lieu 
of oxen or steers, bvrt not exceeding in value the sum of $300, with sufficient forage 
for the keeping of the same through the winter; "also oue two-horse wagon with 
whifiietrees and neckyoke, or one ox cart, as the debtor may choose; one sled, or one 
set of ti-a verse sleds, either for oxen or horses, as the debtor may select; two har- 
nesses, two halters, two chains, one plow and one ox yoke, which with the oxen, 
or steers, or horses which the debtor may select for team work shall not exceed in 
value two hundred and fifty dollars. Provided that the exemptions hereby made are 
not to extend to or effect any attachment in any suit founded on any contract made 
on or before the first day of December, 1879, or to any execution issued on a judg- 
ment fpfinded on any such contract. " 

Virginia— //owic a.7id Personal Property, $2,000.— Every householder or head of a 
family shall be entitled to hold exempt from levy his real and personal property, or 
either, including money or debts due him, to a value not exceeding |2,000, to be se- 
lected by him. The personal property exempted is defined by the statue of the State. 
The homestead exemption may be waived by express stipulation in the body of the 
bond, note, or other evidence of the contract, but there can be no waiver of the poor 
law exemption ; and a deed of trust upon such articles as are exempted by the poor 
law exemption is void. The exemption may be claimed on legal or equitable estate 
of any kind. It is provided that a deed of the property claimed under this exemption 
shall be recorded, but the exemption may be claimed after suit and judgment as well 
as before. The property set apart as homestead exemption maybe mortgaged or sold 
by the joint act of husband and wife, or, if the householder be unmarried, by his act 
aione. If the householder die without claiming the exemption, the right survives to 
the widow and the infant children. It is provided that the homestead exemption shall 
not extend to any execution, order, or other process issued on any demand, in the 
following cases: "1st. For the purchase price of said property, or any part thereof. 
2d. For services rendered by a laboring person or a mechanic. 3d. For liabilities 
incurred by any public officer, or officer of a court, or any fiduciary, or any attorney 
at law, for money collected 4th. For a lawful claim for taxes, levies, or assessments, 
accruing after the first day of June, 1866 5th. For rent hereafter accruing. 6th. For 
the legal or taxable fees of any public officer, or officers of a court, hereafter accruing. 



EXEMPTION LAWS. 



398 



'^iZ^OriQiri.— Farm of Forty Acres, or Home and Lot in Villaneor Citv nn,1 P^^,.«-; 

by any resident of the State, shall not be subject to fSsa'e ourSon?fn^^^^ 
Tm f^ZT^^lT ^.r^\'^' "^^ '''''' ^^ liabilit;'con^Xl'rft:fjTj;a;yY 

or a span of l.orses or Inule's; ten Z!h and tl7e wool ftZ same Tthe'Atwn ^'"'"'^ 
ufactured; the necessary food for above stock foi a veai^s snSZ+f ..! ^ '''' ™*'"'- 
or di^y, one sleigh, one plow, one drag, and tther fSn. X n^^ TnclS^ta^lff' 
for teams, not exceeding $50 in value- i^rovisions a H f,,!? ft!' ^"^^^"^"^^ tackle 
Wd implements or stock in trade o?\^mechaSc or iS.fer^^o^^^^^^ 
not exceeding $200 in value; library or implements of nnv ,?,nf P^''^''''' 

aot exceeding $200 in value; all moneys^from Sr^ce of exem ft X^lTllZll 
Of al persons for sixty days next precedh.g the issuing of auVnrocflTJ^^'.if I ^ 

acres, the value not in either case oxceedino- «i Km f"" 7 ""y">""rea and sixty 
occupying the same. Also the S oXM^ofert/oT^ hou e^^^^^ .householder 

2^-v'rl'^' t T^'^H ^^^^"'^^^ ^^^-^^' J-aZly Bibles Pict^t' s Lo "2o£' cem' 
etery lots, bedding, furniture, provisions, and such other articles nr^hpHS 
select, not exceeding in value $500. Tools team (^^ stock in tvnrl« S *'','" ""^^ 

miner, or other person kept and used foi tlL'i'l/oL'oTca^yh fo'n hisV^ 
SU° f ««edmg 8300, are exempt. Library, instruments an;f imprements of anv 



iETTERS.-Penalty for Opening. 

Section 3892 of the Eevised Statutes of the United States contains the lan^ on 
this subject which is as follows: "Any person who shall take any letter, postal 
card or packet, although it does not contain any article of value or evidence 
thereof, out of a post-offlce or branch post-office, or from a letter or mail-carrier or 
which has been in any post-office or branch post-office, or in the custody of any 
letter or mail-carrier, before it has been delivered to the person to whom it was 
directed, with the design to obstruct the correspondence or to pry into the business 
or secrets of another, or shall secrete, embezzle or destroy the same shall for 
every such offence, be punishable by a fine of not more than "five hundred dollars 
or by imprisonment at hard labor for not more than one year or by both." 



399 



COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS LICENSE LAWS. 



Commercial Travelers' License Laws. 

No law exists in the following States, requiring Commercial Travelers to take 
out a license, viz : Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Mas- 
sachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jer- 
sey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, 
West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. 

Alabama. — There is no State Law, but in the city of Mobile an ordinance 
fixes the license fee at $3.00 per day, or $7.50 per week. 

California. — In San Francisco, every person, who, within the limits of the 
City and County, engages in the business or occupation, or calling, or what is com- 
monly known as a commercial traveler or drummer, or commercial agent or travel- 
ing agent, and sells or oflers to sell, or solicits for the sale or purchase of any goods, 
or wares, or merchandise, shall pay a license as hereinafter specifieu. Those doing 
a business to the amount. $90,000 and over per quarter, shall pay a license of $100 
per quarter. Those doing a business to the amount of $50,000 per quarter, and less 
than $90,000 per quarter, shall pay a license of $G0 per quarter. Those domg a 
business to the amount of $20,CX)0 per quarter, and less than $50,000 per quarter, 
shall pay a license of $40 per quarter. Those doing a business of less amount than 
$20,000 per quarter, shall pay a license of $25 per quarter. In all cases where the 
"Collector of Licenses" believes, or it is chaiged by a citizen of this City and 
County, that any particular person is liable to the license provided for in this sec- 
tion, such person may be required by said Collector of Licenses, to subscribe to a 
sworn statement that he has truly and correctly answered all questions touching 
his liability to said license and amount of the same. In case of refusal of said per- 
son to answer truly and correctly the questions put to him, he shall be guilty of 
a misdemeanor and punished accordingly. 

Florida. — There is no State Law, but in the City of Pensacola a license is 
required, for which the charge is $100 per annum, or $50 semi-annually ; no license 
is issued for less than $50. 

1>ela\i''are. — A vendor of goods by samples must pay a license fee of $25. 
Penaltv, imprisonment not exceeding two years, or a fine not exceeding $500, or 
both. 

District of €olunil>ia. — The law imposes a license fee of $200 per annum, 
commencing April 1, 1880. No license will be issued for a fraction of a )'ear, ex- 
cept the last two or three months. The penalty for imprisonment is from .$5 to 
$50, in addition to the license fee, half of which goes to the informer. In 1881 the 
law was interpreted to permit manufacturers themselves to sell their own goods 
without payment. An agent cannot do so, however, without a license. 

Georgia.— There is no State Law on the subject, except the act of Septem- 
ber 29, 1881, which imposed a tax of $200)'early upon manufacturers and dealers in 
iron safes. Atlanta, Augusta and Savannah, have ordinances imposing license fees 
as follows : In Augusta, $25 per annum ; the Mayor is authorized to issue licenses 
foi a less period. He usually fixes the rate for less periods at $3 for one da}^ $5 for 
two days, and $10 for one week. In Savannah, commercial travellers are required 
to "pay the same tax reciuired of resident dealers in the same articles, without 
reference to the time of the yeai when the business is commenced." In Atlanta, 
no taxis imposed if the travellers sells to none, but "Ilegistered Merchants" of the 
city. If he sells to others, the tax is $25 per annum and Clerk's fees, or $5 per 
Tjionth and Clerk's fees. 

inaine.— The Revised Statutes of 1871, Chapter 44, impose a license fee of $25 
yearly, but the law is seldom or never enforced. 



COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' LICENSE LAWS. 40O 



Louisiana. — The Constitution of 1879, prohibits any political corporation 
from imposing any greater license tax than is imposed by the General Assembly for 
State purposes. The New Orleans ordinance of December 24, 1879, imposed a 
license tax on commercial travelers of $10 per week, but the General Assembly, by 
Act of April 10, 1880, fixsd the State tax at $25 per month. 

Maryland.— Section 41 of article 56 of Code Public General Laws, forbids 
all persons, whether resident or non-resident, to barter or sell any goods, chattels, 
wares or merchandise within the State, without first obtaining a license ; subse- 
quent sections regulate the license fees by sliding scale ranging from $12 to $150. 
according as the stock in trade, generally kept on hand by the concern in which the 
applicant is engaged, varies from $1000 to more than $40,000, at the principal season 
of trade. 

Michig-an. — Act No. 226, of 1875, provides that the agents of business 
houses without the State, soliciting orders within the State, for spiritous and in- 
toxicating, or brewed malt, or fermented liquors, at wholesale (5 gals, or over, or 1 
doz. quart bottles or more) shall pay a tax of $300 for spiritous and intoxicating 
liquors and $100 for malt, brewed, or fermented liquors, to the Auditor General, 
on or before the fourth (4) Friday of June, in each year. 

New Mexico. — A license costing $250 per annum is necessary. Quarterly 
licenses, at proportionate rates, are granted. 

North Carolina. — By the laws of 1879, the yearly tax on commercial 
travelers, who sell spiritous, vinous or malt liquors, is fixed at $200, and on other 
commercial travelers at $100 to be paid to the State Treasurer. Selling without a 
license is punishable by a fine of $50, or imprisonmeni for 30 days and an additional 
forfeit of $200, to be collected by distress or otherwise, one-half of which, '^?.{)0 goes 
to the informer and the sheriff. 

South Carolina. — There is no State Law, but the Charleston ordinance im- 
poses a license tax of $10 per week. 

Texas. — By the laws of 1881, an annual State occupation tax of $50, is re- 
quired to be paid by every commercial traveler, drummer, solicitor of trade, by 
sample or otherwise, to the Comptroller, who gives a receipt for the same. No 
city, town or county, can levy any occupation tax upon drummers, etc. Every 
drummer, etc., shall first file the Comptroller's receipt for registration with the 
County Clerk of any county, where he makes any sales or solicits orders. The 
registration fee is twenty-five cents. Solicitors for maps, religious, historical, or 
literary works, or for nurseries, are not included within the provisions of the act. 
A penalty of not not less than $25 nor more than $100 is prescribed for soliciting 
orders, or making sales without having the Comptroller's receipt duly recorded. 

Tirg'inia. — In this State the law provides, that "the specific tax for the 
privilege of selling by sample, card, description or other representation, shall be 
$100 ; and any sample merchant, who shall permit any person except a duly author- 
ized agent or salesman to sell under his license, otherwise than for his exclusive 
use and benefit, shall pay a fine of $50 for each offense." Agents or salesmen must 
have, in addition to the license, power of attorney from the person to whom the 
license is granted, "which said license and power of attorney shall be exhibited 
whenever required by any officer of the law." Each additional agent or salesman, 
employed to sell as aforesaid, shall pay an additional tax of $50. This does not include 
liquor merchants, who are required to pay $350, together with an additional tax of 
one-quarter of one per cent, on the gross sales, for the privilege of selling by whole- 
sale. In the city of Norfolk, a tax of $100 is imposed upon persons soliciting order 
for printing to be done out of the city. 



40I 



ADVERTISMENTS. 



FREDERICK SCHWAB, 

Bread, Calces and Pretzels. 

I Hatter myself to be in the position to announce to the public that the warmest 
praises have been received by me from my customers and friends as regards the 
quality of my goods. 

Bread of all the different shapes and modes. Vienna Bread , Rolls and Cakes. 
All the kinds sold by Confectioners, and also sent to Town and Country Stores neatly 
packed for shipment and find ready sale. 

THE CELEBRATED MORAVIAN PRETZELS ARE A DELICIOUS ARTICLE. 

LEAVE OR SEND YOUR ORDERS TO 
TO Oli-A-I^rjOTXE SXIiEEX, I>OXXSXO'W7"l>T, FjA.. 






GKORGE SCHW^AB. 

AMD CONFECTI 



EB. 



ICE CREAM PARLORS, 

Nos. 266 and 268 Hig h Street, Pottstown. Pa, 

BAXTER & TOMS, 

{^HEEn €fi|acsriiEs, ljisl|, OystErjs anfl <^amE, 

TEA, COFFEE AND CAN GOODS, 

Cor. King and Charlotte Streets, Pottstown, Pa. 

^^ARTIST ;: AND :: PH OTOG R AP H E R.#- 
CRAYONS A SPECIALiY. 

OLD PICTURES COPIED AND ENLARCED TO ANY SIZE, 
360 HIGH STREET, POTTSTOWN, PA. 

Captain JOHN DENITHORNE & SON, 

BRIDOE BUILDERS and BOILER IVlAI^ERS, 




BRIROK AND CHURCH STREKTS, PHCENIXVIL1.E, PA. 

I'huis and Esitimates furnislied for all kinds of work. Wrought Irou Bridges for Country Road Ways. 
We should be glad to hear from you wlieu iu need of Bridges. The making of Steel Boilers a Specialty. 



Contracts Solicited. 



ADVERTISMENTS. 



224 S. NINTH ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA . 

Maimfactiirers of the Celebrated '■ KZIAY. TRUSS," Pah-mcJ. 
AND EVERY DESCRIPTION AND STYLE OF TRUSS, INCLUDING HARD RUBBER. SHOULDER BRACES 
UTERO-ABDOMINAL SUPPORTERS, ELASTIC BELTS, KNEE CAPS, STOCKINGS ^'^*°^®' 

ANKLETS, SUSPENSORIES, ETC., ETC. 




Supporter wilii 
Cup attached. 

REPAIRING 

promptly and accurately ex 
ecuted. 



Lady Attendant. 

OFFICE HOURS: 
From 7 A. M. until 8 P. M 





Suppurter when apphed 
for Retro\ersion 



TRUSSES FITTED, 

and adjusted scientifically, 

based on an experience 

of over 40 years. 

SPECIAL TRUSSES 

made to order. 



COUSTAlTTnTE CAHPEHTEH'S 

1127 CHESTNUT STREET, Near Twelfth, 
riiiladclphia, Fa. 

Season of 1885 now open daily and nightly for the reception of pupils. Member of the New York and 
ir'ans bociety of Professors of Dancing. All the late fashionable dances emanating from the societies are 
taught at this academy. Couuse of Instruction— Persons joining for one Uuarter or Season will 
receive priv-ate instruction individually, so as to aid and advance their class lessons. Classes— In all 
my classes I observe the strictest order and discipline, so that pupils may le.irn rapidly and well Aly 
instructions in every case will be found to be of the hightest and most unequalled standard I superintend 
each pupil individually; gently correcting the mistakes of one, and assisting another by words of en- 
couragement Lawn Tenais, Schottische, Highland Quadrille, New Lanciers and New German Figures 
tTlide, bide Glide, Boston and Racquet. Society Waltzes a specialty. Taught privately or in class' 
rtl'fi'J'w-irT?^""*^ Danciug^CIass, York Station ; Kurtz School Dancing Class, West Walnut street: 
Chestnut Hill Dancing Class ; Chelton Hills and many others. Days op Tuition- Class for Ladies and 
bentlemen, Monday and Wednesday evenings; Friday evening for scholars' practicing. Class for 
Gentlemen Tuesdays and Saturday evenings, exclusively for gentlemen; every pupil receives private 
lessons, (lass for Children, Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Class for Ladies, afternoons : and 
special afternoons for Ladies Matinee. Private classes for Children, afternoons to suit convenience of 
those forming Clubs and Family Classes. Private Lessons Exclusive, every morning for Ladies Gentle- 
men or Children. 1 ime to suit the pupil. For terms, etc., call at any time, or address 

CONSTANTINE CARPENTER, 112T Chestnut St., near Twelfth, Philadelphia. 



